Tarih Okulu Dergisi, Year 2022 Issue LVII

Student Profiles of the First Teacher’s Traing School for Girls (Darülmuallimat) in the Ottoman State

Sevim CEYLAN DUMANOĞLUMemet YETİŞGİN — 2024-08-29

In order to create woman teachers to newely established primary and secondary schools for girls in the Ottoman State, the first teacher’s training schools (darülmuallimat) was founded on 26 April 1879 in İstanbul. Students were chosen in great care to the school which was expected to give an important impetus for girls’ education. Rules for acceptance of studenst to the school were determined by laws and definded in the spirit of the time. Numbers of students were determined by the need of the state for educating the girls. Attendance, clothes, holidays, course times, behavoirs, foods, houses and healths of studens were considered in great care. For the students many social and cultural activities were held, exhibitions were made. Students were sent to foreign states to join conventions. The student profile of the school that trains the teachers needed for the education of girls and the functioning of the school are the subject of this study. Student profiles, ability to change society and contributions to history of education of the darülmuallimat were found worthy for exploration. Conditions of students in the school were greatly investigated. The study is based on qualitative research. The Turkish Cumhurbaşkanlığı Ottoman Archive’s listings for education was monitored and official yearbooks, official published periodicls and second hand sources were used to create this paper.

The Perspective of Ottoman History in Middle School Textbooks from 1939 to 1945

Derya AKIN — 2024-08-29

Advent of a new era that began with World War II in 1939 brought significant changes not only to the political and economic landscape of Turkey, but also the sphere of education. Culture policies in particular were characterized by a tendency to emphasize Western civilization and its resources. For the duration of the war, Turkish education followed a Humanist approach that affected also the historiography of the nation. The aim of the study is to investigate the continuity and changes occurred in the perceived Ottoman in secondary school history course books in the period from 1939 to 1945, put forth the historical point of view using first hand resources, and compare the prevailing approach of history to the pre-war approach of history. This study titled “an Overview of Ottoman History in the Secondary School History Course Books in the Period from 1939-1945” aims to determine how the secondary school history course book taught in the period subject to this study was affected by the political ideology of the period and how this effect reflected to the history course books of the period. In this study, the secondary school history course books of the period were examined by using document analysis technique, which is a qualitative research method. In this era, marked by the adoption of a Humanist approach, the Turkish History Thesis remained influential, although subtle criticisms of the Atatürk approach to history started to be heard, and the resulting historiography sought to integrate with the West without rejecting the thesis in question. In the secondary school history course books of the period, it was identified that how the Ottoman was viewed and perceived began to change in line with the historical approach of the period.

1980 Military Coup and Interim Regime Criticism on the Voice of the Communist Party of Turkey (TKP) Radio

Ceyda Tuna KOCAOĞLU — 2024-08-29

In Turkish political life, military-politics relations have always been one of the most important discussions, especially in the modern period. In 1908, The militarist tendencies of the Union and Progress Party in the modern political process that started with the proclamation of the Second Constitutional Monarchy and the seizure of the government by the 1913 Babı Ali Raid, that is, with a military coup, have played a decisive role in the political life of the army until today. After the proclamation of the Republic, with the influence of the military origin of Atatürk and a significant part of the founding cadres, although a military coup d’état and intervention was not apparent during the Atatürk and One Party era, the Democratic Party power, which came to power with the 1950 elections, ended with the military coup d’état on 27 May 1960. In the following period, the military-political relations, which deepened and became more tense with the Military Memorandum of March 12, 1971, became an important breaking point in Turkish politics with the military coup d’état of September 12, 1980. The interim regime period that emerged after the coup d’état of September 12, 1980, whose results and effects have continued until today in all areas of political and social life, have been heavily criticized by different political circles both in the period and in the following years. Criticisms about the period continue today. A strict criticism of the practices of the September 12, 1980 Military Coup d’état and the Interim Regime has been one of the important missions of the Turkish Left. In this context, when the comments and news on the Voice of the Communist Party of Turkey (TKP) Radio are examined, which has been broadcasting since 1971 and is one of the most important media organs of leftist thought in Turkey, despite the martial law practices of the period, the military putsch junta administration appears to be subject to serious criticism. In this study, the news and comments on the Voice of the Communist Party of Turkey (TKP) will be examined and the interim regime period will be revealed on September 12 and after. Document analysis technique was used in this study.

