Tarih Okulu Dergisi, Year 2021 Issue LI

II. Mahmud’un Diplomatik Reformları ve Nizip Muharebe’sinden Önceki Son Osmanlı Diplomatik Manevraları

Serkan DEMİRBAŞ — 2024-08-29

Mehmed Ali Paşa Problemi 1831-1839 yılları arasında meydana gelmiştir. Osmanlı hanedanına son vermek isteyen Mısır Valisi Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın büyük hırslarına rağmen iki ağır askeri mağlubiyet (1832 Konya ve 1839 Nizip) Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun sonunu getirmemiştir. Bu aşamada askeri olarak korumasız bir hale gelen İmparatorluğun hayatını kurtaran etken ne olmuştur sorusu akla geliyor. Bunun cevabı çok basit bir şekilde karşımızda durmaktadır: Diplomasi. Lakin Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun kurtuluşuna sebep olan bu diplomasi hikayesinin anlatımı ise Oryantalist bakış açısının beraberinde getirdiği ön yargılar dolayısıyla hep tek taraflı, batılı devletler merkezli, yapılagelmiştir. Bu anlatıma göre II. Mahmud ve diplomatları aldıkları askeri mağlubiyetlerden sonra kendi topraklarında probleme müdahil olmuş Avrupalı devletlerin diplomatik manevralarını sözüm ona sanki pasif bir güç gibi izlemiş, hiçbir diplomatik manevraya ve plana sahip olmadan tabiri caizse kurbanlık koyun gibi sonlarını beklemişlerdir. Ya da bu iki büyük askeri mağlubiyeti diplomasi yoluyla telafi etmiş ve Osmanlı İmparatorlu’nun yaklaşık bir yüzyıl daha yaşamasına sebep olmuş 1840 yılında imzalanmış Londra Antlaşmasının tek mimarı meşhur İngiltere Dışişleri Bakanı Lord Palmerstone olarak gösterilmiştir. Halbuki; II Mahmud’un Avrupa’nın birçok başkentinde görevlendirdiği diplomatlarına verdiği direktifler ve bu direktiflerin bu yetenekli diplomatlar tarafından bütün zor şartlara rağmen uygulanma çalışmaları Osmanlı belgelerine dayanarak bütün ayrıntıları ile incelenirse, bu büyük diplomatik başarıda II. Mahmud ve Osmanlı diplomatlarının ortaya koydukları diplomatik mücadele ile az veya çok ne kadar paya sahip olduğu görülecektir. Bu çalışmamızda, bahsi geçen yıllarda ortaya konan diplomatik manevraların altyapısının daha iyi anlaşılması için önce kısaca belli bir oranda III. Selim’in ağırlıklı olarak da II. Mahmud’un Osmanlı Diplomasisinin Kurumsal yapısında meydan getirdikleri reform süreci özetle anlatıldıktan sonra, II. Mahmud ve Osmanlı diplomatlarının 1832 yılından beri ortaya koydukları diplomasi mücadelelerini başarılı bir şekilde nihayete erdirme gayreti olan Nizip Muharebesinden önceki son diplomatik manevraları bütün ayrıntıları ile mercek alınmaya çalışılmıştır.

Türkiye Arkeolojisinde Dolmenlerin Yeri – Bir Değerlendirme

Bakiye YÜKMEN EDENS — 2024-08-29

Dolmenler ve diğer megalitik anıtlar, Avrupa tarihöncesinin önemli unsurlarıdır. Türkiye'de de benzer türden anıtların var olduğu, 1930'lardan beri bilinmektedir ve bu anıtlar üzerine yapılan araştırmalar günümüze kadar, aralıklı olarak, devam etmiştir. Bununla birlikte, Türkiye'deki megalitik anıtlar, kısmen bu anıtlara yönelik araştırma ilgisinin görece eksikliğinden ve kısmen de arkeologlar arasındaki terminolojik karışıklıktan dolayı tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Bu makale, dolmenlerle ilgili terminolojik konuları tartışmakta ve Türkiye'deki bu megalitik anıtların araştırılma tarihini özetlemektedir. Makale daha sonra, şu anda Türkiye'de bilinen yaklaşık 1100 dolmeni değerlendirmektedir. Bu dolmenlerin neredeyse tamamı, ülkenin sınırlarında, üç farklı bölgede (Orta Fırat-Kilikya, Kars, Türkiye Trakyası) bulunmaktadır ve bu bölgelerin her birinde bulunan dolmenler farklı bir mimari karaktere ve kronolojik konuma sahiptir.

The Effect of Political Relations on Treasury Revenues During the Khwarazmshah Period

Gülseren AZAR NASIRABADI — 2024-08-29

Khwarazmshah Empire (1097-1231), one of the Medieval Turco-Islamic empires, heavily relied on economic activities in terms of its sustainment and development. The main source of income was the taxes. The expenses were met through the revenues accumulated in the treasury. Besides this, the rulers had their own treasuries. The revenues and expenses of the state were arranged through the Divan Istifa (Finance Council) and its personnel. Besides the state-owned lands, there were taxes collected from dependent nations and regions as well. Thus, territorial expansion and especially annexation of regions with high revenues heavily contributed to the economic development of the empire. The total area of the Khwarazmshah Empire reached its zenith during the periods of Al al-din Tekish and Ala al-din Muhammad. During this time, the treasury thrived thanks to the taxes collected from not only the annexed territories but also from vassal states and economic situation highly improved. Of course the Mongol invasion and Khwarazmshah Empire’s loss of some of its territories and treasuries to the Mongols negatively affected the economic situation. However, despite this, Jalal al-din Khwarazmshah moved westward in order to annex new territories. By doing so, he strove to maintain the revenues and economically survive the state.

