Tarih Okulu Dergisi, Year 2020 Issue XLVI

An Important Resource about the Cholera Epidemic in the Ottoman State in 1910

Türkmen TÖRELİ — 2024-08-29

Caused by an infection of the intestine with the bacterium “Vibrio cholerae” Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness. Against Cholera, humankind has been quite helpless in history for a long time. Cholera outbreak/epidemic is among the most common outbreaks in history and has become a global threat since the beginning of the 19th century by taking many lives. There have been six major cholera outbreaks in the world in total, and the most massive cholera epidemic in the Ottoman Empire occurred during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913). This epidemic has caused significant losses in the Ottoman Empire. In this study, an essential resource of the cholera outbreak in the Ottoman state in 1910 will be introduced and presented to the information of historians. The aim of this is to ensure that this work, which describes the state of epidemics in historical periods, which is the world's number one issue today, is recognized by researchers and used as a source. This work, which covers all aspects of the cholera epidemic and its spread in the Ottoman State between 1908 and 1910, also contains critical information about the health organization of that period.

Arrangements Made in the Administrative Structure of Muş during the Republican Period (1927-1980)

Bilal TUNÇ — 2024-08-29

Provinces within the administrative government structure of Turkey are both the rural organizations of central governments and one of the local governments. For this reason, administrative structure changes and arrangements imposed there are significant. Provinces, which are the largest of the rural organizations of the central government, are divided into districts, sub-districts, villages and quarters. During the Republican period, some innovations were made in the structures and administrative boundaries of all provinces, especially Muş, in accordance with needs. In this context, this study examines the changes and arrangements made in the administrative structure of Muş during the Republican period. The main purpose and main problem of this study is to find out for what purposes the regulations were made in the administrative borders and administrative boundaries of Muş province from the declaration of the Republic until the year 1980. Across Muş, why new districts, villages or quarters were build, why village status of some villages were repealed and their relevant reasons are examined within the context of data obtained from the Presidential Republican Archive, Turkish Statistical Institute, researches and survey works. Until the early 1960s, there were many non-Turkish names in the settlements of Muş province which is located in the Eastern Anatolia Region. Names of hundreds of settlement units were changed in Muş as in many provinces within the scope of nationalism policies in Turkey as of 1955 In this context, the reasons for changing the names of many villages in Muş are attempted to be revealed in the light of scientific data. In this study, document analysis technique was used as a method. In these terms, the article titled “Arrangements Made in the Administrative Structure of Muş During the Republican Period (1923-1980)” is a qualitative study; and the data in this study was obtained by using document analysis technique.

Evaluation of Islamic Resources in Terms of Caucasus Turkish History - Sajıds Period-

Bayram Arif KÖSE — 2024-08-29

Developments following the Muslim conquest of Iran not only do constitute important phases of the Islamic history, but they have also great significance in terms of the relationship between Turks and Muslims. Particularly in the Caucasian geography, the conflicts of interests between the East Roman Empire and Muslims, and clashes with Turks changed the course of history in the region. As to the Abbasid period, the rule of Turkish governors in the region started a new era for Muslim Turks and the local people. When the Sajid dynasty took command of the entire region and put an end to the influence of other actors, it paved the way for both Islamization and Turkification of the region. Although the Islamic writers who addressed all the events chronologically since creation until their time provided much information about this dynasty, their knowledge on the activities of the dynasty in this region was somehow insufficient. Islamic chronicles such as Kitâbü’l-Uyûn, Tajarīb al-Umam by Ibn Miskawayh, Akhbar Al-Duwal Al-Munqatia by Zafir al-Azdi, al-Muntazam by Ibn al-Jawz, el-Kâmil fi’t-Târîh by Ibnü’l-Esîr, Nihâyetü’l-ereb by Nüveyrî, Târîhu’l-İslâm by Zehebî and the History of al-Ṭabarī in particular give considerable amount of information about the Sajid dynasty. This study examined the Islamic sources in Arabic and attempted to assess their account of the Sajid dynasty.

Moral Support Rituals into The Ottoman Army (1787-1858)

Burak KOCAOĞLU — 2024-08-29

This work examines some religious rituals that were carried out in order to improve the morale and spiritualy of the soldiers of the Ottoman army, from the end of 18th century to the mid 19th century. The concepts of “Gaza” (Holy War), Jihad and the spiritual support that these provided to the army were the subject of the first part of this paper. In the second part we examined the ceremonies of prayers and surahs that were realised in the Islamic temples like mosques, ‘mescid’ or ‘tekke’, especially the one’s in the important military production facilities. We investigated which prayers and surahs were read in ceremonies in which stlye, to improve the spirituality of the army. In the further parts of the paper we examined how the two important religious Works were used in the ceremonies: “Şifâ-i Şerif” and “Buhârî-i Şerîf”. In this part, we investigated who were the one’s who were reading these Works in the army and what were the opportunities for them that was provided by the state. In the last part of this work, we exposed some of the problems that soldiers faced while doing their religious service, and what solutions were developed by the state to solve these issues.