The Reflections of the 1960 Military Coup in Turkey and Re-Transition to Civil Administration in American Press

Yakup ÜNİŞENMetin KOPAR — 2024-08-29

Democrat Party had important influences on each of political, social, economic and cultural domains as ruling Turkey between 1950 and 1960. In this period, Democrat Party’s implementations paved the way for essential political problems, expanding frictions and conflicts with their opponents, which would later cause bitter disagreements and even violent protests. All of these led Democrat Party to take strict measures against opponents with a view to clamping down on public disorder and rule infractions. On the contrary, public unrest increased more, and consequently the Turkish Armed Forces mounted a coup and overthrew the ruling party, causing an interruption in Turkey’s efforts to sustain a multi-party political system. A new era has begun in the country with the seizure of control of the administration by the Turkish Armed Forces. The new period that Turkish commanders ruled the country was marked by military tutelage and efforts on returning a civil constutional order. This article aims to reflect the perspective of American press on the political developments after the 1960 military coup.

New World order Created after Geographical Discoveries and The Ottoman Political Economy

Hüseyin Vehbi İMAMOĞLU — 2024-08-29

When the Europeans set out to reach the Far East set foot in the continent of America, they were not even aware of what a valuable discovery they made for themselves. However, after a very short period of time, they seized the control of rich gold and silver mines of America and Africa and started the transition to a new world order in economic terms. Access to mines caused European states to leave their economies which were dependent on agriculture and to prefer a new economy model called trade economy. The idea of “mercantilism” that emerged in European countries at the end of this process accelerated the activities of exploiting the countries seen as a source of raw materials. The fact that mercantilism led to capitalism by promoting the accumulation of precious metals brought about the change of economic systems on a world scale. The emergence of capitalism was also closely associated with the industrial revolution. While the countries which adopted the mercantilist policy made countries such as the Ottoman Empire a target with their raw material and market search, they pushed the European states to put pressure on the Ottoman Empire with their constant demand for privilege. While this relationship prompted the Ottoman Empire to reconsider its political economy, global scale developments brought the end of the state.

Some Analyses on the Istanbul Artisans’ Gedik/Destgâh Practices and Journeymen During The Pre-Tanzîmât Era

Nalan TURNA — 2024-08-29

In the eighteenth century, the license/monopoly to practice a craft or trade or to exhibit tools and means of production, gedik came to the fore to solve the problems of artisans characterized by financial difficulties, a limited customers, rent increases, or the influx of immigrants from the countryside. As tools and means of production, gediks were transferred, inherited, and pledged against debts in the same century and beyond. In order to shed light on gediks and the related destgâhs practices of Istanbul artisans, this article focuses on the early nineteenth century, which coincided with the pre-Tanzîmât period (1839-1876). Although it began earlier, the actual dissolution and official termination of these monopolies occurred in the context of the signing of the Anglo-Ottoman Convention in 1838, the proclamation of the Tanzîmât in 1839, or the emergence of modern financial institutions during the same period. The article argues that the journeymen were actively involved in the same processes by negotiating with the power holders/mostly high-ranking guild members and asking them to raise their wages, lower the prices of gedik/destgâh, and open their independent workshops. It also contends that despite the lack of or less capital, at least some journeymen were able to purchase gediks and destgâhs like other urban actors. In this way, the article aims to contribute to the history of Ottoman artisans by placing ordinary people, in this case journeymen, in a broader historical context.

The Order of Justice in the Ottoman Province in the 17th and 18th Centuries: The Example of Ruha

Murat POLAT — 2024-08-29

So far, no study has been conducted on the operational mechanisms for claiming rights and the people employed for these mechanismsin the RuhaSanjak in the 17th and 18th centuries. There is a scarcity that there is no study on the actors in the justice system in Ruha, their attitudes, behaviours and roles, their positions in the face of events, and the effect of the criminals in the RuhaSanjak judicial system. This study aims to reveal the situation of the people in the military class within the justice mechanism in Ruha, tribal chiefs and elders, thus contributing to eliminating the scarcity in this area. Achieving this aim, the documents in the inventory of the State Archives Directorate of the Ottoman Archives Department were scanned, and as a result of the investigation, the existence of documents explaining the justice system and the duties and responsibilities of the people in this system was determined in RuhaSanjak. The historical literature review method was applied in the study.