Law, Justice and Popular Consciousness: Petitions and Politics in Late Ottoman Empire

İbrahim Halil KALKAN — 2024-08-29

During the Young Turk Period, from the months following the July 1908 Revolution, the higher authorities in İstanbul, particularly the Sublime Porte, received many petitions raising official complaints against the practice of torture. They commonly employed the official discourse of the new regime by emphasizing its claim to start a new beginning in Ottoman history. They furthermore proposed the practice of torture as the yardstick for whether or not a radical transformation took place. The language of these petitions suggests that common people across the social-economic and ethnic-religious backgrounds possessed a comprehensive awareness of why the practice of torture was illegal, particularly, the connection between on the one hand the abolition of torture and on the other the rule of law and individual rights. They thereby sought to negotiate political power often through bold and remarkable statements. While the petitions from the Young Turk period produce the impression that both the abolition of torture and accompanying modern principles, namely, the rule of law, individual rights and equality were unique to the Young Turk Regime, ironically, one can trace the same principles grounding the official grievances against torture in the petitions from both the Tanzimat and Abdülhamid II Periods. Furthermore, similar to the early Young Turk Period, in the petitions from the first decades of the Tanzimat, the practice of torture presents itself as the most visible domain through which to see whether the Tanzimat fulfilled its promise to constitute a historical rupture. This conceptual and discursive continuity is arguably due primarily to that it was through the practice of torture that ordinary Ottomans most commonly and closely faced the arbitrary exercise of state authority.

A Total History Study: The Jewish Community of İzmir in The First Quarter of The Twentieth Century

Muhammed DAĞ — 2024-08-29

While it was a small town in the 16th century, İzmir, which developed in the 17th century and became an important port city of the empire, was beginning to receive immigration. Those who came to the city were not only Turks living in the surrounding areas, but also Greeks, Armenians and Jews. The Jews have become a settled community within the centuries, in general, they became one of the most populous groups in Izmir, after Turks, Greeks and Armenians. Although Izmir Jews generally live in peace with other ethnic-religious groups, they were in conflict from time to time for social, economic, cultural and religious reasons. Economic competition among non-Muslims would accelerate especially in the late 18th century, this competition would have some consequences against the Jews since the 19th century. The rapprochements and conflicts between ethnic groups at certain periods are too complex to be explained by a single theme of history. Therefore, the holistic history of Izmir Jews becomes mandatory. This article studies, the social, economic, cultural history of the Jewish community of İzmir and their attitude towards certain political developments. Although this study focuses on first quarter of the 20th century, it also engages the previous centuries.

Osmanlı Devleti ve Cumhuriyetin İlk Yıllarında Ortaya Çıkan Bazı İsyanlara Toplumsal Hareketler Kavramı Üzerinden Bakış

Sefa Salih AYDEMİR — 2024-08-29

Osmanlı Devleti zamanından itibaren ve Kurtuluş Savaşı sonrasında yeni kurulan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti döneminin ilk yıllarında çeşitli nedenlerden dolayı genellikle isyanlar ile sonuçlanan toplumsal hareketlilikler yaşanmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti Döneminde genellikle dini veya ekonomik temelli hoşnutsuzluklara dayalı toplumsal hareketlenmeler daha sıklıkla yaşanırken, yeni kurulan Cumhuriyette ise genellikle yeni kurulmak istenen devlet sistemine ve uygulamalarına tepki olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bir yenileşme girişimini, ıslahat hareketini veya reformun gerçekleşmesini engelleme amacı taşıyan bu toplumsal hareketler, bu değişimi engellemek için söylem olarak toplum gözünde meşru argümanların arkasına saklanmak istemişlerdir. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluşunun ilk yıllarında sıklıkla karşılaşılan bu argümanlar ise; genellikle asılsız bir şekilde etnik ayrımcılık uygulanacağı iddiası ile geleneklerin yasaklanacağı ve şeriatın terk edileceği yönündeki din istismarı söylemleri olmuştur. Osmanlı Devleti döneminde Doğu Anadolu bölgesinde etkin olan aşiretler; merkezden uzak oluşu, coğrafi şartların ulaşımı ve iletişimi zorlaştırması nedeniyle kısmen özerk ve hareket serbestliği vardı. Bazı önde gelen aşiretler; yeni kurulmakta olan ve katı merkeziyetçi bir yapıda oluşturulmaya çalışılan cumhuriyet devletine karşı, eski kazanımlarını bırakmamak adına çeşitli zamanlarda isyan hareketleri içine girdiler. Bu çalışmada; Osmanlı Devleti’nde ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin ilk yıllarında ortaya çıkan ayaklanmalara ve sebeplerine toplumsal hareketlilik kavramı çerçevesinde açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır.

Epidemic Diseases in Rome During the Kingdom and Republic Periods in the Light of Ancient Sources

Derya Çığır DİKYOLEvren Şar İŞBİLEN — 2024-08-29

Epidemics have been one of the most important and frightening disasters that human beings have had to deal with since the day they existed. Despite the technological possibilities and knowledge in medicine that we have today, it is still quite challenging to combat these frightening and threatening consequences of epidemics In this study, we aimed to produce an inventory and establish a general assessment by tracing the epidemic diseases that were experienced in the city of Rome and affected the civilian society during the Roman Kingdom and Republic times, which are far from today's possibilities. In the literaure, while there are many studies on epidemic diseases experienced during the Roman Empire period, the lack of the same intensity of studies on these early periods of Rome reveals its importance. However the etymology and treatment methods of these diseases are in the dark area; they have been a significant problem since Rome’s establishment. Therefore, this article examines how a powerful state as big as Rome having an essential role in history was exposed to wars, civil disturbances, famines, epidemics, and how it fought against them.

