Tarih Okulu Dergisi, Year 2022 Issue LVI

Ottoman-Venice Trade According to the Ottoman Archive Records

Hüsnü YÜCEKAYA — 2024-08-29

Venice is a unique state that maintained its existence for 1100 years through maritime trade. Contrary to expectations, the increasing influence of the Ottoman Empire in the Eastern Mediterranean facilitated Venetian trade. The most distinctive quality of Venetian merchants reflected in the documents is their pragmatic attitude. The most important share in the Venetian commercial success in the Ottoman ports belongs to the Venetian Consuls under the leadership of the Bailo. Again, the existence of a very effective Ottoman diplomacy between distant inner ports has been clearly observed in the records. In the documents, traces and indications regarding the growth of the Venetian colony in Beyoğlu and the increase in its influence have been identified. Most of the previous studies on the subject are based on the Venetian archives. This fact stands out as a shortcoming in terms of the possibility of comparison. Since the classification work in the Ottoman archives has continued until recent times, a large number of documents have accumulated on the subject. Within the framework of the method of the research conducted, a study based on Ottoman archival documents has been carried out. In this way, a richness of viewpoints and a diversity on Ottoman-Venetian relations has been aimed. The most important goal of the study, on the other hand, is to determine the original aspects of Ottoman-Venetian relations.

A General Assessment on Accession to the Throne and Reconstruction Activities of Amenhotep III (1391-1353 B.C): Egypt’s Mighty Pharaoh-King

Cuma Ali YILMAZ — 2024-08-29

Amenhotep III ruled Egypt for 38 years as the 9th ruler of the New Kingdom 18th dynasty. During his reign, the Ancient Egyptian State lived its heyday. Although he commanded one of the most equipped armies of his time, he is known not for his warrior aspect, but for the importance he gives to culture and arts. The great temples, statues and other works of art built by Amenhotep III have an important place in Ancient Egyptian art. With the peaceful diplomacy he followed, he reigned away from war, in luxury and prosperity. There are more foreign princesses in his harem than in previous periods. Women's sculptures, carvings and paintings are also frequently encountered in this period. Sculptures and artworks from the reign of Amenhotep III are now on display at the Cleveland art museum and the British Museum. In our study, in which we discussed the biography of III Amenhotep, foreign sources rather than domestic sources were used. There are few local academic studies about Amenhotep III, one of the most powerful Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt, and most of the studies deal with the Egyptian State in the New Kingdom Period in general terms. The king is not treated biographically. We hope to contribute to the history of Ancient Egypt with our study, which deals with the life and activities of Amenhotep III, who has an important place in the history of art, religion and science in Ancient Egypt.

Lawlessness by the Greeks in Thessaloniki from the Balkan Wars to the First World War

Yaşar ARSLANYÜREKÜmmügülsüm GÜLEKOĞLU — 2024-08-29

Selanik, was an important Turkish city under the rule of the Ottoman State for 482 years until 1912. During this period, Turks and other ethnic groups lived peacefully. With the weakening of the political power of the Ottoman State, the great states of the time provoked the ethnic groups in the Ottoman geography to riot. One of these riots took place in the Balkan geography. As a result of these rebellions, first of all chaos broke out in the Balkans, then the Balkan War I broke out. During the Balkan War I, the Greeks and Bulgarians, encouraged by the great states of the period, persecuted the Turkish and Muslim people in the Balkans in peace. One of these places was Selanik. Selanik, which was besieged by Greeks and Bulgarians, was occupied by the Greeks in the Balkan War I. After the Greek occupation in Thessaloniki, many cruelties and lawlessness were committed against the Turkish and Muslim people. These oppressions were also reflected in the official documents of the period. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the attitudes of the Greeks after the surrender of Thessaloniki to the Greeks by treaty during the Balkan Wars. Against the various treaties made, it is aimed to determine some of the unruly attitudes of the Greeks and to emphasize them. In addition, it is among the aims to reveal the consequences of these unlawful attitudes of the Greeks on Thessaloniki and the region. While doing these, various archival documents and other sources related to the period were used in the study. In addition, document analysis technique was used in the study.

The Values of Peace and Independence in 8th Grade Turkish Republic History of Revolution and Kemalism Textbook

Ceylan AKCANOsman Kubilay GÜL — 2024-08-29

Values contribute to the individuals who continue their lives as a social entity to communicate effectively with those around them and to determine the position of the person in the society. Individuals need to be aware of the extent to which the world culture has developed in order to dominate their own culture. This can be realized by the acceptance of universal values by the person. In this study, it was aimed to examine the consideration of the values of peace and independence in the 8th grade Turkish Republic History of Revolution and Kemalism textbook. Qualitative research approach was adopted in this study. Document analysis technique suitable for the purpose of the research was used as data collection method, and descriptive analysis method was used for analysis. The 8th grade Turkish Republic History of Revolution and Kemalism textbook, published by Nev Kitap Publishing House by the Ministry of National Education, was used as the study material in the 2020-2021 academic year. By analyzing the findings obtained, the texts and assessment and evaluation sections in the book were examined in detail, and a total of 59 expressions of independence and 20 expressions of peace were obtained. According to these results, it was seen that the value of independence is given more space in the book integrity than the value of peace.

