Author :
Abstract
Ondokuzuncu yüzyıl boyunca, ‘Doğu Sorunu’, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda yasayan Hristiyan tebaanın statü sorunu olması ötesinde, Osmanlı’ya yönelik diplomasinin de seyrini de belirlemiştir. William E. Gladstone Viktorya donemi İngiliz parti politikasında kült bir figürken, Sultan II. Abdülhamid Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nu 33 yıl yönetmiştir. 1880 yılında Gladstone iktidara gelmişken Doğu Sorunu teorik olarak sona ermişti. Buna rağmen, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’yla ilgili konuşmalarının etkisiyle uygulamalarına yönelik beklenti oldukça yüksekti. Öte yandan, Sultan II. Abdülhamid de Berlin Antlaşması’nın koşullarıyla İmparatorluğun yönetiminde daha tecrübeliydi. Bu açıdan, bu araştırmanın ana amacı Osmanlı-İngiliz ilişkilerinin seyrini belirleyen iki devlet adamının anlayışları arasındaki paralellikleri analiz etmektedir.
Keywords
Abstract
Beyond being an international question of the status of the Ottoman Empire, it was The Eastern Question that determined the course of diplomacy towards the Ottoman Empire throughout the nineteenth century William E. Gladstone was a cult figure in British Victorian party politics so as Sultan Abdulhamid II ruled the Ottoman Empire for 33 years. When Gladstone came to power in 1880, it can be argued that theoretically the Eastern Crisis had already ended. However, there is a clear sense that the expectation as to the commitments of his speeches concerning the Ottoman Empire was substantially high. On the other hand, Abdulhamid was now more experienced in governing his Empire since the Treaty of Berlin with the circumstances of the diplomacy he was surrounded. Seen in this light, it would be essential for the scope of this research to draw parallels between the perceptions of two statesmen who basically determined the course of the Anglo-Ottoman relations.
Keywords
- ABDÜLHAMID II (1984), Siyasi Hatıratım “Political memoirs”, S. Can (trns.), Istanbul.
- ANDERSON, Matthew S. (1968), The Eastern Question, 1774-1923, A Study in international Relations, Macmillan, London.
- DERINGIL, Selim (1991), “Legitimacy Structures in the Ottoman State: The Reign of Abdülhamid II (1876-1909)”, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 23, Cambridge University Press, pp. 345-359.
- DUGUID, Stephen (1973), “The Politics of Unity: Hamidian Policy in Eastern Anatolia”, Middle Eastern Studies, pp. 139-155.
- ENGIN, Vahdettin (2011), II. Abdülhamid ve Dış Politika, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul.
- ERASLAN, Cezmi (1992), II. Abdülhamid ve İslam Birliği, Osmanlı Devleti’nin İslam Siyaseti 1856-1908, Ötüken Yayınları, İstanbul.
- GALBRAITH, John S. and SAYYID-MARSOT, Ataf L. Al (1978) ‘The British Occupation of Egypt, Another View’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 471-488
- GEORGEON, Francois Berktay, Ali (trns.)(2005), Abdülhamid II, le sultan calife, (Sultan Abdülhamid), Homer Kitabevi, Istanbul.
- HASLIP, Joan (1958), The Sultan, The Life of Abdul Hamid, Cassell, London.
- HANIOGLU, Şükrü (2008) A brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
- KARACA, Taha N.(2011) İngiltere Başkanı Gladstone”un Osmanlı”yı Yıkma Planı: Büyük Oyun, (The Ottoman destruction plan of British Prime Minister Gladstone: The Great Game), Timas Yayınları, İstanbul.
- KARPAT, Kemal H. (2002) Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History, Library of Congress and Publishing Data, London.
- MATTHEW, H. C. G. (1997), Gladstone 1809-1898, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
- MEDLICOTT, W. N. (1956), Bismarck, Gladstone and the Concert of Europe, Greenwood Pub
- ORTAYLI, İlber (1981), II. Abdülhamid döneminde Osmanlı”da Alman nüfusu, (German population in the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Abdülhamid II), Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara.
- OZCAN, Azmi (1997), Pan-Islamism Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain (1877-1924), Brill Publishing, Leiden.
- RAMM, Agatha (ed.) (1952), The political correspondence of Mr. Gladstone and Lord Granville 1868-1876, Volume I, 1868-71, Offices of the Royal Historical Society, London.
- SALT, Jeremy (1990), “Britain, the Armenian Question and the Cause of Ottoman Reform: 1894-96”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 26, No. 3, July, pp. 308-328.
- SALT, Jeremy (1993), Imperialism, Evangelism and the Ottoman Armenians, Routledge.
- SONYEL, Salahi S. (1987), The Ottoman Armenians: Victims of Great Power Diplomacy, London.
- SPINNER, Thomas J. (1973) George Joachim Goschen the Transformation of a Victorian Liberal, Cambridge, At the University Press.
- TURKOGLU, S. (1999), “Marangoz Padisah: Sultan II. Abdülhamid”, (Carpenter Monarch: Sultan Abdülhamid II), Antik&Dekor, Sayi: 50, Ocak.
- YASAMEE, Feroze A. K. (1996), Ottoman Diplomacy: Abdülhamid II and the Great Powers, Isis Press, Istanbul.