Activities of Turgut Özal and Süleyman Demirel during the Referendum of 6 September 1987

Onur ÇELEBİ — 2024-08-29

The referendum of 6 September 1987, which was the third referendum in the history of the Republic of Turkey, was one of the turning points in the Turkish political history in terms of its consequences. With the referendum, the temporary 4^th Article of the 1982 Constitution, which banned the leaders of political parties from political activities, was repealed and Turgut Özal’s intention of being sole alternative for the right wing ended. This article is based on the periodicals of the era. In the study, activities and attitudes of Turgut Özal and Süleyman Demirel, leading figures of the right wing in Turkey, concerning the temporary 4^th Article of 1982 Constitution that banned the politicians from political life will be explained.

The Influence of the Emperor Tiberius Rule on Roman Literature: Lawsuits, Exiles, and Executions

Kevser TAŞDÖNER — 2024-08-29

Caesar Augustus, the first emperor of Rome and the first enthroned member of the Julius-Claudian family, initiated the process of Rome from the republic to the empire and successfully concluded his reformist initiatives by holding the government alone for 45 years. The Roman people, worn out by foreign and civil wars for about three centuries, attained the prosperity they had not had for a long time during this period. In Rome, whose political power is indisputable with the innovations made in all branches of the administration, economy, military and social sphere, Caesar lived the period of the so-called "Golden Age" of literature, especially the products of the political environment provided by Augustus. In addition, the same policy brought bans, exiles and punishments with increased responsibilities. Rome was a world empire when Caesar Augustus died sick in AD 14. However, under Tiberius, the second ruler of Julius-Claudius, who ascended the throne, Roman literature began to lose its luster. The period called "Silver Age" in Roman literature started with the rule of Emperor Tiberius. But how did the new emperor have an influence on Roman literature and intellectuals while trying to manage the power he inherited. Our aim in this study is to seek the answer to this question and make its evaluation.

Architecture and Dating of Kadı İbrahim Village Mosque in Akçadağ

Fuat ŞANCI — 2024-08-29

This masjid, located in the Kadı İbrahim village in the Akçadağ district of Malatya, has been repaired twice according to the inscriptions on it. The mosque arches built on a slightly sloping ground have a portico courtyard with three sahns and 2 bays, parallel to the mihrab wall with three sahns laid in the east-west direction. It is possible to see the different variation of this plan type, which originates from the mosque Nebev, in nearby areas However, here it is seen that the nave parallel to the mihrab is applied within the outer structure that develops longitudinally, not transversely. It resembles the portal of Darende Ulu Mosque with its iwan-type portal and its rosettes on the door arch. The oldest of the two repair inscriptions on the building dates back to 1587. Thus, we can state that the building, whose first construction dates back to earlier than this date, could be a Mamluk or Dulkadirli work from the late 15th century or the early 16th century, based on its portal form and ornaments.

The Place of the 35s in the Democratization Steps of the Republican People's Party (CHP)

Dilşad TÜRKMENOĞLU KÖSEİbrahim GAZİOĞLU — 2024-08-29

This study’s prepared to put forth the pains that Turkey has been through in the progress of transitioning to a multiparty system after 1945 and the effects of the opposition movements against CHP that became evident inside parliament. In this study which Historical-descriptive analysis method was used, first of all Turkey’s progress of transition to a multiparty system and opposing voices inside the party has been examined. Then it’s planned to put forth the place of 35’s within this progress and its value in Turkish democracy history. Finally, CHP’s political evolution after 35’s has been analysed. Throughout literature review, it’s revelaed that previous studies only considered 35’s as an opposition group over the course of history. However, it’s noteworthy that there are no analyzes regarding the democratic transformation it created in the CHP. The democratic transformation that the 35s revealed within the CHP is among the results achieved with the work carried out by means of a strict intra-party opposition. It’s thought that the study will contribute to the literature, especially with the CHP's evaluation in terms of democratization tendencies during the 35s and beyond.

Analysing Preservice Geography Teachers’ Cognitive Structures about Spatial Concepts

Cennet ŞANLI — 2024-08-29

This study aimed to explore preservice geography teachers’ cognitive structures about spatial concepts. To this end, the study used a survey design and sampled 45 preservice geography teachers studying at Pamukkale University. The data were collected using a word association test (WAT). 12 low-level and high-level key spatial concepts were included in the test in light of the relevant literature. The test was administered online. Before the administration of the test, the participants were informed about the purpose of the study and asked to write a sentence about each key concept in the test and the first five response words that come to their minds related to the key concepts. The response words associated with the key concepts and their relatedness were analysed using the cut-off point technique proposed by Bahar et al.(1999). The response sentences about the key concepts were analysed using the rubric developed by Ercan et al. (2010). The analysis results showed that preservice geography teachers’ cognitive structures related to spatial concepts were insufficiently developed. The low-level spatial concepts and their relatedness were formed at a basic level in preservice teachers’ cognitive structures. On the other hand, the high-level spatial concepts and their relatedness were formed at a weak level. The sentences that the preservice teachers produced about the low-level spatial concepts mainly contain superficial information, while their sentences about the high-level spatial concepts mostly contain misconceptions. Based on these results, it is recommended that spatial terminology should be taught as a course in undergraduate geography programs to improve preservice geography teachers’ cognitive structures related to spatial concepts and overcome their misconceptions.