The Establishment Process of Hospitals in Medieval Europe and Their Duties

Tolgahan KARAİMAMOĞLU — 2024-08-29

The historical origins of hospitals, which have a very important place in human life today, are quite old. In addition to the spread of Christianity in Europe, the disappearance of the Western Roman Empire has been a serious turning point in the development of health services and hospitals in this context. Especially in the periods when the influence of positive sciences decreased, clergy and temples started to play a leading role in the conduct of health services, and the resulting practices affected the development of these institutions. With the 11th century, important changes began to occur in these institutions, which, unlike today, are mostly used by people from lower income groups. The Crusades and the changes and transformations in the internal structure of Europe affected the number, size and services of health care institutions. The life span of these structures, whose number exceeds thousands from England to Italy, was short-lived, and the services they provided were very limited. In such institutions, where the clergy provided services on a voluntary basis, those with epidemic diseases such as leprosy were not accepted, and at the same time, men and women were treated in different places. With the fifteenth century, the services provided by these hospitals began to expand and become more civilized. This article deals with the financial support of the rich in Medieval Europe and the place of the hospitals built by the moral walls of Christianity in daily life.

Hakkâri Deputies and their Activities at I. and II. Term of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey

Fadime TOSİK DİNÇ — 2024-08-29

Upon the adoption of the National Pact decisions by the Ottoman Parliament, the Entente Powers officially occupied Istanbul and arrested many deputies by raiding the Assembly. Thereupon, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, published the Intihâbât Declaration on March 19, 1920, and announced that a parliament would be opened in Ankara. In the Declaration, it was requested that five deputies from each district be elected and sent to Ankara, and that the deputies of the Parliamentary Assembly should be included in the parliament to be opened in Ankara. Although five deputies were elected as a result of the elections held in Hakkâri, four deputies resigned without being included in the parliament. Only Mehmet Tufan Bey came to Ankara and participated in the parliamentary work. Mazhar Müfit Bey, who was elected as the Hakkâri deputy to the Deputies Assembly also attended the invitation, came to Ankara and was included in the assembly. The First Term Grand National Assembly of Turkey, carried out the War of Independence and ensured the establishment of the new state. With the end of the war process, the term of office of the Assembly expired, so the elections were renewed. Since the elections were held on the basis of population in the second period, Süleyman Asaf Bey and Mehmet Nazmi Bey were elected in Hakkâri. The deputies elected for the second term undertook important duties in the construction of the new Turkey. In this study, the biographies of the deputies representing Hakkâri in the Assembly and the activities they carried out in the Assembly were discussed in the light of the main sources and evaluated with a historical perspective.

The Case of Haydar Rifat Bey

Yelda TUTAR SERTER — 2024-08-29

Haydar Rifat Bey was born on 01.01.1877 in the Fatih district of Istanbul. Haydar Rifat Bey, who was an author in important newspapers of the period, made translations with his versatile personality and also practiced the profession of a lawyer. The most important case mentioned by Haydar Rifat Bey, who was the lawyer of important cases during his lifetime, is that he lived with Justice Minister Mahmut Esat Bey. Haydar Rifat Bey mentioned Mahmut Esat Bey's unfair practices in his letters to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and a lawsuit was filed against him for this reason. At the end of this lawsuit, which was filed by Mahmut Esat Bey on the grounds that he was insulted, Haydar Rifat Bey was given a two-year prison sentence for insulting him. This case between Haydar Rifat Bey and Mahmut Esat Bey has been in the center of attention of all circles from beginning to end. While the newspapers of the period conveyed all the developments to their readers, the issue was also raised in the Parliament. This study, which was prepared based on the news in the periodical press, was tried to be covered by using limited printed works.

Ağın İlçesi’nde Kırsal Kalkınmanın Gerçekleşmesine Yardımcı Bir Öneri: Kırsal Turizm

Özlem ÇAKAR ÇELİK — 2024-08-29

Ağın is a settlement where tourism and recreational activities are not developed. However, it has natural and human attractions that can lead to tourism and recreational activities. At the same time, other settlements in its vicinity such as Arapgir, Kemaliye and Keban, which have similar geographical conditions, are active in terms of recreational activities and tourism. The construction of Keban Dam Lake is a turning point for Ağın. While the population growth trend was positive until that time, it entered a continuous decreasing trend with the construction of the dam. The area lost a significant part of its fertile rural lands and pasture areas with the construction of the dam. With the construction of Keban Dam Lake, the area gained the feature of a peninsula. However, the attraction created by water resources, rich cultural and historical background could not do the groundwork for development of tourism activities. In this study, the natural and human properties of Ağın were examined in the light of the literature, and these features were detailed with field observations. The study concluded that rural tourism is an important opportunity for Ağın. It is expected that thanks to rural tourism, population loss would decline in the study area while population growth would be achieved in the long run and new employment areas would be opened among the expected benefits.

The Production, Exports and Imports of Cyprus According to the Report of 1845-46 by the British Consul Niven Kerr on Cyprus

Cemil ÇELİK — 2024-08-29

This article is primarily concerned with the production, export and import data which were recorded in the consular reports dated 1845-1846, by Niven Kerr, the British Consul in Cyprus. In addition to this information, the article also gives information about the relevant sharia registries in Cyprus and Istanbul, Ottoman archival documents and the general situation of Cyprus at the time the reports were prepared. According to these reports; exports of wheat, barley, cotton, silk, natural dyes, olive oil, grapes and wine, carob, wool and salt accounted for 80% of the total value of all exports from Cyprus. The recurrent drought and locust problem in the Ottoman period are among the biggest problems for the future and production of the island. The reports offer partial solutions to the consequences of the locust disaster and drought. Niven Kerr stated in 1845 that the island had been neglected by Britain until then and emphasized the importance of the island for England. Although there are correct determinations in the reports, there is prejudice against the Ottoman administration. The aim of this article is to investigate the reports of special importance for the economic history of Cyprus at the time of their preparation and which have not been evaluated as a whole to date.