Hair Culture in Pre-Islamic Turks

Mehibe ŞAHBAZ — 2024-08-29

Everything material and spiritual produced by human beings is culture. In a way, culture, society; society also shapes culture. In other words, every individual who grows up in the society learns the culture and is shaped by the influence of that culture and while maturing, it adds something from itself and transfers it to the next generations by shaping its culture. In addition to its social and historical characteristics, culture has a variable structure that can be clearly observed in the course of history. In this context, Turkish culture has a living and dynamic structure that has been living for centuries with its language, traditions, art, religion and thought. In our study, hair culture, which expresses the culture in pre-Islamic Turkish states and which is the main element of beauty, was emphasized. First of all, by evaluating the hair in a historical process in Turkish culture, the symbolic meanings of the hair in Ancient Turks, the reflections of the hair to the braid and culture as a length, color, and decoration element were discussed. In addition, while focusing on the place and importance of hair in mythology and fairy tales, beliefs, metaphors, spells, dreams are tried to be addressed.

Regarding the Capitulation Law: The Estate Issue of Doctor Davud Selim

Muhammed CEYHANİsmet SARIBAL — 2024-08-29

The Ottoman Empire granted capitulation to some states in the period when it was at the peak of its power. Capitulations, which were initially given to a limited number of states unilaterally and temporarily, were given to a large number of states with the weakening of the state and the increase in economic losses. Therefore, Ottoman lands turned into a profitable market for the Western states, especially after the Industrial Revolution. Western states opened consulates throughout the country and employed non-Muslim Ottoman citizens in these consulates, whom they would later render as their own citizens. This situation brought along many problems. One of them was the application of foreigners and non-Muslims who entered their service to the consular courts. Western states used capitulations almost as a shield for the rights of their own citizens and non-Muslim Ottoman citizens who cooperated with them. A different aspect of the issue emerged as the Ottoman citizens started to migrate to the countries where capitulations were granted. In this study, the approach of the United States of America, which was one of the countries granted capitulation, to the estate issue of an Ottoman citizen will be analyzed through the estate issue of Doctor Selim, who migrated to America while living in Lebanon and died there.

According to the Archive Documents, Migrations from Crimea and Caucasus to Istanbul (1858-1864)

Nevzat SAĞLAM — 2024-08-29

Crimea and the Caucasus have been the area of struggle between the Ottoman state and Russia throughout the history. The Ottoman Empire lost its rule in Crimea in 1783, and in the Caucasus after the 1828-1829 Ottoman Russian war. Russia was planning the Crimean territory to dominate the North of the Black Sea; to expand to India, he wanted to purify the Caucasus from the Turkish and Muslim masses and to Russianize the region. Therefore, the defeats of the Ottoman Empire against Russia meant that the people of the region were exposed to more pressure. As a matter of fact, the religious, political, social and economic pressures that Russia exerted after the Crimean War caused the immigration movements to reach massive dimensions. In this study, Crimean and Caucasian immigrants who came to Istanbul during the migrations between 1858-1864 from the years following the Crimean War to the Exile of Circassian were discussed. In this context, it is aimed to reveal the experiences and the problems encountered in the process from the immigrants' footing to Istanbul to their dispatch to permanent settlements. Information about the state's behavior towards immigrants, the places they live in Istanbul and the regions where they are settled in Anatoli. In the study, published works, especially the population books and archive documents, in which migrants were registered, were used. Based on the information in the notebooks, information about the family structures and the average age of the immigrants is also included.

Combating Smuggling in Eastern Borders in the Republican Period (1923-1950)

Resul KÖSE — 2024-08-29

According to the Turkish Language Association Dictionary smuggling is "a trade done contrary to the law of a state, the act of transferring secretly, surreptitiously". Smuggler is defined as "a person who opposes the law, introduces goods, smuggles or sells goods somewhere". In the first years of the Republic, smuggling was far more present in Eastern borders than in others. The region's borders to numerous countries, neighboring states' inability to meet their obligations, and the geographical and climatic conditions of the region played an effective role in this. The new Turkish state had set important authoritative and administrative regulations in the early years to eliminate smuggling that endangered the treasury and national security as much as possible. Imperfections or new needs in practice led to new legal regulations during the period. In addition to this, good relations were built with neighboring states to prevent smuggling. When all these measures were taken by 1950, smuggling in the region was to a great extent eliminated compared to 1923.