Öğretmen Adaylarının Covid-19 Pandemisi Dönemindeki Uzaktan Eğitime Yönelik Metaforik Algıları

Ayşe Ülkü KANErhan ÖZMEN — 2024-08-29

Koronavirüs (Covid-19) pandemisinin ortaya çıkması ile birlikte tüm eğitim kurumlarında (acil) uzaktan eğitim uygulamaları etkin hale getirilmiştir. Bu durum yüksek öğretimi de yakından etkilemiştir. Bu araştırma, öğretmen adaylarının Covid-19 pandemisi döneminde uygulanan uzaktan eğitime yönelik algılarını metaforlar aracılığıyla ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır. Araştırma olgubilim deseninde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu kolay ulaşılabilir durum örneklemesine uygun olarak belirlenmiştir ve bir üniversitede öğrenimine devam eden, 402 öğretmen adayından oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma verileri, “Pandemi dönemi uzaktan eğitim……. gibidir/benzer; Çünkü…….” cümlesinin yer aldığı formlarla toplanmıştır. Veriler içerik analizi ile çözümlenmiştir. Katılımcılar 178 metafor geliştirmiştir. Bu metaforlar, altı olumlu dört olumsuz kategoride toplanmıştır. Kullanılan metaforlar dikkate alındığında pandemi dönemi uzaktan eğitim en çok ilaç, kahraman, su, yemek, vitamin metaforlarıyla açıklanırken uzaktan eğitimin gerekli ve destekleyici olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Bunun yanında sürece ilişkin eksiklerinin olduğu ve daha verimli olması gerektiğinin altı çizilmiştir.

Sınıf Öğretmenlerinin Covid-19 Sürecinde Bilgi İletişim Teknolojilerine İlişkin Deneyimleri

Hakan DEDEOĞLUSerkan ÇELİK ,Özlem BAŞ ,Cengiz KESİK — 2024-08-29

Farklı sosyo-ekonomik düzeylerdeki okullarda görev yapan sınıf öğretmenlerinin Covid-19 sürecinde bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerine [BT] ilişkin deneyimlerini nitel anlayışla betimlemeyi amaçlayan bu araştırma bütüncül çoklu durum çalışmasıdır. Araştırmada amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden aykırı örneklemeyle seçilen 16 öğretmenden standartlaştırılmış görüşme formu yoluyla elde edilen veriler içerik analizi ile irdelenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları sosyo ekonomik açıdan farklı okullarda görev yapan sınıf öğretmenleri eğitimde fırsat eşitliğinin önünde bir engel olarak gördükleri dijital yarılmayı betimlediklerini ve Covid-19 sürecinin eğitim ortamlarında BT ekosisteminde yer alan tüm paydaşların etkileşimini artırdığını düşündüklerini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu süreçte teknolojik farkındalık ve becerileri yeterli olan öğretmenler çeşitli ücretsiz kaynakları kullanarak sınırlıkları aşmaya çalışırken özel okul öğretmenleri teknoloji kullanımı açısından yetersiz olsalar da kaynaklar ve ortamlar kendilerine hazır bir şekilde sunulduğu için söz konusu açığı kapatmaktadırlar. Araştırmada ortaya çıkan bir diğer önemli sonuç da Covid-19 sürecinde BT teknolojilerini ilkokul düzeyinde işe koşmaya çalışmanın öğrencilerin yaşlarından kaynaklı olarak bazı güçlükler ortaya çıkardığıdır.

An Analysis of the Correlation Between Candidate Turkish Teachers’ Effective Communication Skills and Their Level of Communication Apprehension

Gülşah METE — 2024-08-29

By examining the candidate Turkish teachers’ effective communication skills and their level of communication apprehension, this research aims to detect if there is any correlation between some independent variables and their effective communication skills as well as their level of communication apprehension. A correlational research method was employed with the sample of 194 candidate Turkish teachers studying in the state universities during the fall of the academic years, 2020-2021. To obtain the data, Personal Information File, The Effective Communication Skills Scale, and The Communication Apprehension Scale were used, and the data were analyzed by utilizing the SPSS program. The candidate Turkish teachers have displayed a high level of effective communication skills and a medium level of communication apprehension. The higher is the candidate teachers’ level of communication apprehension, the lower is their level of effective communication skills. Another finding of the research is that the female candidates’ level of effective communication skills is higher than the males. The candidate Turkish teachers who attend a sporting event or club have displayed a lower level of communication apprehension, and consequently, their level of communication skills is higher. To develop the candidate teachers’ communication skills as well as to decrease their level of communication apprehension, some suggestions have been offered in the research.

The Role of Political Tactics Applied by Administrator in Perceived Ethical Climate

Ahmet SAYLIKSelçuk DEMİR — 2024-08-29

In this study, it has been intended to elicit the relationship between the political tactics of school administrators and the perceived ethical climate. The sample of the study has been comprised of 388 teachers in 41 schools that were chosen among the teachers working in primary schools in Siirt province. In acquiring the data set of the research, "Political Tactics Scale" developed by Tanrıöğen and Kurban (2017) to evaluate the political tactics used by school administrators; “Organizational Ethical Climate Scale”, developed by Cullen, Victor and Bronson (1993) and transliterated to Turkish by Özen and Durkan (2016), have been utilized to measure perceived ethical climate. Descriptive analysis, correlation, simple regression and multiple regression analysis have been used to analyse the data set of the study. When the relationships in the correlation matrix have been examined, it has been deduced that the relationships between the political tactics of school administrators and its subdimensions - the perceived ethical climate are moderately negative and significant. When having considered regression analysis results, the political tactics applied by school principals, favoritism and depreciation of political tactics significantly predict the perceived ethical climate of the school. On the other hand; intimidation, branding and coalition formation sub-dimensions of political tactics do not statistically meaningly predict the the perceived ethical climate of the school.

Listening Skills in the Common European Framework of Reference for 2020 Languages: Scales and Gains

Talat AYTANAyşegül GÖKSEL ,Yusuf GÜNAYDIN — 2024-08-29

The purpose of this study is to examine the scales and achievements of listening skill in the European Common Recommendations Framework for Languages published in print in 2020. Document analysis technique was used in the study, which was conducted with a single case intertwined pattern among qualitative research designs. The European Common Recommendations Framework for Languages has been accepted as the object of study of the research. Scales, language levels and acquisitions related to listening skill in the Framework Text were examined, and the appearances, similarities and differences of the existing features in the Application Texts dated 2001 and 2020 were tried to be revealed. According to the findings of the research, when the scales prepared for developing listening skills in the 2020 CEFR are compared with the 2001 CEFR, the scale with the highest gain is "understanding as a member of a live audience", and the similarity between the gains of the two framework texts is mostly found in the section "general verbal comprehension", As a novelty, it was determined that various achievements were defined for the pre-A1 level in "general verbal comprehension, understanding announcements and instructions, understanding auditory mass media (or marked) and recordings, watching TV, movies and videos". As a result of the study, it was determined that some words in the scales for listening skill were changed according to the conditions of the age, mostly the outcomes were defined for the pre-A1 level, the number of gains increased in all scales and enriched in content. It is suggested to benefit from the renewed and developed new framework text in studies and practices to improve listening skills in teaching Turkish to foreigners.