Capital Punishment Debates During March 12 Period: Attitude of Senators for Life

İsrafil KARATAŞ — 2024-08-29

In all three coup periods, which took place on 27 May 1960, 12 March 1971, and 12 September 1980, debates on capital punishment for political crimes were at the top of the agenda. The members of the National Unity Committee, which carried out the May 27 coup, unanimously approved the capital punishments of Prime Minister Adnan Menderes and his two minister friends (Fatin Rüştü Zorlu and Hasan Polatkan). With the end of the coup period, former committee members who served as senators for life in the Senate of the Republic had a very different attitude this time towards capital punishment debates that took place during the March 12 period. During this period, Deniz Gezmiş and his two friends (Yusuf Arslan and Hüseyin İnan) were against the execution of the capital punishment. On the other hand, right-wing parties that constantly criticize, throughout their political lives, the capital punishments of Menderes and his friends, acted in favor of capital punishment during the March 12 period. The places where capital punishment debates of the March 12 period were most intense were the National Assembly and the Senate of the Republic. While senators, who share similar views with right-wing parties, advocated the execution of capital punishment, senators for life put up a great struggle to stop capital punishments especially by acting together with the Group of Republican People's Party (CHP) during the Senate meetings, where the death penalty proposals for Gezmiş and his friends were discussed twice. There were quite interesting debates in the Senate, where groups with different views shared their opinions on capital punishment. The aim of this research is to analyze the attitude of the senators for life towards capital punishment debates during the March 12 period. At the same time, the aim is to analyze the content and results of the debates between senators and parties who are in favor of capital punishment, and the senators for life who are against capital punishment in detail. In the preparation of the research, especially the Senate minutes, newspaper news, memoirs, and various copyrighted works were used. Document analysis technique was used as the method of study.

Suggestions for Activities to Develop Language Skills in Teaching Turkish to Foreigners

İlke ALTUNTAŞ GÜRSOYArif Mikail BAYRAM — 2024-08-29

In teaching Turkish to foreigners, language skills need to be developed in a balanced, holistic and effective way. This is only possible through activities, because the activities are skill-oriented and applied in line with certain goals and achievements. It is possible to find the clearly written version of these aims and achievements in the Curriculum of Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language, which is the first curriculum in the field of teaching Turkish to foreigners, approved by the Board of Education, and published by the Turkish Maarif Foundation. The aim of the study is to prepare activity suggestions to improve the language skills of foreign/second language learners based on the achievements in the Curriculum of Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language. In this study, the program, which is qualitative, was examined with the document analysis technique. Three achievements each and 12 achievements in total out of the achievements in the program were selected. 12 activity suggestions at A2, B1 and B2 levels were prepared in accordance with the selected outcomes. It was paid attention that activity suggestions should be skill-oriented in order to develop language skills in a holistic, balanced and effective way. Considering different types of intelligence, activities that appeal to more than one sense and enable the effective use of visual and auditory tools have been suggested. The activity suggestions were prepared in line with the communicative language teaching method in order for the learners to communicate in the target language. Quotations from literary genres such as fairy tales, stories, and poems were presented in the activities, with the thought that learners’ awareness of the way in which text types are arranged and their linguistic characteristics, and that this is a facilitating factor in successfully using their language skills.

Investigation of Doctoral Theses Related to Environmental Education in the Field of Education and Training in Turkey

Derya SÖNMEZHanife Gamze HASTÜRK ,Buket BALLIEL ÜNAL — 2024-08-29

The purpose of this research is to examine the doctoral thesis related to environmental education in the field of education and training in Turkey. YÖK National Database was used to determine the doctoral theses published within the scope of environmental education to be included in this research. Studies on environmental education have been reached on 9 August 2021. Among the 81 doctoral theses accessed to the screening area for the screening of the YÖK Thesis Screening Center, and the word "education and training" in the subject field, and by selecting "doctorate" as the thesis type, 78 doctoral theses are included in the study. In the classification of thesis studies; the year it was published, the university it was published in, the institute it was published in, the department it was published in, the research method, data analysis techniques, the gender of the researchers, the titles of the consultants, the working group, and the research topic were taken as basis. As a result of the research, it was determined that the doctoral theses that can be accessed in the thesis screening center of the Higher Education Council were published most in 2018. It has been determined that the theses examined were mostly made in Gazi University. It was determined that the theses examined were mostly prepared by the Institute of Educational Sciences. It has been determined that the most mixed method is used as a research method in the theses, and the research group is mostly composed of science teacher candidates. It has been determined that the number of studies related to environmental literacy, environmental awareness and environmental attitude are high as the subject of research of doctoral theses in the field of environmental education.

The Validity and Reliability of the Measure for Survivor Syndrome Scale-Turkish Form

Nuran ÖZTÜRK BAŞPINARDemet ÇAKIROĞLU ,Mehmet ALTINÖZ — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to make the Turkish adaptation of the Survivor Syndrome (SS) Scale developed by Bart Hovens (2011). In the research, data were collected from 262 employees working in the field of furniture manufacturing in Bursa, İnegöl Organized Industrial Area, and working in thirty-one private enterprises that went down in size as of 2020. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), construct validity analysis and internal consistency analysis were used in the analysis of the data. In the study, pearson correlation analysis was used to examine whether there is a relationship between employees' psychological contract violation and their intention to leave. As a result of the reliability analysis, the reliability coefficient calculated for the whole scale was found to be 0.924. According to the statistics regarding the model data fit obtained as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, the model shows good fit to the structure in general (RMSEA=.078, CFI=.95, NFI=.92, IFI=.95, SRMR= .078). According to the confirmatory factor analysis result of the Survivor Syndrome Scale, which consists of 29 items, the 6-factor structure obtained by EFA was confirmed. These results show that the Turkish version of the Survivor Syndrome Scale can be used in future studies in Turkey with validity and reliability.