About The Description of The 1524-1590 Safavid-Ottoman Relations in The “Şerefnâme” by Şeref Han Bitlisi

Yegane ÇAĞLAYANErhan ÇAĞLAYAN — 2024-08-29

XVI. century Islamic geography witnessed the rise of great states such as the Ottomans and Safavid and their carrying out great policies. After the death of Shah Ismail in 1524, Safavid - Ottoman relations gained a mostly military-political dimension and were depicted in detail in medieval sources. These sources were mostly written by the historians of the palace and unfortunately are not neutral works. For this reason, the works written as objectively as possible under the conditions of that period without any prejudice are of greater importance for the medievalists. In this sense, the “Şerefnâme” work of the XVI. century historian Şeref Han Bitlisi, is important as it contains reliable and objective information. In the first part of the book, the third chapter titled “Emir Şeref's Retrieval of Bitlis from the Kizilbashs and His Next Life”, the fourth chapter named “Emir Şemseddin Bin Şeref Han” and the section he added as “The Life of this Broken Winged Wounded and Poor from His Birth Until Now Year 1005” are highly important to study the subject we are investigating. In the second part of the book, Safavid - Ottoman relations are explained in detail in the chapters “The Good of Sultan Selim Han” and “The Good of Sultan Suleyman Han”. In the article, Safavî - Ottoman relations between 1524-1590 were investigated by making a comparative analysis of the information in the work “Şerefnâme” with the information from other synchronous sources. The purpose of the article is to investigate the perspective of a historian who became a contemporary of this period to the political and military sides of these relations in the period of the heirs of Shah and to examine the results of Safavid - Ottoman wars for the Turkish - Islamic geography.

The Effect of Word Drill Technique on 3rd Class Gifted Students’ Fluent Reading Levels

Abdulkadir SAĞLAMÖzlem BAŞ, Hayati AKYOL — 2024-08-29

The purpose of the study is to examine fluent reading levels of gifted third-grade students and is to reveal the effects of word drill technique on fluent reading levels of these students. In this study, experimental method and case study pattern, which is a qualitative research pattern, were used together. The data collection process of this study was carried out in 2019. In the research, in order to reveal the levels of reading comprehension and reading errors of the students, reflective diaries which were kept during application and Error Analysis Inventory which Akyol (2010) adapted it into Turkish, which were originally developed by Ekwall and Shanker, were used as a data collection tool. In the study carried out on two gifted students, code names were used by hiding the real names of the students who form the data unit. These students were trained with word drill technique 4 hours a week, 6 weeks and 24 hours in total. During the application, findings that were acquired as a result of fluent reading studies demonstrated that reading errors of the students decreased and word recognition levels of the students increased after this application. Students’ reading levels that were diagnosed in second grade student increased from instruction level to independent level, students’ reading levels which were diagnosed in third grade student test scores increased from anxiety level to instruction level. Word errors in both students dramatically decreased. Based on reflective diaries, an increase was shown in the students’ rate of paying attention to hesitancy, emphasis, and intonation. In conclusion, the results of the study put forward that word drill technique is effective in improving reading comprehension, fluent reading and fixing oral reading errors of the gifted third-grade students.

Development of Teachers' Team Work Attitude Scale: Validity and Reliability Study

Bahadır GÜLBAHAR — 2024-08-29

Teachers' team work will make it easier for the school to achieve its goals. For effective teacher teamwork, teachers should believe in the importance of teamwork and have positive feelings and thoughts about teamwork. Therefore, it is important to develop the attitude towards team work and turn it into a positive one. For this reason, there is a need for measurement tools that can be used to determine the attitude towards team work in teachers. With this study, it was aimed to develop a measurement tool that can be used to determine teachers' attitudes towards team work. For this purpose, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes were performed on the data obtained from the application of the draft scale consisting of 5-point Likert-type expressions to teachers. At the end of the exploratory factor analysis, a single factor scale consisting of 13 items was developed. It was understood that the scale has a very high level of internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the single factor 13-item structure was confirmed and had a high level of reliability. The so-called “Teachers' Attitude Towards Team Work Scale” is considered to be a valid and reliable scale that can be used to measure teachers' attitudes towards teamwork.