Metaphoric Perceptions of Special Education Teachers Towards The Concepts of Individual with Special Needs and Special Education

İbrahim Yaşar KAZUDamla YILDIRIM — 2024-08-29

The study had an attempt to explore the special education teachers’ metaphors for the concepts of “individual with special needs” and “special education”. 138 special education teachers participated in the study. In the study, metaphor questionnaire form prepared by the researcher was utilized. The questions in the data collection tool are as follows: “Individual with special needs is like…… Because;…” and “Special education are like……... Because; … . ”. The findings showed that teachers produced 57 metaphors for the concept of ‘individual with special needs’ and 74 metaphors for the concept of ‘special education’. Metaphors for individuals with special needs were divided into four categories: Individual with special needs as a concrete entity/object, Individual with special needs as an abstract entity, Individual with special needs with metaphors regarding nature, Individual with special needs with metaphors regarding place/space”. Metaphors for the concept of special education was divided into five categories: Special education as an action/process, Special education as a concrete entity/object, Special education as an abstract entity, Special education as a place/space, and Special education with the metaphors regarding nature. Special education teachers explained the concept of individual with special needs with metaphors such as tree, flower, fingerprint, normal individual, and flightless bird while they explained the concept of special education with metaphors such as

Antrenörlerin Mesleki Yeterliliklerine İlişkin Algıları: Tunceli İli Örneği

Aysel KIZILKAYA NAMLIHülya PINAR — 2024-08-29

Bu araştırmanın amacı Tunceli Gençlik ve Spor İl Müdürlüğü’nde çalışan antrenörlerin mesleki yeterliklerine ilişkin algılarını belirlemektir. Bu amaçla Tunceli Gençlik ve Spor İl Müdürlüğü’nde çalışan antrenörler içerisinden basit seçkisiz örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak 20 antrenörden görüş alınmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma modellerinden durum çalışması deseni kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde betimsel ve içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada antrenörler mesleklerinin en beğendikleri özellikleri olarak çocuklarla birlikte olunması, eğlenceli olması, insan ilişkileri gibi durumları belirtirken; en beğenmedikleri özellikleri olarak tesis ve malzeme gibi şartların uygun olmaması, sporcuların akademik kaygısı, sporcu bulma ve velilerin bakış açısı gibi durumları belirtmişlerdir. Antrenörler mesleklerinin sporcuya kişisel gelişim sağlaması, sosyalleşme, disiplin, gelecek ve yetenek geliştirme gibi katkıları olduğunu ifade etmişlerdir. Antrenörde bulunması gereken özelliklerin mesleki bilgi, gelişime açık olma, sabırlı olma, özgüven, iletişim, sevgi ve vicdan gibi çeşitli özellikler olduğu belirtilmiştir. Antrenörler lisans eğitiminde yetiştirilirken, kendi alanında (branşında) eğitim verilmesi, uygulama ağırlıklı eğitim verilmesi, donanımlı, her yaşa uygun psikoloji eğitimi verilmesi gibi çeşitli görüşler belirtmişlerdir. Ayrıca antrenörlerin lisans eğitiminde en fazla yararlandıkları dersler olarak uzmanlık dersi, antrenman bilgisi, spor sakatlıkları, anatomi, spor spikolojisi gibi bazı dersler olduğu ortaya çıkarılmıştır.

Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Risk Alma Davranışlarının Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi

Özgür KARATAŞTugay YILMAZ ,Buğra Çağatay SAVAŞ — 2024-08-29

Bu araştırmanın amacı beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin risk alma davranışlarının bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesidir. Araştırmada betimsel yöntemlerden biri olan genel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırma 2017-2018 eğitim öğretim yılında Gaziantep Üniversitesi, İnönü Üniversitesi, Atatürk Üniversitesi ile Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesinin beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokullarında okuyan 264’ü erkek, 154’ü kadın olmak üzere toplam 418 öğrenciyi kapsamaktadır. Araştırmada veri aracı olarak Blais ve Weber (2006) tarafından geliştirilen ‘Risk Alma Ölçeği’ kullanılmıştır. Toplanan veriler değerlendirilirken tanımlayıcı istatistiksel tekniklerle birlikte, ikili gruplar için t testi ve çoklu gruplar için One Way Anova testine başvurulmuş, farklılığın kaynağını belirlemek için Scheffe testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin yaş, cinsiyet, aylık gelir ve spor yapma durumu değişkenleri risk alma davranışları alt boyutları arasında anlamlı farkların olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokullarında okuyan öğrencilerin yaş, cinsiyet, aylık gelir ve spor yapma durumu risk alma davranışlarını etkileyen en önemli değişkenler olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin risk alma davranışlarının olası olumsuz sonuçlarından öğrencileri korumak onların gelecekleri açısından önemlidir.