Opinions of Turkish Teachers' on Digital Competences

Osman Kürşat YORGANCI — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to determine the opinions of Turkish teachers about their digital competencies. The opinions of Turkish teachers were received with the help of the "Digital Competences Questionnaire for Educators" prepared by the researcher and Google Forms. The questionnaire consists of two different parts which includes personal information and questions. The research was put into practice with the screening model, which is one of the quantitative research methods. The research data were obtained from the answers of 252 Turkish teachers who live in 42 different cities. The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis method. The answers “yes” (the strong presence of competences), “partially” (the partial presence of competences) and “no” (the absence of competences) were digitized and presented with their frequency and percentages and thus evaluated. The questionnaire, which consists of 6 main and 22 sub-items, were answered by Turkish teachers. The answers given by the Turkish teachers to the questionnaire has demonstrated that they have considered themselves as partially sufficient in the items “1.4. I attend online trainings (such as online courses and seminars and MOOC-based trainings etc.).”, “2.2. I use different websites and research strategies to find and select different digital resources.”, “3.2. I monitor the activities of my students in collaborative online environments.”, “3.3. I enable students who do group work to use digital technologies to obtain and document learning outcomes.”, “3.4 I use digital technologies to support students in planning, documenting and monitoring their own learning processes (such as exams for self-assessment, e-portfolios for documentation and display, etc.).”, “4.1. I use digital assessment tools to monitor students' progress.”, “4.2. I analyze all the data I have with digital technologies to identify students who need additional support.”, “4.3. I use digital technologies to provide feedback.”, “5.2. I use digital technologies to provide students with individualized learning environments (for example; I assign different digital tasks to different students to address their individual learning needs, preferences and interests).”, “6.2. I give assignments to students where they can use digital tools to communicate and collaborate with each other or the people in their environment.”, “6.3. I give assignments to students with which they can create a digital content.” and “6.5. I encourage students to use digital technologies creatively to solve concrete problems (such as overcoming obstacles or difficulties that arise in the learning process, etc.).” Apart from the items mentioned above, it has been seen that the teachers of Turkish have reckoned themselves sufficient for the questionnaire items.

Investigation of Multicultural Competence Perceptions of Elementary Teachers

Sevgi KINGIRSevgi KINGIR — 2024-08-29

The main purpose of this research was to examine the multicultural competence perceptions of elementary teachers. Associations between multicultural competence perceptions and demographic characteristics and multicultural personality traits of elementary teachers were also determined. The participants comprised of 407 elementary teachers working in central cities of Ankara. Multicultural Education Cultural Proficiency Scale, Multicultural Personality Scale and Personal Information Form were utilized for gathering data. Analysis of data indicated that elementary teachers perceived themselves competent with respect to multicultural education. Male teachers held lower multicultural competence perceptions than females. The results also demonstrated that elementary teachers’ perceptions of multicultural awareness decreased with an increase in their professional seniorities. Significant differences were detected in multicultural competence perceptions between the elementary teachers having pre-undergraduate and undergraduate degrees; but a non-significant difference between those having undergraduate and graduate degrees. Multicultural awareness level was found higher in elementary teachers having higher level of mother education. However, elementary teachers’ multicultural competence perceptions were not different with respect to father education level. Moreover, significant positive relationships were detected between elementary teachers’ multicultural competence perceptions and their multicultural personality traits. In the light of the findings, recommendations for future research, and preservice and in-service teacher training programs were offered to concentrate on multicultural education.

Media Use and Participation Characteristics of University Students in the 21st Century Media Literacy Perspective

Leyla UÇAR — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to examine the media literacy status of university students who actively use new media, within the framework of media usage and participation characteristics. The study aims to examine the transformation of the concept of media literacy in the context of new media literacy, as well as to develop a perspective compatible with today's conditions and to offer suggestions. The sample group of the research consists of 379 students studying at Şırnak University. Personal Information Form and the "New Media Literacy Scale" developed by Koç and Barut (2016) were used as data collection tools. Research data were analyzed by SPSS 25.0 program. In this study, in which a high level result was obtained in the new media literacy general score averages, significant differences were found in the new media literacy levels and sub dimensions in terms of age, type of program and gender variables.

Experiences of Turkish Teacher Candidates on Online Turkish Courses

Tuğrul Gökmen ŞAHİNMerve ERCAN — 2024-08-29

Teaching practice lecture has great importance in terms of both experiences that it teaches and information gained by teacher candidates with observations in the way of educating pre-service teachers and stepping into their profession. With the increasing prevalence of technology-based learning environments, it is thought that it is vital to describe how the lives of students who take the teaching practice lecture online are formed for this course. For this reason, the aim of this study was to find out what teacher candidates think about the online Turkish lecture after taking the teaching practice course as part of the distance education process. In this study, a qualitative research method was used, and phenomenology was chosen for the research design. At the conclusion of the study, it was determined that digital media is better known and used as a learning tool in the online process, and it provides easiness in the process of gaining listening and reading skills; during the online course of the Turkish lecture, participation became difficult due to technical difficulties (connection, audio, and video-based problems), the desired efficiency could not be obtained in one-to-one interaction, and student follow-up. It is anticipated that the online process will be more useful if the necessary groundwork for online Turkish lectures is created, which speeds up the process of adapting to new learning environments and course content is designed for the digital environment.

