Tarih Okulu Dergisi, Year 2021 Issue L

Osmanlı Son Dönemi İstanbul’unda Hıfzısıhha ve Toplumsal Kontrol

İbrahim Halil KALKAN — 2024-08-29

On dokuzuncu yüzyıl ortalarından itibaren, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve özellikle İstanbul, istikrarlı ve sistemli biçimde halk sağlığı siyasetinin doğuş ve gelişimine sahne olmuştur ve söz konusu siyaset niteliksel olarak yeni bir resmi iktidar anlayışına işaret etmektedir. Hıfzısıhhanın doğuşuyla birlikte halk sağlığını koruma çabasıyla devlet kentsel alan ve gündelik kent yaşamını hiç olmadığı kadar derinlemesine şekillendirme ve denetim alma yönünde adımlar atmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada halk sağlığı siyasetinin ortaya çıkışının yeni bir iktidar biçiminin gelişimiyle tıbbı epistemolojide yapısal dönüşümün zamansal örtüşmesiyle açıklanılabilineceği önerilmektedir. Ayrıca, dönemin resmî belgelerine dayanılarak, on dokuzuncu yüzyıl sonlarından itibaren halk sağlığı siyasetinin yoğunluğunda hızlı bir artış olduğu gösterilmekle birlikte söz konusu artışın gerek bilimsel gerek toplumsal-politik bir dizi özgün gelişmeyi içeren bu yılların tarihsel bağlamının sonucu olduğu açıklanmaktadır.

Aryanist Oryantalist, Milliyetçi ve İslamcı Tarihyaziminda İslam Sonrası Hayali İran

Naseraddin ALIZADEH — 2024-08-29

Bu çalışma oryantalistlerin, İranlı milliyetçilerin ve İslamcıların geç Kaçar döneminden başlayarak yeniden kurguladıkları İslam sonrası ‘İran’ ve ‘İranlı’ imajını incelemektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Ernest Renan ve Arthur de Gobineau gibi Aryancılar ve Browne gibi oryantalist İranistlerce geliştirilen tarihe ırk-temelli yaklaşımlar, Pehlevi Krallığı’nın ideologları olan tarihçilerin bakış açısını etkilemiştir. Böylelikle, Abdul-Hossein Zarrinkoob gibi milliyetçi tarihçiler oryantalistlerin ırk-temelli yaklaşımları etkisinde ‘İran’, ‘İranlı’ ve ‘İran milletinin’ tarihsel sürekliliğini ve üstünlüğünü Sasani İmparatorluğu’nun çöküşünü izleyen dört yüz yıllık bir dönemde göstermeye çalışmışlardır. Bu doğrultuda, İran milliyetçi tarihçileri İslami dönemde gerçekleşen bütün başarılara bir İranlının öncüllük ettiğini veya ‘İran uygarlığından’ esinlendiğini göstermeye kalkmışlardır. Oryanistlerin ve İran milliyetçilerinin Arap karşıtı ırkçı yaklaşımlarının İslam karşıtı eğilimlere dönüşmesi Murtaza Mutahhari ve Ali Şeriati gibi İslamcıların tepkilerine yol açmıştır. 1979 İran İslam devriminin arifesinde, bu İslamcı seçkinler söz konusu ırkçı yaklaşımları yapıbozuma uğratmaya çalışarak uluslararasıcı İslami öğretilerle eşleşen yeni bir tarihyazımını geliştirmeye çalışmışlardır.

A Critical Approach to Pericles’ Strategy in the Peloponnesian War

Olcay TURAN — 2024-08-29

The Peloponnesian War which was mainly fought by Athens against Sparta in 431-404 BC. was studied in depth and keep its importance because of its effect on the course of history. Thucydides as the most important source, accepted the strategy promoted by Pericles who dominated the political life in Athens in the beginning of the Peloponnesian War. Pericles’ strategy was also seen a key to success by many other researchers. However, when we consider conditions of that time, it is seen that the strategy had many problems which caused by its implementation. One of the main problems was lack of flexibility which was needed to fit into the changing conditions of war. In addition, Pericles miscalculated the enemy’s power and exaggerated the Athens’ power due to the overconfidence caused by recent successes. As a reflection of this situation, Pericles forced a strategy to Athens which would only inflame the nationalistic feelings of people rather than preparing an effective plan to win the war.

The Improvement of Winemaking in the Early Republican Period and the Monopoly Administration's Search For Development

Ersin GÜRDAMAR — 2024-08-29

Winemaking has been neglected for many years in Anatolia. Republican administrators've felt a strong desire for development. The most important source of the republic has been customs and monopoly revenues. As the winemaking has been an area that covers not only grape production but also viticulture, its production and export could not have been ignored. Revenues from wine exports could serve the purpose of development. The Monopoly Administration, by carrying out extensive studies in this untouched area, has greatly increased wine production with the factories and sample houses it opened. Quality, standardization and advertising activities have been intensified. In this study, the contributions of winemaking to the economy in line with the agriculture and development policies of the period will be discussed. A complementary perspective will be presented by giving the laws and regulations issued in this field, and then the investments made by the Monopoly Administration in this field along with the development process of the winemaking and the contribution of the winemaking at the export level will be examined. This study will provide a complementary perspective in terms of revealing what economic and social reasons the Republican administration acted in the early period and what vision it had.