The Investigation of Science Teachers Attitudes Towards Distance Education in Terms of Different Variables

Ahmet DÖNMEZMurat AYDIN ,Servet EKMEKÇİ — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to examine science teachers' attitudes towards distance education in terms of some variables. The research was carried out with science teachers working in Malatya in the 2020-2021 academic year. The attitude scale towards distance education developed by Ağır (2007) was applied to the teachers participating in the study. These teachers' attitudes towards distance education were examined in terms of variables such as gender, age, daily time spent on the internet, the institution where they work at, the region where the institution they work at is located, their professional experience, educational status, and whether or not they had prior distance education experience. Data were analyzed by IBM SPSS 23 program. Mann Whitney U test and Kruskall Wallis H test, which are nonparametric tests, were used in data analysis. According to the findings of the study, while the attitude scores towards distance education in terms of daily time spent on the internet, gender and educational status did not differ significantly; A statistically significant difference was found according to the variables of age, the institution where they work at, the region where the institution they work at is located, professional experience, and whether or not they had prior distance education experience.

Domitian Suikastinin Anatomisi

Gökhan TEKİR — 2024-08-29

The assassination of Titus Flavius Domitian on 18 September 96 brought the end of Flavian dynasty, which had been ruling the Roman Empire since AD 69. The assassination was carried by a small group of court officials. However, this paper tries to indicate that the conspirators were related with oppositional figures, who constantly tried to eliminate the emperor. Classical historians Suetonius, Pliny the Younger, and Cassius Dio in their accounts used the assassination to further slander the emperor, hated by the senate. Twentieth century historians, who engaged in endeavors of rehabilitation of Domitian, added new hypothesis and explanations to his assassination. This paper intends to demonstrate the claims on Domitian’s death, to investigate the accuracy of the views on the assassination, conspirators, motives, and to offer a fresh perspective. For this purpose, it presents the conspiracies under Domitian’s and their connections with the murder. Finally, it examines the aftermath of the assassination to evaluate whether the conspirators reached their aim with the murder of the emperor.

The Relationship of Affect, Affection and Power in Cinema: Review of the Movie ‘Yol Kenarı’

Selçuk ULUTAŞ — 2024-08-29

Power which is described as the capacity of influencing and being influenced in philosophy in the most general sense explains the effects such as changing and operationalizing. The power which artworks apply to the receptors is a phenomenon that has been known and discussed since the ancient ages. In two dimensions, art has the potentials which enables subjects to define phenomenon and regard the realities about them as rightful or thinking on them or apply power at the point of affectivity. In everywhere in which the relationship between art, politics and religion has been observed throughout the process of history, the artworks emerge as an element of power and they are consciously designed in order to apply that aforementioned power. After the autonomation of art, it is observed that artworks keep on applying power to the receptors. This study analyzes the power which artworks apply to the bodies of the receptors from the perspective the concepts of affect and affection. The concept of affect defines the interaction between the body and produced emotions which are desired to reveal independent from the receptor subject. The concept of affection within the context of art explains the subjective emotions of the receptive subjects who encounter with the gaps in the produced work and uncertainties. It is known that the designs which are designed to reveal the affection transform receptive subjects into participants and they are regarded more democratic. In that case, affect and affection emerge as the concepts which define the generation of artistic power in various categories. It is highly possible to define the art of cinema as a branch of art with the highest capacity of influencing the bodies of the receptors. It is theoretically revealed that majority of the movies which appeal to the sensorimotor status produce the affections while affections related to the memory of the receptive subjects emerge in the movies with the dominance of crystalized images on the contrary. The objective of this study is to academically reveal the way which artworks and movies specifically produce power as a power of designing. In the sense of this theoretical purpose, the literature review was conducted for this study. As for the relationship between the theory and practice, the movie of Tayfun Pirselimoğlu ‘Yol Kenarı (The Trackside)’ (2017) which was determined through the method of goal-oriented sampling was preferred. In the movie review, the philosophical film analysis method was chosen. At the end of the review, it was revealed that the movie applied a hybrid power to the receptor and had the characteristics of an open work as a design.

Adaptation of The Spatial Reasoning Test to Turkish: Validity and Reliability Study

Mavi AKKAYA YILMAZAlaattin ARIKAN ,Turhan ÇETİN — 2024-08-29

The aim of this research is to conduct a validity and reliability study for the adaptation of the Spatial Reasoning Test, developed by Ramful, Lowrie and Logan (2017) to Turkish, in order to measure the spatial skills of secondary school students aged 11-13. The research was carried out with a study group consisting of a total of 555 students attending the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th grades in the 11-13 age range in the spring term of the 2020-2021 academic year. In the research, firstly, the Spatial Reasoning Test was translated into Turkish by referring to the expert opinions. In the item analysis carried out within the scope of the study, 6 items that reduced the validity and reliability of the test were removed from the test. After the item analysis, the KR20 internal consistency coefficients of the test, which has a three-factor structure, were examined and it was seen that the KR20 reliability coefficient for the whole test was .81. In addition, the Guttman coefficient as a result of the equivalent halves analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the upper group and the lower group in the test items and in the overall test, the correlation coefficients between the whole test and its sub-factors varied between 0.42 and 0.88, and there was a significant positive correlation. 0.83 and the Spearman Brown coefficient was determined to be 0.83. In addition, it was observed that the correlation coefficient between the departments was also significant and there was a moderately significant relationship between the whole test and its sub-factors as a result of the test-retest. Based on the findings; it can be stated that the Spatial Reasoning Test, adapted into Turkish, is a measurement tool that produces valid and reliable measurements and can be used to measure the spatial skills of secondary school students aged 11-13.