Investigation of Subjective Well-Being and Basic Psychological Needs in Individuals Who Do Sports and Who Do Not

Fatih Mehmet UĞURLUEyyup YILDIRIM ,Ragıp PALA — 2024-08-29

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the subjective well-being and basic psychological needs of university students who do sports and who do not in the city of Elazığ in terms of various variables. The population of the study consisted of students who did sports and who did not on the campus at Fırat University while the sample of the study consisted of 300 individuals who volunteered to participate in the study. In the study, the “Basic Psychological Needs Scale”, which was developed by Bozheykli et al, and the “Subjective Well-Being Scale”, which was developed by Dost, were used. To obtain data about the variables of the study, the sample group completed “Personal Information Forms”. It was determined that 61.7% of the participants consisted of males while 56.3% of the participants consisted of females. It was also determined that the participants were 22-25 years old individuals while 43% of them did not do sports. In conclusion, it was discovered from the questionnaire in the study that the male participants had higher levels of subjective well-being in terms of the gender variables while the individuals in the 22-25 years old group had higher levels of subjective well-being compared to those in the 18-21 years old group. Furthermore, it was determined that the individuals who did not do sports were in better conditions compared to the individuals who did sports 2-4 times a week in terms of basic psychological needs and subjective well-being.

A Qualitative Investigation on Classroom Management of Physical Education Teachers

Emine ÖZTÜRK KARATAŞMehmet GÜLLÜ — 2024-08-29

This study aims to examine the classroom management skills of physical education teachers. The case study pattern based on the qualitative research method was used in the study. The sample of the study consisted of 30 physical education teachers working in secondary schools in the province of Malatya. The research data was collected with a semi-structured interview form, turned into a written document, transferred to the Nvivo-9 program, and descriptive analysis and "content analysis" were performed. Classroom management in physical education differs from other lessons. Conducting the course in large and open or closed areas and the necessity of using some course materials by certain rules requires physical education teachers to have skills in classroom management. In the study, two main themes and 13 codings in the classroom management of physical education teachers were reached. The first theme is the theme of managing the learning and teaching process and the second is the management of student behaviors. It can be said that physical education teachers working in secondary schools in Malatya province are at a sufficient level in classroom management skills, that the facilities, equipment, physical environment and students are faced with the problems of clothing required for the course and that the physical education curriculum is fully implemented and students’ achievements are tried to be increased. It can be suggested that the continuous improvement of the classroom management skills of physical education teachers and the application of new methods in classroom management will increase the physical education achievements of their students.

Images of Woman and Men in Advertisements Within Consumption Culture

Emine KARAKEÇİLİ — 2024-08-29

Culture is a wide concept that covers the lifestyles, behavior patterns, sense of art, affection and ways of thinking, and even unwritten laws and traditions of the societies formed/created by civilizations. This concept, which was created by human beings, emerged as a result of people’s communal life. Unwritten rules constitute integrity and they are somehow considered unsigned, secret agreements among societies. In this regard, all characteristics of the society are significant in the formation of its self identity. Common cultural values created by the society also determine their consumption behaviors. In the consumption culture, everything is exposed to consumption, and common cultural values in the society somehow oblige such consumption. People’s lifestyles are formed around this axis and they cannot get enough of consuming. Advertisements published as consumption elements contain genders to be taken as models by adults and little children. Advertisement sector renews people’s consumption behaviors all the time thanks to mass media and female and male bodies are always used in the sector to this end. What is indispensable in consumption is increasing the purchase of products which are not necessary or almost unnecessary. The purchase of such products could only be possible by encouraging the desire through visual stimulants. This study will define culture and examine what kind of behavior patterns consumption culture creates on consumers through the effect of advertisements. As one of the qualitative research methods, document review/literature scanning method was preferred, and culture, consumption culture, images of woman and man shall be explained through discussion in the light of the information obtained as a result of the research.

A Common Meeting Point for Plastic Arts and Pyschology: Art Motivation

KERİM LAÇİNBAY — 2024-08-29

Art is one of the most important instruments that improves one's creativity, contributes to problem solving skills, and offers the opportunity to express oneself. It prepares an environment of concrete expression and representation for human values and concepts through its objects. It contains a rich and aesthetically based communication spectrum. As for psychology, it examines human characteristics such as perception, attitude, and motivation. While art transforms the concepts of sense, emotion, and motivation into indirect indicators through art objects; psychology examines the concepts scientifically directly through measurement tools. In this regard, both fields have a close relationship with each other. The mutual relationship between art and psychology becomes even more evident at the point where artists and art audiences show their attitudes towards art objects and the search for meaning. At this point, the concepts of perception, motivation, creativity, and talent become important for both disciplines. The mutual discipline where these two meet is the psychology of art. This discipline involves psychological concepts in terms of art. One of the most important concepts of the psychology of art is the art motivation. In this study, it was aimed to determine the importance of art motivation for artists and art audiences based on the theoretical explanations of psychological motivation. To achieve this goal, the literature review method was used in this study. Within the framework of the information obtained through theoretical studies in the fields of art and psychology, it has been concluded that art motivation has a crucial importance for the creators of art and art audiences.

Stand Design and Meaning Production in Visual Communication

Serpil KAPTAN — 2024-08-29

It is observed that exhibitions and fairs have become important location in the field of visual communication design upon the dominance of capitalism all over the world. Due to their semiotic and experimental structure, the stand designs produced for those aforementioned places are within numerous inter-disciplinary relations. The stands which are places of communication and experience are the physical environments and living arrangements where functional and creative applications can be executed and serve to the global industry. Thanks to this aspect, it is related to both communication design and architecture and interior architecture. Within this context, introductory visuals which satisfy the expectations of the products towards the target group, printed visuals, photographs, advertisements, promotions, forms, posters, brochures, activities of new media, and designs of light and sound are important components which complete the stand designs. The objective of this study is to analyze the processes of designs which exist in fair stand designs that support the current consumption culture and are embodied by different disciplines in establishing a meaning as an indicator. As seen in almost every field of design, numerous indicators are also observed stand designing. In the chapter of sampling reviews of designs; the aforementioned indicators included in meaning production will be analyzed within the contexts of pragmatic and syntagmatic analysis and the ways of concretizing the semantic characteristics in the stand and the production process will be analyzed.