The Mausoleum at the Cemetery of District Mosque in The City of Praça in Bosnia-Herzogovinia

Filiz CANYURT — 2024-08-29

Mausoleums are impressive structure types among Islamic art. This structure type, which is built over a burial place, is vastly seen around Islamic lands. There are a lot of samples in Balkans just as in Anatolia. The mausoleum subjected to this article is situated at the city of Praça in Bosnia-Herzogovina. Praça is on the 35th km from Sarajevo, on the trading route between Istanbul and Dubravnik. The patron of the structure is unknown but acourding to sources it is dated to 16th century. The building with a hexagonal plan is situated at the cemetery of the District Mosque. It has a dome rising over a dodecagon drum. Coarse cut stones and a few ashlar stones are used as the structural materials. The Drum and main walls are also built with coarse cut stones. Ashlar stones were used at the door and window arches and jambs. This article will examine the mausoleum taking the development stages into account as a Turkish-Islamic architecture, by evaluating it in terms of plan, façade, material, and decorative features in comparisons with other similar samples from Balkans.

USA Arms Embargo on Turkey and The Jewish Lobbying (1975)

Mehmet ÇELİK — 2024-08-29

Turkey has established, to strengthen the common security within NATO and with the aim of providing support to regional defense, a balance of mutual cooperation with the United States since 1954. Turkey, the United States has provided some opportunities in some places covered by the NATO Treaty. Turkey, the military inventory in the field of education and has benefited from US assistance. However, as a result of the initiatives of some groups in the US Congress, it was subjected to sanctions that would not comply with the NATO alliance. The Cyprus issue and Turkish-Greek political terms because of the issues in dispute to leave Turkey in the lurch, American origin to limit the defense of Turkey in order to freeze and arms embargo on Turkey even been implemented. Following the embargo decision, the activities of some facilities were suspended by the Demirel Government. Turkey in the political, military and civilian circles, gave a great response to the decision embargo. The Greek Lobby was undoubtedly the main driving force in the approval of the embargo decision. However, apart from this ethnic lobby, another group that supports this decision is the Jewish lobby. In fact, when considered in the context of Israel's relations with Turkey, this support is unprecedented front. Moreover, Turkey is in terms of this resolution and to provide relief from the terms of Greece's military air and naval superiority in the Aegean Sea will create opportunities were taken aback considered as a decision to support the Jewish lobby. Is that the Jewish lobby in Turkey's relations with the Arab world to support this decision or that originates from Israel despite US relations with the Arab world will be thoroughly evaluated in this study. In this study, in order to determine these events that took place in 1975, the official correspondence of the period, the minutes of the parliament and the press were reviewed and a conclusion was reached.

The History of Meclis-i Vükela

Nesrin KANBEROĞLU — 2024-08-29

“Meclis-i Vükela” which corresponds to today’s “Council of Ministers”, has been a government agency that has existed from the day the Ottoman Empire was established until the day it collapsed. Over the years, the institution has been called by different names such as Divan-ı Hümayun, Encümen-i Mahsus, Meclis-i Hass-ı Ali, Meclis-i Mahsus-ı Vükela, Meclis-i Mahsus, Meclis-i Hass-ı Meşveret and Meclis-i Vükela. The sultans also attended the meetings until the reign of Fatih Sultan Mehmed. The institution that has undergone changes over the years, especially II. Mahmud period has experienced significant changes. Modern ministries that started to be established in Europe also affected the institutions in the Ottoman Empire, because the needs have shown similarities with the age. It was inevitable for the ministries to be formed as the institutions in the administrative staff of the state became professional and solved their problems over the years. The state issues that the Ministries could not resolve within their jurisdiction were left to the Meclis-i Vükela meetings. Over the years, various regulations have been made regarding the Meclis-i Vükela, thus the functioning and jurisdiction of the institution has been expanded. Although it was the executive institution of the state and had served for hundreds of years, the history of the Meclis-i Vükela has not been studied. In this paper, the history of Meclis-i Vükela is studied and document analysis technique is used.