Gossip motif in the 19th century Russian literature (In concept of Odoyevsky’s stories)

Güneş SÜTCÜ — 2024-08-29

Vladimir Fyodorovich Odoyevsky (1803-1869), one of the most important representatives of the romanticism movement in the 19th century Russian literature. In his youth, Odoyevsky was under the influence of German idealist philosophy and Schelling’s natural philosophy, which consisted of contradictions. He blends Russian and Western cultures in his works. For this reason, he is different from other writers of his age. Although he comes from a noble family, he criticizes the life of the Russian noble society in every aspect. One of them is the society stories, which is one of the common literary genres of the 1830s. The society stories that Odoyevsky wrote in the maturity period of his artistic life are “Princess Mimi” (Knyajna Mimi, 1834) and “Princess Zizi” (Knyajna Zizi, 1838). In this study, according to the ethical understanding adopted by the Russian thinker Odoyevsky, the gossip motif included in the mentioned stories will be discussed as a sociological research phenomenon. In both stories, the effects of the gossip motif in the lives of the female protagonists, who show contradictory character traits, will be presented, and then the results of the stance they have chosen in the face of the gossip they are exposed to will be revealed. In this context, the moral corruption of the typical Russian noble society of the 1830s will be tried to be conveyed through the motif of gossip.

Evaluation of Food Influencers' Use of Social Media Communication Model in Cyberfeminist Context

Muhsine SEKMEN — 2024-08-29

Instagram is becoming a medium where influencers produce content in different fields. Food influencers among these influencers share their recipes with their users in a wide range from recipes to cake recipes. This perspective, which opens out from the domestic space by producing content, offers new possibilities for women. In this study, the cyberfeminist perspective, which is realized by the opening of women's domestic production to cyberspace, is presented. This area, where women make a breakthrough by adapting to internet technology, turns into a women's solidarity with a cyberfeminist attitude. For this reason, the study focuses on the relationship between food influencers and other food influencers, starting from their content production and aims to convey this from a cyberfeminist perspective. In the establishment of the cyberfeminist perspective, Christian Fuchs' social media communication model was based and focused on the way influencers use this communication model. The number-based economy of Instagram plays a role in determining the number of followers to a large extent. The content created by food influencers on Instagram, the comments made on these contents, and their collaborations by introducing other food influencers were examined according to the social media communication model. As a result of the study, food influencers increase their recognition and are accepted in the society by transforming their domestic labor, which has use value, into exchange value through social media. The technology literacy of food influencers, ranging from the information function to the communication function and cooperation function, causes them to be more successful in this field. Those who use these functions as necessary and add them to their content production, have more followers; therefore, it achieves more profit. Food influencers strengthen the solidarity between women by referring to the content production of other influencers on social media.

Evaluation of The Views of Belarusian University Students Learning Turkish Language as a Foreign Language on Learning Turkish

Ayfer KARA — 2024-08-29

Evaluating the opinions of students learning Turkish as a foreign language outside of Turkey about their learning of Turkish can be a guiding resource for teaching Turkish more effectively. As a matter of fact, foreign students' perspectives on the Turkish language are very important in order to increase the value of Turkish among the world languages. In this context, this research has been conducted with the purpose of getting to know what the students, studying Translation and Interpretation at the Minsk State Linguistic University, think of learning Turkish language as a second language. By the use of qualitative research, more specifically situation analysis, it was determined that the experimental group included 18 girls and 4 boys with level B1 in Turkish. In the study, data were collected through a semi-structured interview prepared by the researcher. Content analysis, one of the qualitative analysis methods, was used in the analysis of the obtained data. According to the results of the research, it is seen that the Belarusian is generally positive about the information that learns English as a language. In this context, the main reasons for the desire to learn Turkish were things such as: enjoying the language, loving the country, the desire to get to know the culture of the country, the desire to work as a translator in Turkey in the future, and so on. The students stated that the Turkish lesson was productive and fun; they had difficulties in speaking and writing skills, but not in listening and reading skills; Apart from Turkish lessons, they stated that they learned Turkish by watching movies, singing and doing activities specific to Turkish culture. In addition, students stated that learning Turkish language helps them to understand Turkish culture and their aspirations to pursue a career in this field increase.

Ortopedi Servisinde Yatan Yaşlıların Sosyoekonomik ve Yaralanma Durumlarına Göre Fiziksel Aktivitelerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Muhammed Bahadır SANDIKÇICihan ÖNEN — 2024-08-29

This study was performed in order to analyze the physical activity of the elderly hospitalized in orthopedic services of hospitals according to their socioeconomic status and injury history. The scope of this cross-sectional study consists of 105 patients hospitalized in the orthopedic services. A 25-question Questionnaire Form and Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) were used for data evaluation. Significantly lower physical activity scores were determined in women with low income, those who regularly pray, being over 75 years old and being illiterate, those who do not live in qualified houses, and whose marital status is widowed or divorced. 62% of the elderly fell at least once within a year, and the majority of these falls resulted in injury. The average physical activity score of the elderly who have participated in the study is 99.61. Negative changes in socioeconomic variables may negatively affect the physical activity of the elderly. It has been determined in this study that the elderly with low socioeconomic status do less physical activity, and these elderly people have experienced more falls and fall-related injuries. In addition to all these negative aspects, elderly people with low socioeconomic status are hospitalized in orthopedic services mostly due to the injuries caused by falling and thus, their physical limitations increase and this can further reduce their physical activities. The fact that those doing physical activity with the recommendation of a specialist and those who know the importance of physical activity have fewer falling and injury history emphasizes the importance of doing physical activity consciously. Physical activity awareness of the elderly at all ages, especially those with low socioeconomic status, should be increased. This study has revealed that the physical activity scores of the elderly are low. Hospitalization of the elderly in the orthopedic services following injury may increase their physical activity limitation Appropriate active and passive exercises should be taught according to the condition of the elderly and these exercises should be performed with the support of a health worker when needed.