Education during Covid-19 Pandemic: A Analysis on Turkey

Cem GENÇOĞLUMetin ÇİFTÇİ — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to determine the studies carried out by Turkey in the light of what has been experienced in the world during Covid-19 pandemic in the field of education. It is also aimed to compare and contrast the challenges related to education, measures taken and solutions developed between Turkey and the world during Covid-19 pandemic in terms of proocess management. During the fight against the pandemic it was noted that the measure countries commonly took for the delivery of education services was the temporary closure of schools, and this led to a global education crisis, and as a practical solution, the distance education method preferred by the countries raised questions of inequality in terms of access to education. It was observed that the problem areas countries commonly faced with focused on “access to distance education, assessing student achievements, planning remedial education, psychosocial support services and (disadvantaged) students requiring special policy”. It was observed that Ministry of National Education (MoNE) of the Republic of Turkey still goes on implementing the distance education process with alternative resources. It was concluded that in assessing student achievements and realising the remedial education programmes MoNE started implementing situation-specific legal regulations. On the other hand, it was found out that the studies carried out to minimize the psychological effects of pandemic on students, teachers and parents were monitored based on data and psychosocial support services to support well-being of all parties in the process were provided and teachers were supported with various professional development programmes and materials. In general, it was concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic has been a process that requires the implementation of joint decision-making processes.

Investigation of Preservice Primary Teachers’ Pedagogical Knowledge

Sanem TABAK — 2024-08-29

In this research, the pedagogical knowledge of preservice primary teachers was examined in terms of knowledge of curriculum, knowledge of instructional strategies, knowledge of students' characteristics and learning process, knowledge of classroom management, knowledge of classroom assessment components. The participants of this study, which is designed with case study, consists of eight preservice teachers who are studying in the last year of primary education in the Faculty of Education. When the results of the study were examined, it was determined that the preservice primary teachers were planning the lessons, taking into account the learning goals of the lesson, the characteristics of their students, and designing the activities and materials considering the individual differences and different learning characteristics of the students. It was concluded that preservice primary teachers included question-answer and discussion techniques from their teaching strategies. It was stated that the preservice primary teachers based their students' individual differences, needs, interests, motivations, and attitudes; it is determined that they create a sincere, respectful and trust-based classroom environment with their students, and when inappropriate student behaviors emerge, they firstly communicate with students and try to solve the problem. Also, it has been concluded that preservice primary teachers are focused on formative assessment evaluation in the classroom assessment process.

Teachers’ Opinions About the Education Program of the Project Special Training and Business Practice Center

Hilal ÜNALSelami SÖNMEZ — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to evaluate the educational program of Beylikdüzü Special Training and Business Practice Center (School) by means of the teachers’ opinions, which is place in our country giving education for the children diagnosed with autism spectrum, in order to provide the individuals who are diagnosed with the middle and excessive autism with occupation and bring them into the business life. In the research, the case study pattern, one of the qualitative research methods has been utilized. The research working group consists of twenty teachers working in Beylikdüzü Special Training and Business Practice Center. In this study, in which the qualitative data collection technique has been handled, the semi-structured interview technique is utilized. As the technique of data analysis, the descriptive analysis and the content analysis have been performed. The teachers’ opinions as to the program have been collected under three themes: the theme of positive thoughts, the theme of negative thoughts and the theme of suggestions. In the theme of positive thoughts, the acquisitions in the program consists of the subthemes of the activities, the effects of the program on the students’ progress, the opinions of the executors who have taken part in the program, skills, the scope of the program, the overview of the program and the assessment and the evaluation. The theme of negative thoughts consists of the subthemes of the student, the overview of the program and the assessment and the evaluation. The theme of suggestion consists of the subthemes of the overview of the program and the activities. As a result, it has been found out that the opinions of the teachers concerning the educational program of the Project school, Beylikdüzü Special Training and Business Practice Center (School), have been generally positive and applicable.

Seventh Class Students Opinions on Writing Skills Activities in Turkish Textbook

Esin GÜNEŞ ŞAHİNMahmut Abdullah ARSLAN — 2024-08-29

This study has been carried out to see the reflection of the writing activities in 7th grade Turkish text books on students, which are often used in Turkish classes and teaches writing skill, which is one of the basic skills in language. İt is aimed to receive student’s opinions related to writing skill by collecting data at first hand regarding process and to raise awareness in students related to activities taking place in the text books. Twelve students, who are chosen through maximum variety sampling, form sampling of study in the study that is canducted with the phenomendogy pattern. İnterview form, which is half- structured and consisted of eight open ended questions in order to receive student’s opinions, has been used. This form has been presented to two domain experts and the approval has been received about availability after editings have been made. Data set has been read several times by receiving student’s opinions and decodings related to subproblems have been made. As a result of this study, it is said that student’s approve writing skill activities taking place in 7th grade Turkish textbooks for their own level and new generation questions need to be included more in the text books, writing activities in the classroom and questions which evaluate writing skills in the exam and they suggest that teacher get involved in process more and have writing lesson when required.