Restricting the Monarchy in Magna Carta

Serkan ÜNAL — 2024-08-29

England's political system emerged at the end of a long struggle between the parliament and the kingdom. In this system, while the Crown Office represented by a king/queen possesses symbolic political authority, the prime minister holds the real political power due to their significant influence in legislative and executive power. The process of restricting the monarchy's power in England and making it symbolic overtime began before the parliament was born. Magna Carta, one of the first crucial steps of this process, emerged in June 1215 as a compromise between King John and barons who reacted to his heavy taxes. Magna Carta, which has received little attention in Turkish literature, left a permanent legacy to the later times in terms of the understanding of the rule of law and the historical development of democracy. This study examines Magna Carta by highlighting its articles that restrict the monarchy. In this framework, the historical background that gave birth to the Charter was analyzed and all articles of Magna Carta were examined using three different references. In the study, while revealing out to what extent Magna Carta limited the monarchy, it was also underlined that the symbolic powers of the British monarchy today manifests themselves in Magna Carta.

The Pozition of the Ottoman Military Units in The Balkans at the Beginning of the 20th Century (The Teftiş-i Askerî Umumî Commission Report)

Hüseyin Hilmi ALADAĞ — 2024-08-29

Abdulhamid II; He put forward his commitment and decisiveness of his follow-up, especially with the “commissions” he had set up for a number of exercises that were the manifestation of his management approach. The commissions were essentially a strategic move to narrow the influence area of Bâbâlî as de facto and as a result they took their place in the palace bureaucracy. Abdulhamid II gave privileges to report to the commissions. One of the most important of these commissions was the Teftiş-i Askerî Commission. In our study, it will be our main purpose to convey the findings made about the position of the Ottoman Military Units in the Balkans and to make an assessment based on these findings by analyzing the Teftiş-i Askerî Commission Report submitted to the Sultan. In our research, document analysis method and content analysis technique were used.

Hz Muhammed Period İn High School History Textboooks İnstructed Between 1923-1960

Ömer Faruk KIRMIT — 2024-08-29

Textbooks are one of the most important means of giving and adopting all kinds of material and spiritual values of the nation they live in. Apart from this, they have been the main source of study for students and even determined what teachers will teach their students. With the emphasis on history since the 19th century all over the world, history has become an important branch of science. In the education process of nation states, history textbooks were kept in a separate position. Because, history textbooks are seen as an important tool in the formation of the desired emotion and thought as well as teaching a nation its past. In this study textbooks, he investigates the life of Hz. Muhammad from his childhood, especially after his Prophethood. The textbooks are divided into 4 parts as the periods of Atatürk, İnönü and the Democrat Party between 1923-1930. In these four semesters, some textbooks and expressions incompatible with Islamic History sources were used. In addition, the expressions that are not mentioned in Islamic terminology and the style of expression developed by being influenced by foreign elements such as orientalism also affected the textbooks. The purpose of this article is; in the formal education system, between the years 1923-1960, the aim of this course is to show students how the period of Hz. Muhammad was told to students and to be able to make an inference about the period by determining, analyzing and criticizing how the textbooks are suitable for the narration of Islamic History. The subject was examined under the high school history textbooks of four semesters and explained as a whole. The periods examined: The period between 1923-1930, Atatürk, İnönü and the Democrat Party periods.

A Political Participation Dynamic During the Single Party Period in Istanbul: “Ballot Box Convoy”

Kadri UNAT — 2024-08-29

Which could be considered as a political ceremony and was organized firstly during the 1908 elections, Ballot Box Convoy, organized at the two stage during the single party priod in Istanbul. The first stage was the process of the delivering or Nate ballot boxes in the election districts, by constituent and local administrators to the municipalities or district governerships, after the completion of the elections. And the second stage was the delivering the famous ballot box of the Second Constitutional Era, which produced by Ziya Bey, from the municipality to Darülfünun with participation of party representetives, bureaucrats, inspectors, military band or marching band, polices, municipal polices, scouts, students and citizens on the early hours of the electionday. Ballot Box Convoy, which was organized as a festival, depicts how voters claiming the ballot box and turning it to a carnaval. This study accept the Ballot Box Convoy in the context of political participation. In this context, the Ballot Box Convoy is considered as a colorfull but serves certain purposes activity as well. Thus, this study is trying to determine the role of the Ballot Box Convoy effect on the increase the political participation, the integration of the society with the regime and the ensuring the legitimacy during the single party period.

The Positions and Evolutions of the Gods of the Epidemic in Ancient Time from Mesopotamia to Ancient Greece

Muhammed Fazıl HİMMETOĞLU — 2024-08-29

Although epidemics are quite a surprising situation for modern humans, they are ordinary events seen in every period of history. With this epidemic that modern people did not expect, they faced a process where health and economic concerns competed. It seems that economic concerns outweigh health problems from modern human. Although the epidemic spreads rapidly, we witness that the trade and production cycle begins to normalize early. Humanity had seen epidemics in ancient times, too. Was this condition same for them? Ancient time man ascribed to the gods every process he lived. Ancient time man placed his competent gods according to importance order in the pantheons. In this study, it is seen that the gods of epidemic and healing are one step behind the gods of fertility and economy in the belief world of ancient time.

