@article{2016,title={Egyptian Fortresses in Lower Nubia during the 12th Dynasty (1991-1782 BC.) of the Middle Kingdom: Beginnings of Ancient Egyptian Colonialism and Imperialism},abstractNode={This study is part of a series on the “cross-cultural encounters (trade, emulation, colonization, conquest or annexation) as a primary cause of social and political change”. Its purpose is to examine the relationship between Ancient Egypt and Nubia during the 12th Dynasty (1991-1782 BC.) of the Middle Kingdom, which emerged from the “chaos” of the First Intermediate Period and marked by an increase in foreign trade and wealth. The political ideology of the new order advocated a rebirth (a return to the glorious past). Unlike their predecessors in the Old Kingdom, however, the monarchs of the Middle Kingdom pursued an agressive foreign policy, sent military expeditions into Upper Nubia (The land of Kush), colonized Lower Nubia and undertook building projects including military fortresses and mining quarries. During the Middle Kingdom, numerous forts and fortified settlements (military-trading posts), and seasonal quarry and mining camps co-existed alongside the indigenous Nubian population. Thus began subjugation of neighboring peoples and Egyptian imperialism.},author={İzzet ÇIVGIN},year={2016},journal={Journal of History School}}