A Trial About Transfer of The Proverbs and The Idioms by Images: The Samples of Adıyaman Region

M. Fatih ALKAYIŞSerdal YERLİ — 2024-08-29

Proverbs and idioms are important riches of language. It is possible to find extensive information about these in many books. In order to be able to convey them fully or to be used in teaching, it is necessary to include various images besides written or verbal explanations. It is a well-known fact that articles supported by images have more permanent effects on students' minds. Images are actually one of the most important elements of the depiction. Therefore, the importance of images cannot be denied. Sometimes a written explanation is insufficient for what a visual object conveys. There are some cases, both the image and the explanation need to be presented together. The qualitative research method was used in this study that gathering together of Visual Arts and Turkish Language area experts within the framework of interdisciplinary approach logic. The proverbs and idioms that constitute the language material of our study were taken from the books titled “Adıyaman Ağzında Atasözleri ve Deyimler” written in 2012 and “Adıyaman Ağzında Atasözleri ve Deyimler -2” in 2019 by M. Fatih ALKAYIŞ. The drawing of the images in this study was made by Serdal YERLİ. The evaluations and comments in the article were put forward in the direction of both authors' own expertise. Our aim in creating an interdisciplinary study where painting and Turkish Language areas meet is to make the subject better understandable by using both the explanations and the images together in the same text and to increase the retention.

Kinship Names in Yenisey Inscription

Abdullah YILDIRIM — 2024-08-29

While in many languages a word is used to shows lots of kinship relations, in Turkish for a kinship relation name there are many different words. From this point of view, undoubtedly, the Turkish language has a special place in terms of the word that shows kinship relations. In this study, the kinship names mentioned in the Yenisei inscriptions were determined. After showing the texts including kinship names some examples related with this words are given. In addition, in the study, the evaluations of the nouns who gave the origin information view about the words and the historical forms of the words are shown. As a result of the relevant examinations, a total of 32 kinship names were identified in the Yenisei inscriptions, and it was observed that there were many synonym words among the detected samples. In our study, Erhan Aydın’s Yenisei Inscriptions, which is the most comprehensive study on Yenisey inscriptions, was taken as the main source.

From a Probled Oriented to a Solution Oriented Status: Character Analysis in Literary Works

Mustafa KAYASelami TANRIVERDİ — 2024-08-29

The main purpose of this study is to identify the perspectives of the characters in the stories of the Big Little Sea and Grumpy Penguin, one of the works of children's literature, against the problems they face. In the study carried out within the scope of this purpose, document review, one of the qualitative research techniques, was used. Content analysis, one of the qualitative data analysis techniques, was used in the analysis of the analyzed data. Words and sentences expressing the problems experienced by the characters in the mentioned works and their solution-oriented approaches regarding these problems were determined. The determined statements were sent to the experts consisting of four lecturers and the common statements in the feedback from them were taken and analyzed. As a result of the study, it has been determined that the characters in the Great Little Sea work have passed through the self-criticism filter and they found a solution to the problem, and by taking everyone's opinion, they created a democratic environment and created different alternative ways. The penguin, who was left alone in the story of the grumpy Penguin, was found to be free from her problems by choosing a target for herself and lived a happy life after achieving this goal.

Translation Approaches in Pre-Theoretical Era

Sevda PEKCOŞKUN GÜNER — 2024-08-29

Throughout history, the translators have had to make a choice between loyalty to the source text while reflecting the pattern of the original text in the target material and the style of the author, or to reflect the characteristics of the target culture as much as possible by using expressions that would not be regarded as "foreign" in the target literary polysystem. Also, the translator has tried to justify his/her procedure about which approach s/he has chosen during the translation process. Addressing the thoughts about target and source-orientedness of those who have spoken about translation in the pre-theoretical period with a holistic approach will enable us to have information about the perception of these concepts within the historical process; and it will contribute to see the historical development of translation activity more clearly. The aim of this study is to trace the source and target-oriented approaches in today's terms adopted in the translation process within the field of literature. The general scope of the study is to examine the concepts of source and target-orientedness in the field of literature in a synchronic and diachronic way. In order to understand the general approaches of these periods on the subject better, not only the views of the translators with the identity of an author and poet or those who are engaged in translation have been stated, but also the views of other thinkers and pioneers who have influenced and directed these periods through translation approaches have been mentioned.

Enriching of the Vocabulary in Turkish Teaching Programs as a Foreign Language

Aslı MADEN — 2024-08-29

In the study, it is aimed to analysis Turkish teaching programs as a foreign language in terms of enriching vocabulary. The research was carried out according to the qualitative approach. The data source of the research consists of the Teaching Turkish Program as a Foreign Language of Turkish Maarif Foundation and the Ministry of National Education Foreign Languages Turkish (A1, A2, B1, B2 Level Course) Programs. In the research, the data obtained were collected according to the document analysis technique. Content and descriptive analysis techniques were used together in the analysis of the data obtained. As a result of the research, it has been determined that there is a general purpose expression for enriching vocabulary in Turkish teaching programs as a foreign language, explanations are given to guide the learning-teaching process and a different number of acquisitions are prepared for learning areas. In addition, it has been concluded that there is a more detailed and balanced picture in Maarif Foundation program in terms of the number of acquisitions for vocabulary, distribution of gains according to learning areas and skill levels. In Ministry of National Education programs, it was observed that the number of attainment and distribution to learning areas and language skill levels was limited. In addition, it has been determined that Maarif Foundation program has superior features in terms of continuity between the acquisitions for vocabulary prepared for different learning areas.