An Authority Crisis Between the Sublime Port and the Yıldız Palace: Mir Hashim Case

Kasım HIZLI — 2024-08-29

Seeking to take the reins of the power from the Sublime Porte Sultan Abdulhamid II had increased his authority day by day, though he met the resistance of the group that had the First Constitution declared. Through the elimination of the Porte the status and offices of the palace officials ended up to be more significant. Abdulhamid II appointed Salih Munir as secretary general for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and asked him to get into contact with the ambassadors confidentially. The interference of the palace into the affairs of the Foreign Ministry created a conflict of authority. Mir Hashim was the son of Emir Abdulqadir who moved to Syria from Algiers. The attempt of the former to keep French nationality and take advantages of the privileges provided caused to ignite a kind of discordance between France and the Empire. The Algerian migrants accommodated in Syria became to be used as tool for political pressure and exploited now and then. Relying on his close relations with the Sultan, Salih Munir took action in this question, disregarding all the bureaucratic hierarchy; and that caused a conflict of authority. The Mir Hashim case was another example of the struggle for influence between the Palace and the Porte since the declaration of Tanzimat.

The Rulership- Opposition Polarization of the Local Press in the Context of Policy and Ideology; the Sample of Demokrasiye Hizmet (Service for the Democracy) and Halk Postası (Gazette of Public Post)

Tülay AYDIN — 2024-08-29

In the present study, which is based on the fact that the society takes place at a dimension which both affects the relationship between media-policy and is affected by this relationship, it is questioned where the society is involved in this relationship and from which striking points it is caught. The study assumes that the owners of political rulership or the candidates of rulership influence the masses by using the media and press and by manipulating the certain social values. The research is based on the data of Demokrasiye Hizmet and Halk Postası newspapers, which constitute the two main elements of the Maraş local press, representing the ruling and opposition parties. The research’s main inference is of opinion that the broadcastings of this gazette built the politics on the populist discourses which aim the secularism, villager statement and past in the period when the severe party conflicts were available.

Comparing the Curriculums and the Coursebooks from Turkey, the United States and Russia in Terms of the Cold War Era Topics

Osman AKHANRefik TURAN — 2024-08-29

The aim of this research was to analyze the currıculums and the coursebooks from Turkey, the United States and Russia comparatively in terms of the cold war era topics. In this way, the curriculums and the coursebooks from Turkey, the United States and Russia were analyzed in terms of the cold war era topics and the themes determined were compared within the frameworks of general objectives, introductory questions, unit activities, assessment questions and viewpoints of the countries to each other The present research was designed as a comparative qualitative study. The data of the research was collected by document scanning method, which was one of the qualitative research methods. As the sample of the study, the high school - level coursebooks called “Contemporary World History” or a different name from these countries were obtained. The most preferred and most easily accessible books, which were also used during 2017-2018 educational years in these countries, were accepted as the samples of the research after the expert opinions had been taken into consideration. The collected data was analyzed thanks to the descriptive analysis. When the results of the study were evaluated in general, it is possible to say that the countries within the scope of the research were influenced by their own policies when teaching the cold war era topics.

Türkiye’de Okul Öncesi Eğitim Programı İle İlgili Yapılan Lisansüstü Tezlerin İncelenmesi

Filiz AYDEMİR — 2024-08-29

Çocuğun eğitiminin ilk basamağı olan okul öncesi eğitim, bilişsel, sosyal ve motor gelişimlerinin en hızlı ilerlediği dönem olması açısından önem kazanmaktadır. Bu yıllarda verilen eğitimin nitelikli olması, çocuğun gelişimini ve ilerdeki yaşamını etkilemektedir. Gelişimsel olan programın nitelikli olabilmesi, programın çocukların yaşlarına uygun olarak planlanmasına ve onların gelişim düzeyleri, ilgileri ve ihtiyaçlarının göz önünde bulundurularak uygulanmasına bağlıdır. Okul öncesi eğitim programı alanında yapılmış lisansüstü tezlerinde yapılan literatür incelemeler sonucunda kapsamlı çalışmaların olmadığı görülmüştür. Türkiye’de okul öncesi eğitim programı ile ilgili yapılmış yüksek lisans ve doktora tezlerinin tematik dağılımları bu araştırmada incelenmiştir. Araştırmada yöntem olarak doküman analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini, YÖK Yayın Dokümantasyon Daire Başkanlığının arşivindeki konu kısmı okul öncesi olan 1727 lisansüstü tez oluşturmaktadır. Okul öncesi eğitim programı kapsamında 1987-2019 yıllarında yapılmış toplam 53 lisansüstü tezi, araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturmaktadır. Bulgular bölümünde tezlerin yapıldığı yıl, araştırmanın yapıldığı üniversite, türü ve temaları incelenmiştir. Yapılan araştırmaların incelenmesi sonucunda, çalışmalarda öğretmenlerin okul öncesi eğitim programını uygulamaları, uygulamada karşılaştıkları sorunlar, çocukların gelişim alanlarına etkisi, yaratıcılık, karakter ve değerler eğitimi gibi temalara yer verildiği, okul öncesi eğitim programına ilişkin öğretmenlerin, akademisyenlerin, okul müdürlerinin ve müfettişlerin görüşlerinin incelendiği belirlenmiştir.