Student Views on The Conduct of Art Studio Classes in Distance Education During The Covid-19 Pandemic Period

Neslihan Dilşad DİNÇ — 2024-08-29

Breaking out in China through the end of 2019, Covid-19 epidemic spread out to the whole world and affected all education levels and fields in addition to all of its other effects. In this period, distance education platforms have become a common teaching and learning milieu. This was an unusual context and practicing method for many branches of education including those higher education institutions that provide arts education. Art lessons require being in the atelier or studio, experiencing the technique and material in that environment and communicating face to face. Therefore, it is an important issue to investigate whether these practice-based arts education courses reach their goals through online teaching and learning processes and to what extent they satisfy their interlocutors. Determining the experience and opinions of art education students on this issue will provide valuable information for dealing with the problems in the online education process. Designed as a cross-sectional survey research, the current study employs 340 arts education student teachers attaining the relevant teacher education programmes in a number of Turkish universities in its sample. The findings obtained through the scale developed by the researcher reveal that the students provide variable results in the themes determined in the contexts of age, gender, class and place of residence. These themes were formed under the headings adaptation to distance education and the ability to manage the process, participation in courses and development and impact on learning depending on the infrastructure/system.

Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Yaşlılara Yönelik Tutumları ve Etkileyen Faktörler

Evrim ÇELEBİFatoş UNCU — 2024-08-29

Bu çalışma hemşirelik öğrencilerinin yaşlılara karşı tutumları ve etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla, Şubat-Nisan 2019 tarihleri arasında, tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel olarak yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın evrenini, bir üniversitenin sağlık bilimleri fakültesinde öğrenim gören toplam 563 hemşirelik öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Çalışmada örneklem seçme yoluna gidilmemiş, verilerin toplandığı tarihlerde ulaşılan 454 öğrenci araştırma kapsamına alınmıştır. Veriler kişisel bilgi formu ve “Kogan Yaşlılara Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği” kullanılarak araştırmacılar tarafından sınıf ortamında toplanmıştır. Öğrencilerin yaşlılara yönelik pozitif tutum puanı 65.63±10.45, negatif tutum puanı 64.01±12.05 ve toplam tutum puanı 129.64±16.47 olarak bulunmuştur. Yaşlılarla ilgili haberleri takip eden ve mezuniyet sonrası yaşlılara hizmet veren kurumlarda çalışmak isteyen öğrencilerin puanları anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0.001). Yaş, cinsiyet ve sınıf düzeylerinin öğrencilerin yaşlılara yönelik tutum puanlarnı etkilemediği saptanmıştır (p>0.001).

Design and Examination of Mobile Application Interface Facilitating the Lives of Individuals with Diabetes

Mustafa Batuhan KURTÇağrı GÜMÜŞ — 2024-08-29

Diabetes; In general, the increase of the glucose level in the blood above the normal level is known as the presence of sugar in the urine, which should not normally contain sugar. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases in the world. Diabetes is caused by genetic and environmental factors. The disease is of two types, type 1 and type 2, depending on the cause of its occurrence. In this study, a mobile application interface design has been designed to facilitate the lives of individuals with diabetes. With this application called "Lifestyle Diabetes", individuals will be able to communicate easily with their doctors, follow up measurements and handle many processes easily thanks to this application.

Through the View of Tradesman Customer Potential and Tradsman-Customer Relations in Kayseri Bazaars

Aylin Yonca GENÇOĞLU — 2024-08-29

In this study, it is aimed thorugh the view of tradesmen to put forth a comparative and descriptive analysis of the customer potential and qualifications of the tradesmen operating in Kayseri bazaars and the tradesman-customer relations. The research was carried out by using quantitative research method and questionnaire technique. However, qualitative research method was used in the development of the questionnaire form. With this way, a questionnaire form suitable and original to the characteristics of Kayseri bazaars was constituted. The research sample consists of 506 people selected by the stratified sampling method. For the sampling 300 people from the Grand Bazaar, 84 people from the Underground Bazaar, 122 people from the Center Bazaar were selected. Frequency, percentage distributions and chi-square test were used in evaluating the data. The customer profile of the tradesmen in the bazaars within the scope of the research consists of different social segments and income groups. These variables differ according to the bazaars. The main reasons why bazaars are preferred by customers are bargaining, availability of prices, the smiling faces and sincerity of the tradesmen and the variety of products. Among the reasons why customers don't prefer to shop from the bazaars; brands, the behavior of the tradesmen, the variability of prices stand out. The results of the research show that the trust of the customers to the tradesman of bazaar is low. Approximately 60% of the tradesmen think that the customers view the tradesman untrustworthy. Bargaining is seen as an important factor in the tradesman customer relationship. Almost all of the tradesmen think that the customer is happy when they bargain, and approximately 70% of them think that the customers force the tradesmen during the bargaining. The inability of the tradesmen to present different products and services and struggling of tradesmen in meeting the changing demands has created problem in terms of customer potential and tradesman customer relations.