Investigation of Social Capital Levels of at Students in School Teams and Students not in School Teams According to Some Variables

Ahmet Enes SAĞIN Mehmet GÜLLÜ — 2024-08-29

Social capital is a very important value for the individual and society. While the presence of this value makes a positive contribution, many negative conditions are likely to occur in its absence. In this study, it is aimed to determine the social capital levels of the licensed athletes in the school team and the licansed students who are not in the school team and to compare them with demographic characteristics. For this purpose, the Turkish version of the Social Capital Scale of Primary School Students, developed by Huang (2008), was adopted by Ardahan and Ezici (2014) for secondary school students. The study group consisted of 198 students from 6th, 7th and 8th grades attending 4 different secondary schools in Islahiye, Gaziantep. As the obtained data showed normal distribution, in addition to descriptive statistics, Independent Sample T Test and One Way Variance Analysis were used. According to the research findings; A significant difference was found between the social capital levels of the students and being in the school sports team in favor of the licensed sportsmen students in all sub-dimensions of the scale. Although the social capital level of female students in the four sub-dimensions of the gender variable was higher than the male students, a significant difference in favor of female students appeared only in the Asking for Help from the Teacher sub-dimension. In general, there was no difference between the students in the grade level variable but there was a significant difference in favor of the 7th grade students in the Asking for Help from Friends sub-dimension among the students in the school team. According to these results, in order to improve the social capital levels of the students in the educational environment, it is suggested to create sporting environments where they can gather together only outside the environments they are in with academic concern and develop as a whole (cognitive, affective and psychomotor).

Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’ndeki Futbol İl Hakemlerinin Problem Çözme Becerilerinin İş Doyumlarına Etkisinin Araştırılması

Ecesu ÖZCANMustafa KIZILKOCA, Veysel ALBAYRAK — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to present an effective study on the regional basis that examines the effect of the problem solving skills of the provincial football referees on the level job satisfaction and to contribute to the literature of sports science. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS 25.0 package program and frequency analysis, factor analysis, t test, ANOVA and regression analysis were applied to the data set which parametric tests were used to analyze. From the findings of the analysis, it was concluded that problem solving skill negatively affects job satisfaction, and in response to other sub-problems, the referees with 5-10 years of professional experience have the highest level of problem solving skills and when compared to men, the average score of problem solving skill and jobs satisfaction of women are higher. Finally, regarding the fact that the problem solving skill is higher in the period of 1-5 years, with respect to years in occupation, it has been thought that the new hired individuals are idealistic due to the competitive factor and economic expectations. The result of the study is that problem solving ability has a negative effect on job satisfaction, which constitutes the problem statement of our research. The fact that the demographic distribution is very high in the new generation (22-29 years old) has given us specific results regarding the need for current research with the work discipline, work perspective, emotional state, economic expectations of the individuals of this new generation.

The Effect of Covid-19 on Sports Sector

Hülya BİNGÖLŞükrü BİNGÖL, İsmail ÖNER — 2024-08-29

The new type of coronavirus (Covid-19), which affects the sports world as well as all areas of life emerging in Wuhan, China, has brought sports organizations to a halt worldwide. Based on these thoughts, it was aimed to identify and investigate the possible effects of Covid-19 outbreak on sports industry, organizations, clubs, economy, athletes and football. The research was examined by document analysis method. As a result; the outbreak of Covid-19, which shows a global level, the cancellation of sports organizations and competitions or postponing to future dates caused negative social and economic effects within the scope of sports stakeholders. In this context, it is estimated that sports organizations and institutions will face an indefinite economic cost due to the cancelled and postponed competitions. It can be stated that sports stakeholders should work together in terms of solving this problem.