Symmetric and Asymmetric Effects of Net Foreign Purchases in Borsa-Istanbul on BIST100 and Exchange Rate

Hatıra SADEGHZADEH EMSEN — 2024-08-29

In the study, the effects of net foreign capital investments in general and net investments in the stock market in particular have been examined. It is known that foreign investment improves investments and thus employment and income increases in economies such as Turkey, where the savings level is low. The specific effects of this situation on the stock market can also act as an incentive for domestic investors by creating positive effects on the stock market if net investments give a positive balance. In this context, net foreign capital investments and stock market relations were discussed with the help of structural break tests and a currency basket was added as a control variable. Methods have been widely used in econometric estimations recently, and it has been determined that foreign capital movements towards the stock market have more short-term effects on the stock market and exchange rates, more foreign investors come during the periods when the stock market rises (that is, foreign investors follow the Return Pursuit strategy). In this study, effects of net foreign capital flows (NFCF) on BIST100 and exchange rates (EXR) were examined by unit root and cointegration tests with structural break and FMOLS, DOLS and CCR methods. According to findings; NFCF increases BIST100 in short-run. EXR and BIST100 interact positively in long-run. BIST100 negatively impacts EXR in short-run. The hidden relationships among series were investigated by Bootstrap Symmetric and Asymmetric Causality Test. One-way causality relationships from NFCF and BIST100 to EXR were determined. In symmetric causality test; mutual causality relationship was found between and and between and . In asymmetric causality test; mutual causality relationships between and , one-way causality from to and from to were determined.

Experiential Approach in Marketing: A Review on It’s Development and Expanding Impact from Past to Present

Halil Murat YAZICIBurçin KAPLAN — 2024-08-29

In recent years, the experiential orientation of consumers has started to increase. The experiential marketing practices created in this direction have increased in parallel. In this study, first, the main concepts of experiential marketing were discussed. The study aimed to include efficient applications presented in the dimensions of experience. Secondly, the studies in the literature were compiled to see the salient features and findings to have a holistic review. This part showed the reflections of the effects of experiences on consumer attitudes and behaviors in the literature. Thirdly, this review planned to provide a wide range of resources for future studies in different areas by providing the opportunity to compare past practices and show them together. This study is a literature synthesis examining the studies conducted between 1982 and 2021 in the literature of experiential marketing from the first years of its existence to the present. In the study, document review method as a qualitative research approach was used. The findings show that the experience dimensions have significant effects on the variables of customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, brand loyalty, and behavioral intentions in studies conducted in experiential marketing. In addition, studies conducted in the last few years show that experiential marketing is handled together with the concepts of green behavior, green consumption, sustainable consumption, and climate change, and it opens up new application areas for itself.

Coherence Analysis in the “Abridged Text”: The “Demiryolu Hikâyecileri-Bir Rüya” Story

Muzaffer UZUN — 2024-08-29

The texts, which are the basic materials of the Turkish Language and Literature textbooks, are selected by the textbook authors in line with the principles determined under the heading "Aspects to be Considered in Writing the Textbook" and the subtitle "Qualifications of Texts to be Taken into the Textbook" in the curriculum, and some of these texts are edited for a number of reasons. When the texts in the Turkish language and literature textbooks are evaluated, it is seen that the arrangements made are not a reproduction such as shortening the sentences, dividing them, changing the words, but only shortening the sentences and paragraphs. In this study, the text named the “Demiryolu Hikâyecileri-Bir Rüya” by Oğuz Atay, which is one of the examples of story type found in the Turkish Language and Literature 12 Textbooks published by the Ministry of National Education, was compared with the original text, and the sentences and paragraphs extracted from the text were analyzed in terms of the integrity of the text, its message, its meaning and logic. The share of the change experienced in the network of relations has been determined through the headings related to local coherence. It has been observed that if the abbreviation process is handled independently of the consistency criterion, the message in the original text is deviated. In this context, it has been stated that more successful examples of abbreviated texts will be encountered if the evaluations related to text linguistics are taken into account in the regulations related to the texts in the textbooks.

Use of New Communication Technologies in Political Communication: President Erdoğan's Twitter Posts in the Process of Operation Peace Spring

Yelda KORKUT — 2024-08-29

Developing new communication technologies affect social life as well as political life by creating alternative communication channels. While social networks have become an important tool in the political communication process, political actors have started to use these platforms more effectively to reach the target audience. Political actors intensely prefer Twitter, one of the social networks, in order to create public opinion, set the agenda, deliver their messages to more audiences and expand their target audience in these channels where they express themselves. In this preference, Twitter's fast, easy-to-use, interactive structure and uncomplicated user interface are effective. In the study, the tweets shared from the official Twitter account of the President of the Republic of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan during the 9-16 October 2019 Peace Spring Operation were analyzed by content analysis method. It was concluded that President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan actively used Twitter for the purpose of informing and creating public opinion during the Peace Spring Operation.