Examination of Postgraduate Theses Conducted in Turkey on Classroom Teacher Training

Kadri BEKTAŞ — 2024-08-29

The subject of teacher training and qualifications has always been an important topic. It has been kept up to date in every period.Teacher training and qualifications can be considered as an educational science problem beyond being a country problem. Therefore, research on teacher training in Turkey should be considered important. The aim of this study is to examine the postgraduate theses made in Turkey and published in YÖK National Thesis Center related to classroom teacher training in certain categories. For this purpose, the universities, where research on raising classroom teachers was conducted, was evaluated in terms of publication dates, Working Group, methods, data collection tools, data analysis techniques and subject areas. Graduate theses at YÖK National thesis Center (limited to those published until December 15, 2020) were scanned with the keywords “classroom teacher training, primary school teacher training”. In this study, screening, document and content analysis from qualitative research methods were employed. In the study, 136 theses (81 master's, 55 doctoral dissertations) were screened. As a result of the screening, 10 theses (7 Master's, 3 doctoral) obtained in relation to classroom teacher training were analyzed. In these studies, different study groups (13), different data collection tools (16) and various data analysis methods (11) were used. Research was mainly conducted in universities in Ankara. Theses related to the training of classroom teachers were mostly prepared in the field of social sciences (70%). Professors (50%) and doctor faculty members (50%) acted as consultants for these theses. As a result of these studies, the most recommendations (20%) were on “regulating teacher training programs and lessons”.

CLIL Yaklaşımının İngilizce Öğretimine Katkısı; Finlandiya, Polonya ve Türkiye Örneği

Ümit Ferit ALDIMSebahattin ARIBAŞ — 2024-08-29

Bu çalışma, yabancı dil öğretiminde kullanılan CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning - İçerik Temelli Dil Öğrenimi) yaklaşımının, CEFR standartlarına uyumlu olarak yabancı dil olarak İngilizce öğretimine olan katkılarını, karşılaştırmalı olarak ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma kapsamına çeşitli açılardan farklılıkları ve benzerlikleri bulunan Finlandiya ve Polonya ile Türkiye’de yürütülen İngilizce eğitim programları dâhil edilmiştir. Araştırma, nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak karşılaştırmalı eğitim yoluyla, doküman analizi ile yürütülmüştür. Finlandiya, Polonya ve Türkiye’de yabancı dil olarak İngilizce eğitimi ile ilgili olarak döküman analizi, tarama yöntemi ve geçmiş yıllara ait veri analizleri yoluyla yürütülen çalışma sonucunda ulaşılan veriler ve sonuçlar yabancı dil olarak İngilizce eğitiminde kullanılan yöntemlerin her birinin tek başına yeterli olamayacağını, Türkiye’de İngilizce eğitimi için kullanılan “Dilbilgisi-Çeviri” yönteminin iletişime dayalı diğer öğretim yöntemleri ve CLIL yaklaşımı ile desteklenmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur. Tüm bunların yanında, Finlandiya ve Polonya yabancı dil eğitim programlarına dahil edilen CLIL yaklaşımının dil öğretim yöntemleri ile entegre kullanıldığında yabancı dil olarak İngilizce öğretimi sürecine yaptığı kayda değer katkıların uluslararası değerlendirmeler yoluyla da kanıtlandığı gözlemlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen ve yorumlanan bulgular CLIL yaklaşımı ile yabancı dil eğitimi yürüten Finlandiya ve Polonya’nın önemli ölçüde başarılı olduğunu, Türkiye’nin ise kullanılan dil öğretim yöntemlerini güncellemesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Investigation of the Secondary School Teachers' Tendencies towards Lifelong Learning and Critical Thinking

Eyüp İZCİSongül ÖZDEN — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to determine secondary school teachers’ tendency towards critical thinking and lifelong learning. The screening model was used in the research. In the research, data were collected from 403 teachers working in central districts of Yeşilyurt and Battalgazi in Malatya province in 2018-2019 academic year using simple random sampling method. Lifelong Learning Scale developed by Diker Coşkun (2009) and Critical Thinking Scale adapted by Ağdacı (2018) from the Critical Thinking Scale of Semerci (2000) were used as data collection tools. Descriptive analyzes were conducted to determine lifelong learning and critical thinking skills of secondary school teachers. In the analysis of the data, non-parametric tests were used to determine whether there was a significant difference according to gender, seniority and branch variables; Correlation analysis was performed to determine the relationship between them. In the research, lifelong learning tendencies and critical thinking skills of secondary school teachers were found to be high. It has been found that there is a moderate positive relationship between teachers' lifelong learning tendencies and critical thinking skills.