Aktif Spor Yapan ve Aktif Spor Yapmayan Spor Bilimleri Öğrencilerinin Liderlik Düzeylerinin Farklı Değişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi: Isparta Örneği

Hasan ULUKAN — 2024-08-29

In this study, it is aimed to investigate the leadership orientation of students of sports science who do active sports and do not do active sports at Suleyman Demirel university according to different variables. The data of the study were collected between November 12 and December 24, 2019. This research participated in 177 students, 73 females, and 104 males. As the data collection tool; It was used The Leadership Orientations Scale developed by Bolman and Deal (1990) and adapted to Turkish by Dereli (2003). Parametric tests were used due to the normal distribution of the data. When the data obtained were examined, it is seen that the scale had significant differences in terms of transformational leadership, charismatic leadership sub-dimensions, and gender. It was observed a significant difference in transformational leadership and charismatic leadership according to active doing sports and sports branch. Moreover, it was observed that there was no statistically significant difference in terms of the sub-dimensions of the leadership scale and place of residence and age variables. However, it was determined that the level of leadership of the people living in the villages is higher than those living In this study, it is aimed to investigate the leadership orientation of students who do sports and do not do sports at university according to different variables. This study participated 177 students, 73 male and 104 female. As the data collection tool; It was used The Leadership Orientations Scale developed by Bolman and Deal (1990) and adapted to Turkish by Dereli (2003). Parametric tests were used due to normal distribution of the datas. When the data obtained were examined, it seen that the scale had significant differences in terms of transformational leadership, charismatic leadership sub-dimensions and gender. It was observed a significant difference in transformational leadership and charismatic leadership according to doing sports and sports branch. Moreover, it was observed that there was no statistically significant difference in terms of the sub-dimensions of the leadership scale and place of residence and age variables. Howover it was determined that the level of leadership of the people living in the villages is higher than those living in the city. In addition, it was concluded that the students doing sports at the university show above of medium level leadership tendency and are at a well-accepted level.

Determination of The Obstacles of Faculty of Sports Science Students to Participation in Recreative Activities (Example of Fırat University Students)

Esra BAYRAK AYAŞ — 2024-08-29

Working concept has emerged as an inevitable fact for the continuation of life from the creation of the humanity to date. When “one average day” of human life is examined, some part of this period consists of meeting physiological needs like working, eating and drinking and other part is called as a free time which can be defined as residual time of other activities. People can use their free time by participate in recreational activities to regenerate and refresh thyself. When the related literature is examined, it is observed that there are some obstacles to participation in recreational activities. For this reason, it is aimed to determine the barriers to participation of recreational activities of Fırat University Faculty of Science students in their free time and to reveal whether these barriers differ according to some independent variables. 180 students have participated to the investigation. Leisure Time Barriers Scale developed by Gürbüz et al. (2010) and Personal information form were used as a data collection tool. SPSS software was used to evaluate the data and the level of significance was accepted as p <0.05. When the analysis results are examined, it is seen that facility and individual psychology factors are determined as important factors among others. In the light of given findings, the opportunities offered for students to evaluate their free time with more active, effective and various activities should be reassessed. Young people who cannot participate in free time activities due to work or course intensity may be offered special activities and activities that do not require a special time during their short breaks or out of work.

Investigating the Social Intelligence Skills of the Physical Education and Sports Prospective Teachers Getting Pedagogical Formation Education

Osman DALAMANErdil DURUKAN — 2024-08-29

In the study, it was aimed to examine social intelligence skills of the students studying at the Physical Education Teaching Department getting pedagogical formation education. As the data collection instruments, Personal Information Form and Tromso social intelligence scale, developed by Silvera, Martinussen and Dahl (2001) and adapted to Turkish by Doğan and Çetin (2009) were used. As the sub-dimension of social skills and total scale score did not show a normal distribution, non-parametric tests were applied. The sub-dimension of social information processing and social awareness scores showed a normal distribution, so parametric tests were used. The significance level for the analysis were accepted as p<0.05. As a result of the study, it was revealed that, the level of social information processing, social skills and social intelligence of the male participants were higher than female participants. In addition, it was determined that the among social intelligence sub-category, social knowledge process and social skills levels of the students who were getting pedagogical formation training in the field of Physical Education and Sports Teaching were below the moderate level, the social awareness levels were at the moderate level and the total social intelligence levels were at the moderate level. Therefore, active participation of the Physical Education and Sports Teacher candidates in activities that will enable them to be entrepreneurial individuals should be increased.).

Visual Arts Applications and Educational Development of Orthopedic Disabled Individuals Within the Scope of Special Education

Fahrettin GEÇEN Ali TOMAK — 2024-08-29

It is important for the development of individuals who need special education, to eliminate or rehabilitate their disabilities, to be included in social life. The research topic covers orthopaedic disabled people in the Central District of Hatay province and in the field of special education. According to the diagnostic statistics in the 12-16 age range of the Provincial Directorate of health in special education centers connected to Meb, among these obstacles, students with physical disability were studied for 16 weeks, including 8 weeks in one institution and 8 other institutions. During this time, various visual arts applications were made and questions were asked measuring the level of conceptual perception. It was studied under the weak experimental pattern model without control groups with 10 students consisting of two separate groups with physical impairment. As a result; Students who need special education visual arts practices hand-eye coordination and hand-in the development of socialization and communication skills development by Nov, creativity in the development of aesthetic perception in the formation of values and rules on the recognition of various social and conceptual development of perception is reputed to be helpful in.