New Social Movements as a "Modern" Critique of Modernization and A New Concept Proposal: "New Social Inertia Model"

Mustafa Hulki CEVİZOĞLU — 2024-08-29

This article examines the "new social movements" that emerged separately from the old (traditional, classical) social movements based on worker and class. New social movements are defined as cultural and identity-based, decentralized and non-leader, nonviolent, voluntary, emerging with the participation of large masses of all classes and educational levels and carrying continuity. Another feature of these movements is that they can bring together people of very different political views with opposing views. “New” social movements emerge as parts formed under social roles, communication networks and organizations. The study of new social movements was mostly carried out through Wallerstein, Touraine, Dahrendorf, May, Lukacs, Melucci, Offe, Foucault, Laclau-Mouffe, Epstein, Plotke, Hobsbawn and Castells. In the article, it is aimed to contribute to science by proposing a new concept ("New Social Inertia Model"), according to the findings of the field research while examining New Social Movements as a "modern" critique of modernization, which is outside the political and socioeconomic context. The article was produced from my doctoral dissertation. Based on the findings of my thesis, I propose a “New Social Inertia”^® (NSI) model / concept as well as the New Social Movement (NSM) model. Because, while social roles, communication networks and active organizations are in question in NSMs, our research has revealed that there is "passive/negative organization" instead of active organization in the "voluntary television channel" model, which is a new formation. It can be said that the television channels based on "volunteerism", which is seen as a new model of social movement, have a beneficial function for the governments by consolidating (keeping them under control) and "deactivating" the reactions of the opposition masses. The article was produced from my doctoral dissertation.

Ali Al-Esnewy’s ‘Izzi Addition in The Context of Glosses Which are Made About Izzi

Mahmut TEKİN — 2024-08-29

This research which is famous with the name of Tekmiletu’z-Zencani/Tasrifu ‘Ali The Mollah among the scholars is one of the most important studies that ‘Ali al-Esnewy (d. 1152/1739) wrote them. The aformentioned work succinctly considered the main subjects of grammar field which has an important place in Arabic morfoloji. Tekmiletu’z-Zencani has gotten the attention of linguists since the day when it was accommodated, and it was mentioned in the studies such as lesson, adjournal and gloss. The work which has a rich content with the evidences such as verse, hadith and Arabic poetry is ‘Izzi’s additions as it is understood from its name. As it is known, ‘Izzi which was written by ‘Izzuddin Abdulvehhab b. Ibrahim ez-Zencani (d. 660/1262) does not include many important principles and rules of grammar science as it is in the category of brief works. It is seen that a set of principles which are not available in ‘Izzi were mentioned in Esnewy’s work. Esnewy did not mention Zencani’s words only in terms of gloss such as other linguists working on ‘Izzi. Similarly, he made a set of changings by affecting the relevant text’s originality at important levels in this research which was made by him. It is observed that Esnewy who was an investigator and intelligent linguist mostly used concise statements instead of long sentences in the work. In this research, the information was given about Ali Esnewy’s brief life and works, and his work in the name of Tekmiletu’z-Zencani was tried to be told in the framework of titles such as its belonging, reason to be written, importance and method.

Understanding the Consumer's Black Box: Traditional Versus Neuromarketing Research Methods

Talha BAYIR — 2024-08-29

Efforts to understand the consumer have been an important goal of marketing researchers for many years. Developing strategies that will satisfy the consumer is only possible with consumer insight. However, it is not easy to understand the underlying causes of consumer behavior. Technological developments, the change in the understanding of marketing and the awareness of the consumer have caused the consumer decision mechanism to turn into a more complex structure. It has been understood that consumer decisions are not only in a logical structure and the emotional reactions of consumers are also effective on the purchasing decision process. The existence of serious differences between what consumers feel and statement also supports this argument. For this reason, concerns about understanding how the consumer makes their decision have increased day by day. Situations where traditional research methods used to better understand consumer behavior are not sufficient have led to the use of neuromarketing research methods. With this research, neuromarketing research methods will be compared with traditional marketing research methods, and studies will be conducted on the advantages and weaknesses of both methods. This will provide insight into neuromarketing research methods, which are still in their infancy in the literature.

The Comparison of Classical and Reverse Internal Migration Periodically in Turkey

Hasan YILMAZ — 2024-08-29

The phenomenon of migration is accepted as spatial displacement and causes radical changes in social life. The changes in the structure of the society differ periodically and spatially and bear the results of the conditions in which they exist. migration in Turkey, the respective periods showed differences remain even though the existence of each semester. Particularly economic, social and political reasons because of the mandatory or optional experienced immigration constitutes the general character of internal migration in Turkey. In the first years of the Republic, planned internal migrations were carried out depending on the settlement policies. In the 1950s, it is seen that the internal migrations from rural to urban areas were rapid and unplanned. In the 1960s, internal migration gained momentum and showed structural differences. Internal migrations after 1980; its cause, result and structure have been changed. Especially political and economic reasons and the effect of public policies became evident in the 1980s, and the resolution from rural areas to cities and metropolises was experienced in a short time. With the increasing population in the cities, the structure of the society has changed drastically, and social and economic problems have arisen. In this study, it started in the year 1950 in Turkey, through changing the structure of internal migration after 1980; In recent years, reverse migration is rapidly changing and changing direction. In this context, the subject of the study; It was restricted as internal migrations in the 1950s, 1980s and 2000s, and analyzes were carried out on the departure points and directions of the internal migration for those periods.

Assessment of Turkish Public Administration Curriculum in Terms of E-Government Competencies

Hatice KOÇ — 2024-08-29

E-Government competencies of the practitioners have a key significance in the success of e-Government projects. The main actor in the acquisition of these competencies by practitioners seems to be public administration departments of the universities. This article is prepared to evaluate courses in the curricula of public administration departments in Turkey according to the e-Government competencies and explored the share of e-Government competencies in the courses related to e-Government in public administration departments which train public officials. The universe and sample of the research consists of all courses relevant to e-Government in the curricula of the public administration departments in all universities of Turkey. ECTS forms of the relevant courses are subjected to content analysis on the basis of five competency categories attained from the scientific literature on the subject. The most significant finding of the research in which a total number of 117 courses related to e-Government is analyzed comes out instead of the abundant coverage of socio-technical competencies in the curriculum, the technical, administrative, politic and organizational competencies are not covered sufficiently. In order to overcome this lack, some suggestions are developed by comparing with other researches on the subject from Turkey and the world, which propose generally that practical tools and applications shall be taught as courses in the curriculum, and the experience of the practitioners of e-Government may be used and included in the curriculum development.