A Case Study on Preschool Teachers' Views on the Impact of Animations on Language Development

Elif KURT — 2024-08-29

Language development begins with family and immediate community after birth. The first encounter especially with abstract concepts coincides with the time of starting school. Preschool teachers play a big role in language development in this period. Given today's conditions, advanced technological opportunities also diversify materials that can be used in children's language development. Animations are among such materials. The purpose of the research was to explore and evaluate preschool teachers' views on the impact of animations on language development. This research was designed as a case study and carried out with six preschool teachers working in schools affiliated with the Ministry of National Education in 2019. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview form. They were analysed using the constant comparative method. The interviewed preschool teachers held the view that animations have a positive impact on language development in relation to concepts, sentences, and communication. The preschool teacher also reported using animations as material.

Evaluation of Live Turkish Lessons in Distance Education Process with EBA during COVID-19 Period

Erkan AYDIN — 2024-08-29

After COVID-19, which affected the world, trainings started to be carried out remotely. In this regard, research, COVID-19 outbreak in the process of Turkey made through EBA aimed to evaluate students express their opinions live Turkish courses. The research has been done with a scanning model. Since the research has quantitative and qualitative data, a simultaneous design from mixed method and mixed method designs was used. The study group of the research consists of 181 students in the 7th and 8th grades of middle school. In the research, a questionnaire was prepared by the researcher and applied to the students via Google Forms in order to get the students' views. The questionnaire includes 9 5-point Likert-type questions and 2 open-ended questions. Both quantitative and qualitative data of the research were made through descriptive analysis. In evaluating the quantitative data of the questionnaire, frequency and chi-square analysis was performed using the SPSS 21 program. In the qualitative data of the study, student answers were collected and divided into codes, and student responses related to the code were written against each code. According to the results obtained from the study, the students stated that while they saw the live Turkish lessons on EBA as instructive, useful and entertaining, they were not sufficient in terms of duration. In addition, according to the results of the chi-square analysis between the gender variable and the items of the questionnaire, there is a significant relationship in some items in favor of female students; There was no significant relationship between the grade level and the items. As a result of the answers given by the students to open-ended questions, it was concluded that they had positive and negative opinions about the live Turkish lessons.

The Effect of Using Information Technologies on Lifelong Learning Attitudes of Secondary School Students

Mine TOPDAĞIMustafa ERSOY — 2024-08-29

Lifelong learning, which includes all efforts of the individual, including personal, social and professional life; It has become a necessity for the individual to adapt to the changing world. For the individual, the information he / she learns during the primary, secondary and higher education years cannot help the individual find solutions to the problems he / she encounters throughout his / her life and may be insufficient to make sense of the new types of knowledge they will encounter. In this respect, the individual needs to find a way to learn on his / her own, that is to learn lifelong learning, in order to solve the problems he / she encounters and achieve his / her goals. In this study, activities were carried out in order to improve the 6th grade students' skills of using information technologies and their ways of reaching information. The effects of the activities on lifelong learning were tried to be determined by examining the scores of the lifelong learning attitude scale applied before and after these activities. According to the pre-test and post-test average scores, the lifelong learning levels of the students were interpreted as high. There was no significant difference between pre-test and post-test results.

Effective School Principal According to the Views of School Administrators and Teachers: A Qualitative Research

Ramazan YİRCİBünyamin BERK — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics that an effective school principal should have according to the views of school administrators and teachers. The research is a descriptive study and designed in the phenomenological pattern of qualitative research method. The study group of the study consists of 30 participants who work as school principals, vice principals and teachers in public kindergartens, primary schools, secondary schools and high schools located in Kahramanmaraş Province Central Districts (Onikişubat, Dulkadiroğlu) in the 2018-2019 academic year. The research data were collected through a semi-structured interview form developed by the researcher. The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis method. As a result of the research, it was determined that the most important dimension of effective school is the manager dimension according to the opinions of the participants. It was seen that the opinions of the participants about the characteristics that an effective school principal should have were grouped under two headings as personal and leadership characteristics. Having a reliable and honest personality is the most important personal characteristic that an effective school principal should have; the fairness of the principal has emerged as the most important leadership feature. Competencies that an effective school principal should have according to participant views; are grouped into two categories as managerial and technical competencies. The most important managerial competence is that the principal is an expert in school management; The school principal's ability to supervise lessons and guide is considered the most important technical competence. In another result of the study, the participants think that the most important communication skill of an effective school principal requires being a good listener. It was concluded that the participants had a common view regarding the development of a fair and merit-based professional system for the selection of school administrators

A Proposal on the Name of the Kasgarli Mahmut's Work

Gökçen DURUKOĞLUAhmet BURAN — 2024-08-29

There is no consensus among Turcologists regarding the transcription of the name of the work written in Arabic alphabet by Kaşgarlı Mahmut in the 11th century into the Latin alphabet. Almost every researcher working on the work preferred to write the name of the work differently. We are of the opinion that an accurate transcription can be made by taking into account the language of the target audience of the work with the statements made by Kaşgarlı Mahmut on the sounds of 11th century Turkish. In this article, a form of transcription is proposed on the title of the work, based on the information provided by the relevant work and the sound values of the signs used in the article.