Acquisition of the Symbols of Independence among Secondary School Students through Activities: The Example of the National Anthem

Fadime SEÇGİNYasemin ER TUNA — 2024-08-29

This research, which aims to reveal the feasibility and success of the activities prepared to teach secondary school students what the symbols of independence are and to raise awareness about our National Anthem and the author of our National Anthem, Mehmet Akif Ersoy, was designed in an action research pattern. The participants of the research consist of 20 5th grade students studying in a secondary school in the city center of Tokat in the 2021-2022 academic year.The data in the study were collected as follows; working papers for the Know-Ask-Learn (KAL) strategy, worksheets for the prepared activities; activity process evaluation form in order to understand the achievements of the activity-based learning process for the individual learning of the students; and evaluation forms for the performance task (preparing newspaper) given to determine the success of the activities in teaching the concepts. Content analysis was used in the evaluation of the data. In the light of the findings obtained from the research, the following can be said; as a result of activity-based teaching, students mostly learn concepts and information correctly, they can transform what they have learned into a different knowledge and skill in a creative way, therefore, activity-based teaching is effective in concept teaching, increases students' interest in social studies course and realizes effective learning.

Determination of the Effect of Iso Value Change in Digital Photography on Color Gamut and Delta E (ΔE)

Gülhan ACAR BÜYÜKPEHLİVANLutfi ÖZDEMİR — 2024-08-29

On conventional cameras, the image is transferred to the surface of a film with a chemical structure, while on digital cameras, the image is transferred over a sensor that works with pixel based structure. Conventional cameras define the DIN/ASA value, which shows the light sensitivity based on the silver halogen contained in the film, while digital cameras uses the ISO value defined as the sensor's sensitivity to light instead of DIN/ASA. The settings used in photography are aperture, shutter, white balance and ISO. In addition, a high ISO value is used for correct exposure in low-light environments. However, the use of high ISO values cause noise in the photo. This is especially a problem with the acquisition of pictures with color values close to the original, especially in low light conditions shots such as museums, palaces, where light is low. In addition, the color gamut must be as wide as possible for both the use of photographs taken in digital platforms and for printing. In this study, it was investigated how different ISO values (100, 200, 400 and 800) affect photo quality. As a result of the study, the colors of the photos taken were determined from the colors on the original (ΔE), depending on the ISO value. It has been determined that the ΔE value has changed, depending on the change of the ISO value. In particular, in low light conditions, the ISO values that enable a wider color universe and accurate color are recommended, and contributing recommendations have been made on how to use the most accurate ISO settings. In addition, the study has proven the theory of equivalence by calculating the color gamuts in the photograph.

Intelligence-Angel Identity in Molla Sadra's Philosophy

Hamdi ONAY — 2024-08-29

The concepts of mind and angels in Islamic philosophy have an important position as two different problems. The definition of these two areas of existence will be effective in the interpretation of creation, revelation, divine grace, inter-realm communication and similar issues. Molla Sadra, who examined the characteristics of these two realms of existence, perceived them as different expressions of a being and claimed that religious and philosophical sources would confirm this issue. In this study, we will try to make a comparison of the concepts of mind and angel by examining the works of the philosopher in order to justify the subject and analyze the claims put forward. The terms mind and angel ontologically correspond to abstract and luminous beings. The beings subject to the terms mentioned are those belonging to the highest realm that exists in the realm of creation, that is, the realm of abstract beings. These beings, known as the first being in Islamic philosophy, act as intermediaries in conveying Allah's help and grace to other beings. Therefore, this realm of existence, which is free from error and sin, is too many to be counted in terms of quantity. So, although this realm of existence, known as two different entities, is named differently, it is actually a single entity. In addition to these similarities, some thinkers have tried to criticize Sadra by highlighting some different features of the mind and angel. In this context, by showing some narrations as evidence, they claimed that angels could be seen and even made mistakes, and stated that this was not even a question for minds. Sadra argues that in the face of these and similar criticisms, angels are also flawless like minds and that their being seen is due to the level of existence. Molla Sadra, who examined the problem in depth, tried to show that these two realms of existence are one and the same by using the term mental angels.

Examination of Graduate Thesis on Sexual Development and Sexual Education

Esra SABANCI BARANSEL — 2024-08-29

The research, it is aimed to determine how the studies on sexual development and sexual education are handled in postgraduate theses, in other words, what the subject tendencies are. In addition, the trends in postgraduate theses on sexual development and sexual education were examined thematically in the research. Descriptive content analysis method was used in the research. The studies included in the research consist of 32 postgraduate theses published until 15.08.2021, with the content of sexual development and sexual education, which are allowed to be accessed in YÖK National Thesis Center. 32 postgraduate theses determined within the scope of the research were evaluated through the "Sexual Development and Sex Education Subject Field Studies Analysis Form" prepared by the researchers and analyzed by descriptive analysis and content analysis method. In the research, it has been determined that the majority of the postgraduate theses on sexual development and sexual education are master thesis, quantitative in terms of method, scanning model in terms of model/pattern, the frequency of publication has increased after 2015, and the studies are mostly published within the Institute of Education and Social Sciences. In the research, it was determined that the tendency in the postgraduate theses on sexual development and sexual education was towards sexual development.

Re-Reading Fuzuli’s Su Kasidah With Hadikatu’s-Sueda

Sibel ÜST ERDEMMehmet Burak ÇAKIN — 2024-08-29

While Fuzûlî’s Su Kasidah is one of the most beautiful examples of naat that written in the tradition of the classical literature. And his work named Hadikatü’s-Süedâ is the most beautiful example of maktel type. It’s thought that there are a lot of similarities between the two works which are the best examples of their own genre, in terms of expression and meaning. One of the most influential issues on Fuzûlî’s world of belief is his love for the ehlibeyt and his sadness for Kerbela. It is possible to find love for Hz. Muhammed and ın addition to traces of this love and sadness in Su Kasidah. For this reason, it will be tried to be revealed different layers of meaning by reading through Haidkatü’s-Süedâ in the poem. However, the large number of couplets in the kasidah and the limitations of the publication conditions made it necessary to publish the work in sections. For this reason, the article will be published in sections. In the article, the first eight coulets of the Su Kasidah were examined. Huseyin’s incident and the calamities of the prophets in Hadikatu’s-Sueda were compared ve ıt was stared that Huseyin’s incident was more sad for comunity, in the examined part. Therefore, it can be said that; the first eight couplets of Su Kasidah and the first part of Hadikatu’s-Sueda match exactly with the evaluation of the layers of meaning.