The Effect of Music Education in Fine Arts High School on Students' Music Tastes: Kayseri Fine Arts High School Sample

Özlem Doğan — 2024-08-29

The aim of the study is to determine the effect of music education on music tastes of 11th and 12th grade music classes of Kayseri Fine Arts High School. The aim of this study is to observe the extent to which music tastes are influenced by the students' education taken in the Fine Arts High School. In this study, literature review has been done in the stage of forming the theoretical foundations of the subject. 11th and 12th grade music department students of Kayseri Fine Arts High School have been conducted a survey. The questionnaire was composed of two parts: personal information and survey questions. There are 3 questionnaires for personal information, 12 for music tastes, and 15 in total. The students of 11th and 12th grades have been selected as the sample group because they have been thought to have enough knowledge about the types of music by analyzing the curriculums. In the study, it is concluded that the music education in Kayseri Fine Arts High School completely affects the music tastes of 11th and 12th grade students.

Holistic Transformation of Marketing in the Light of New Facts

Arif YILDIZ — 2024-08-29

In today's world, where technology is developing, globalization is spreading and the social responsibilities of businesses are increasing, there are great changes in customer demands, needs and expectations. In order to satisfy new customers and present values in line with their expectations, businesses must also have a number of new talents. In this study, the subject of holistic marketing, which is of great importance in the creation of effective marketing strategies and programs, is examined in detail. Holistic marketing understanding; is a holistic marketing approach that includes relationship marketing, integrated marketing, internal and marketing, and performance marketing. Within the scope of the statement “Marketing is not insignificant to be left only to marketers”, all departments and employees of the business as a whole should be interested in marketing activities. Achieving the expected goals of the business will be possible thanks to the devoted efforts of different departments that act in harmony with each other and the adoption of each business. In this context, firstly, necessary information about holistic marketing was obtained and synthesized in line with the current literature and literature review. Then, in the light of new facts, explanations were made regarding the steps that marketing managers should follow. Academic studies on holistic marketing are almost nonexistent, especially in the national literature. Therefore, this study; it can serve as a resource for marketers, academics, executives and others.

Capital Accumulation with the Effect of State Swot Analysis on Turkey (2011-2018)

Şahin ÇETİNKAYA — 2024-08-29

Capital formation is a growth indicator of economies. Countries reveal their level of development according to the size of private capital. GDP amount in a country there is theresult of capitalmobility. Looking at the developed economies, the weight of international companies will be seen. For example, the majority of the companies listed in the list of 500 companies’ world wide, which are announced annually, are companies from developed countries. These companies appear to be more than a lot of countries turn over. Every country wants private companies to grow and it has to develop policy. In developed countries, the source of capital accumulation is international trade. Because companies produce not only to their own countries but also to sell to the world. A long with the increase in production, employmental so increases, foreign trade increases in favor of exports, and growth is observed in many macro economic indicators. Another way in capital accumulation is to sell what they produce to the largest buyer state. In this way, the growth in the country can be realized and the accumulation of capital can be positively affected. This method is a valid way of capital accumulation for all countries. When we look at the history of Turkish economics, it will be seen that the state has an impact on capital accumulation from there public an era to the present day. In other words, it can be said that there is public support in the growth of many established companies today. Companies growing by feding from the state have under taken important missions in the country's economy. During their establishment period, they produced alternative domestic production for many foreign products, and they showed imports that decreased imports and increased exports.

Analysis of Merzifon Urban Site Area and the Effects of the New Function on the Building and Its Environment

Büşra SAATCi iZCiHicran Hanım HALAÇ — 2024-08-29

Since Merzifon is located on an important axis that connects Samsun to Central Anatolia and the west, trade has been in demand and trade has developed with the settlement in the region. The Pasha Mosque, built by Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha, which was an important personality during the Ottoman period, revived the Kara Mustafa Pasha Complex Merzifon center with the building elements of Tuzpazarı Hamam, Bedesten and Taşhan, and trade developed further in and around these building elements. Taşhan, which is one of the important elements of the traditional trade texture in the urban protected area, has been re-functioned with the hotel function, which is the modern version of its original function. The purpose of the article is to reveal the effects of Taşhan's new function in the structure and its surroundings. In this regard, firstly, the monumental buildings, residences and qualified shops in the urban site in which Taşhan is located are categorized according to their functions, and a holistic view is provided. Afterward, the re-functioning of Taşhan was evaluated through the restoration plan and the building photos before and after the application. As a result, the environmental effects of Taşhan's new function were revealed.