Analyzing Mustafa Kutlu’s Consept of Kanaat Economy in his Story Called Tarla Kuşu’nun Sesi

Gökhan GEZERAli PULAT — 2024-08-29

Until the 19th century the wealth of nations consists of natural sources such as silk, spices and salt; being close to trade route like the Silk Road, the Spice Road and having fertile soils. After this century the sources of nations’ wealth are the merchandises that produced with high technology in the factory. As a result of this, the bond of wealth with nature is broken. With this break, man has become alienated from the fact that he is a part of nature. Alienation has transcended nature and so cut off the connection between human beings. The conceptual name of this alienation is called capitalism, and its science is called economics. With the spread of capitalism, objections to capitalism have also started. The ideal of Kanaat economy of Mustafa Kutlu is an objection to capitalism from Anatolia as well. In this study, it is tried to explain Mustafa Kutlu’s ideal of Kanaat economy based on the story called ‘’Tarla Kuşunun Sesi’’. For this reason, first of all, the economic consepts such as property ,labor,capital,profit,rent,interest,market and price are explained in the context of their relations with capitalism. According to our observation, these consepts emerged from the economic life dominated by the capitalist mode of production. The story of Tarla Kuşunun Sesi tells an economic life dominated by agriculture. In order to overcome this contradiction, while explaining the economic concepts, we have also tried to clarify the mentality underlying the concepts. We have examined the story in the context of these economic consepts. As a result of our observation, the consepts of rent, interest and profit have no equivalent in the Kanaat economy. On the other hand, there is an obvious mentality difference in the consepts of property, labor, capital, market and price. Therefore, it is understood that the ideal of Kanaat economy is possible with a theory established from the ground up. In the conclusion part, a proposition that can be the basis for the ideal of Kanaat economy is presented with the help of these data.

An Evaluation of the Effects of the Eyes and Gaze in the Lover’s Search for the Meaning of Love and in the Development of Love

Hafize Gamze DEMİREL — 2024-08-29

The face–especially the eyes and gaze–of the beloved are the elements of beauty that are mentioned most often in classical Turkish poetry. The eyes and gaze of the beloved have the power to harm or kill a thousand people at once. In this respect, they are most frequently compared to cutting and piercing tools such as daggers, swords and arrows, or to a hangman or murderer. This article does not aim to repeat and present works in classical Turkish poetry that have discussed how the beloved’s eyes and gaze look or what they are resembled. Rather, this study discusses the relationship and harmony of the eyes and gaze (the dimple that symbolizes her furtive glance) with the soul and heart, brain and mind, knowledge and intuition, their relation to the knowledge of truth (real/true knowledge), their imaginary meanings and effects on the development of love from a holistic perspective. It also evaluates the beloved’s eyes and gaze in worldly, divine, philosophical and mystical dimensions.

Personal and Contextual Factors in Second Language Learning

Gülşat BİCAN — 2024-08-29

People gain their first language with no special effort and use them skilfully. Nevertheless, the process and the results can be different when learning a second language. While some reach proficiency levels in several languages equal to their mother tongue skills, some others can only attain limited skills to hardly meet their daily needs. There exist several discussions within the related literature. The discussions centralize different variables and much of the research work is oriented to reveal the most effective means to learn more than one language. The aim of the current study is to discuss the factors affecting learning a second language with personal and contextual dimensions and to develop suggestions towards learning a second language effectively and productively in the light of latest developments in the literature. This study is a descriptive work and depends on a literature review. Latest studies, articles, and books published by dependable academics or experts of bilingual education have been reviewed through the methodology of document review in line with the aim of the study. The review has revealed that the factors affecting second language learning are co-related but have differentiating properties depending on individuals and the contexts; therefore, methods based on such factors vary, as well. Accordingly, it is suggested that families or schools should care for personal differences and the contexts where the second languages are attained and follow a road map based on a scientific foundation these facts.