Perception Management of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as a Leader

Mehmet Hakan ÖZÇELİK — 2024-08-29

Conceptualized in the 20th century, perception management is more prominent in the 21st century, which is called the age of technology and information society. Today, easy access to information causes information pollution, which makes perceptions affected by many factors open to external interventions. As a result, perceptions can be easily directed, mass movements can be created and social events can be easily controlled. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk frequently used the newly conceptualized perception management during the Turkish National Struggle. By creating perceptions at individual, national and international levels, he encouraged individuals, Turkish nation and other nations to proceed in the direction they aimed. First as a soldier and then as a revolutionary statesman, Atatürk pushed all the limits and tried to implement them in order to raise his country and nation to the level of civilized nations. In this study; by defining the concept of perception, the historical background of Atatürk's individual, social and international perception management is included in the axis of perception process, factors affecting perception and perception management.

The Regulation on Selection and Assignment of Administrators to Educational Institutions Dated February 5, 2021, and Views of Administrators on This Regulation

Zafer KİRAZNevruz UĞUR ,Emre TÜRKOLUK ,Makbule GÜRBÜZ ,Öykü BOLAT — 2024-08-29

There are many uncertain variables that can have positive or negative effects on the functioning of the system in practice no matter how perfectly social systems such as education are designed. At this point, it is important to know the purpose and functioning of the system, and to identify possible variables of the system and to manage them correctly. In this study, it was aimed to examine the Regulation on Selection and Assignment of Administrators to Educational Institutions Affiliated to the Ministry of National Education (RSAAEIAMNE) dated February 5, 2021 and the views of administrators on this regulation. In this study, case study, one of the qualitative research designs, was used. Participants of the study were determined by purposeful sampling method. In this context, interviews were held with 15 school administrators working as school principals and assistant principals in any public school and have knowledge of the 2021 RSAAEIAMNE. As a result of the research, it was concluded that school administrators working in different schools should be trained with undergraduate or graduate educational programs, regarding administrator training processes. In addition, the majority of the participants stated that the change would affect them negatively and that this change would create a great uncertainty. Also, the participants thought that they would be disadvantaged due to the conditions of the institutions they worked for. In the light of the findings obtained as a result of the research, it can be suggested to establish a more democratic process in which the opinions of all school components are taken in the selection and assignment of administrators to educational institutions.

Evaluation of 2018 Undergraduate Programs Implemented in Education Faculties Based on The Opinions of The Faculty Staff

Hikmet ZELYURTAyfer SUCU — 2024-08-29

In this research, it is aimed to examine the 2018 undergraduate programs implemented in education faculties based on the views of the instructors. In this research in which mixed method was used, the study group consists of 63 instructors working in Inonu University, Adıyaman University, Dicle University and Fırat University Education Faculty Classroom Teaching, Science Teaching, Mathematics Teaching and Turkish Language Teaching programs. A questionnaire consisting of 21 questions was used for the opinions of the lecturers. In addition, their opinions were taken through five open-ended semi-structured questions. Questionnaire items were prepared with 5-point Likert scale. The frequency and percentage values of the answers given to the survey questions were found; content analysis approach was adopted in open-ended questions. As a result of the research, the faculty members are of the opinion that the periods of the courses in the 2018 undergraduate program are different from those of the previous program and that the standardization of national credits of pedagogical and general culture courses and the harmonization between faculties in the country are among the positive aspects of the program. It has also been observed that criticism has been made in the program, especially that the practical course hours and subject matter courses are insufficient and the program is theory-based. Instructors are of the opinion that some courses should be included in the category of pedagogical knowledge and subject matter education. In addition, it was observed that the instructors expressed their views that the 2018 undergraduate program should remain in practice.

Metaversal Teaching as a New Education Ecosystem

Burhan AKPINARTaha Yasin AKYILDIZ — 2024-08-29

In this compilation study, the reflections of the metaverse, which is the virtual and digital application of new generation internet technologies, on education are examined. In the study carried out with the method of documentary analysis, the data were read, described and interpreted, obtained from scientific written and internet sources. The theoretical framework of the study has been formed by examining the etymological and theoretical foundations of the concept of metaverse, considering this concept within the framework of education-technology relationship, and examining the positive and negative dimensions of metaverse teaching. As a result of these examinations, the potential of metaversal teaching, which reflects the technology-intensive teaching approach, which is the Information Age education paradigm, to transform education and training as a whole, has been evaluated. This transformation potential, which is now focused on the teaching process, has over time, the ontological education through the virtual self; It can be predicted that it will also penetrate its epistemological bases through the phenomenon of digital information. It can be mentioned that metaversal teaching, which strips the teaching process from time and space constraints and seems suitable for the learning of the Z generation with the game-education simulation, has many contributions such as reducing the tension between school and social media, opening new horizons for thought, individualizing teaching and increasing access to education. However, besides these contributions, the unpredictable outcomes of metaphysical teaching such as virtual self, virtual perception, disembodiment, dual identity and contactless society are troubling. Finally, it has been evaluated that the sustainability of metaverse teaching will depend on scientific, technological, pedagogical and social acceptance and developments.