Virutic Sociology

Mustafa Hulki CEVİZOĞLU — 2024-08-29

In this article, besides the medical and biological effects and harms of a virus, its social effects and vital changes are examined. As an invisible and inhuman enemy, how it frightens human beings (human societies), enemies and dictators them, its existence since antiquity, its phenomenology and its production of social viruses are discussed. Another dimension of the social effects of the virus is the social viruses it "produces" and "transmits" (infections). These manifested themselves in the form of indelible stigmatization, xenophobia, threat perceptions against individuals and countries, isolation and anti-vaccination. The focus of this article includes social phenomena such as isolation, closure (confinement), suspension of rights, closure of total institutions, interruption of daily life, emergence of different authority and power relations, expulsion from social spaces, and exclusion in the place. The Covid-19 virus, which caused the global epidemic, caused a great fragmentation (atomization) by upsetting the education, art, psychology, politics and international relations of societies. The Corona virus has turned the whole world into Foucault's "asylum" and "panoptic prison" watched by an "invisible enemy / virus" ®. A non-human virus has captured all human beings (us) all over the world. It is as if a "virus sociology" (Virutuk Sociology) was born, societies were atomized, and a society almost without society emerged. "Super-fluid" surveillance, which emerged in a way that transcends Bauman's concept of fluid surveillance in this society, has created a structure based on the "consent" of individuals escaping death.

The Effect of Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity on Job Satisfaction: A Study Among Research Assistants

Yasemin ÇÖLGEÇEN — 2024-08-29

It is very important for research assistants, who are still at the beginning of their academic career and who may very well become faculty members in the future, to love their job. It can be argued that this might help them improve themselves, work effectively and productively, and conduct quality studies. However, there are many factors that affect job satisfaction (JS) of research assistants and decrease their productivity both as students and professionals. Role conflict (RC) and role ambiguity (RA) stand out among these factors. In this respect, the purpose of this study is to determine the effect of RC and RA of research assistants on JS. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on 262 research assistants working at different universities in Turkey. As a result, it was determined that there is a negative relationship between RC, RA and JS. In addition, as a result of multiple regression analysis, while RC does not have a direct effect on JS and internal satisfaction, it was determined that there is a negative relationship with external satisfaction. It was also found that the impact of RA on JS is much higher than that of role conflict.

Perceptions of Teachers Regarding Distance Visual Arts Education in the COVID-19 Pandemic Process

Yahya HİÇYILMAZ — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to evaluate the perceptions of teachers regarding distance visual arts education in the COVID-19 pandemic. The study is a qualitative study that is based on the case study model. Based on the aim of the study, perceptions of 12 visual arts teachers, who served in various cities in Turkey, were inquired. The data, which were collected by a semi-structured interview form, were analyzed by the content analysis technique. As a result of the study, it was determined that the visual arts teachers had positive and negative perceptions regarding distance visual arts education in the COVID-19 pandemic. It was determined that the teachers experienced problems that were related to internet access, lack of infrastructure, and learning processes in the process of distance visual arts education. Furthermore, it was determined that the teachers preferred the direct instruction method more frequently compared to other methods and techniques in the distance education process. According to the results of the study, it is suggested that new plans and education programs should be developed to prepare students and teachers for distance education in extraordinary disaster situations.

Historical Development of Third Cinema and Contemporary Debates in Turkey

Serhat YETİMOVA — 2024-08-29

Third Cinema is an art movement that started to be seen in the colonized countries of the world after 1950s. The Third Cinema movement is a cinema production independent of capital, in which real life stories are reflected on the screen, and the means of production, display and distribution are in free circulation. Its main purpose is to criticize imperialist, autocratic and exploitative forms of government. For this reason, it is a militant and revolutionary cinema practice. This study firstly looks at the historical development stages of the Third Cinema movement. Then what kind of artistic and intellectual production which have the properties of this trend in the recent history of Turkey in addressing it has been carried out; In some research using the method of critical discourse analysis of the current reflections on a special documentary films produced by Turkish directors in Turkey are subject to the assessment of their documentaries. When the documentaries of the directors were examined, it was determined that they dealt with issues such as urban-provincial distinction, urban transformation and property rights, human/women's rights, inequality of opportunity and the minortity rights.

Zamahsharee’s Analysis of the Discrepancy Between the Mushkil Verses

Valmire BATATINA KRASNIQI — 2024-08-29

The Almighty Allah while stating that He facilitates the Quran so that people can contemplate and understand, He emphasises that some of its verses can be easily understood (muhkam verses) whereas some others (mushkil verses) need a deep and thorough research in order to be understood. Therefore, in order to understand the Quran correctly, it is necessary to have knowledge of the sciences known as Ulum Al-Quran. Undoubtedly, one of these sciences is also the Mushkil Al-Quran science. The wrong interpretations are eliminated thanks to this science which examinates and finds solutions of verses which appears to be mushkils among Quran verses or Quran verses and Waqia (events). It is clearly stated in the Quran that there is no contradiction or inconsistency between the verses. Accordıng to this point of view, Zamahsharee, as one of the versatile Harizm’s scholars, by focusing on some of the mushkil statements he tried to solve them and showed that there is no evidence of a discrepancy in the Quran. While doing this, the author sometimes considered some different statements or subjects’ stages in the Quran and its different dimensions related to the same topic, and sometimes he stated that an expression might have a true (haqiqat) or metaphorical (majaz) meaning. It was clear that the author approached to a mushkil according to the principle of the logic and came up with a solution by explaining it.