Adaptation of the Autochthony Beliefs Scale to Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study

Mehmet ELBANSelçuk ASLAN — 2024-08-29

Increasing global migration movements made autochthony beliefs focal points of migration, identity, social and political psychology research. The current research aimed to contribute to this gap in the national literature with a measurement tool. In this context, the "Autochthony Beliefs Scale" developed by Martinovic and Verkuyten (2013) was adapted into Turkish. The one-dimensional Likert-type scale consists of 4 items in total. In the adaptation study, the researchers took the opinions of seven field experts. The exploratory factor analysis (n = 209) showed that the single factor structure was quite strong, explaining 78% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (n=324) confirmed the single-factor model as in the original scale. The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was high (?��= .82). Obtained results revealed that the Turkish version of the "Autochthony Beliefs Scale" is a valid and reliable measurement tool in measuring the autochthony beliefs of individuals.

Self Directed Turkish Learning as a Foreign Language: Example of Complete Turkish

Bayram ÖZBAL — 2024-08-29

The purpose of this research is to examine the book Complete Turkish, the publication of the Teach Yourself series prepared for English speakers, in terms of self-directed learning Turkish as a foreign language. In this study, in which qualitative research method was adopted, the data were obtained through document analysis and formed by subjecting the obtained data to inductive content analysis. These themes consist of seven topics: mother tongue and target language use, design for self-learning process, method, skill teaching, transfer of culture, assessment-evaluation and visuals. The results of the research reveal that the book guides the users in the process of self-learning Turkish with its many features (suggestions for the learning process, difficulties, self-evaluation, appendix etc). In the book, it is determined that the discovery method is used in grammar teaching and the audio-lingual method is used in teaching listening and speaking skills. The lack of literary texts and the limited use of authentic visuals and the types of exercises used in the field of writing skills are oriented towards grammar and vocabulary can be listed as the limited aspects of the book.

An Investigation of School Administrators’ Leadership Behaviors

Ahmet GÖÇENEser TEMİZ — 2024-08-29

This study aims to determine the most-observed leadership behaviors at school according to the teachers’ opinions and explain these behaviors under related leadership styles. The phenomenological design, a qualitative research design, was used in the study. The research data were collected in the fall semester of the 2020-2021 academic year from 33 teachers working in public educational institutions. Researchers asked the teachers leadership-related questions, such as “What are the leadership behaviors that you observe most at your school?” and “With which leadership styles do you associate these behaviors most?" Thus, the researchers examined the teachers' opinions, which revealed their school principals’ behaviors and leadership styles. 33 written forms collected from the participants using online tools were analyzed by content analysis. According to the teachers’ opinions, the study found that the school principals’ leadership behavior fell under 23 categories: “toxic, passive, authoritarian, ethical, servant, wise, entrepreneur, democratic, conciliatory, emotional, focused, innovative, idealistic, visionary, learning, charismatic, communicative, supportive, transactional, sharing, technological, eclectic, and data-driven.” The study found that the school principals’ behaviors were mostly positive. However, there were also negative behaviors, namely toxic, authoritarian, and passive leadership styles. Even though the responses indicated that the principals exhibited primarily positive behaviors, they did reveal that several types of positive behaviors were rarely observed compared to others. These behaviors – data-based (scientific), idealistic, visionary, technological, learning, and sharing leadership styles – are essential for modern organizations. For that reason, the researchers suggest that policymakers should map the leadership behaviors observed in schools and create an action plan to develop these positive behaviors in their schools’ principals.

The Place and Importance of Entrepreneurship Skills in the Japanese Education System: Teaching Contents and Sample Applications

Murat TARHANAhmet GÜLMEZ — 2024-08-29

Entrepreneurship training is shaped in line with the needs of countries and included in the education system. Entrepreneurship education can be used as a tool by policy makers to find solutions to problems arising from sociocultural, economic and demographic reasons. In particular, the innovative education-oriented outputs of these problems are important for the future life of people. Japan, which is among the pioneers of international studies such as PISA and TIMSS, has been the subject of the research. In this context, Japan is a remarkable country in the world in terms of its socio-cultural life, economy and technological structure. Entrepreneurship education, which is seen as an important tool for solving the problems encountered in the country, has almost turned into the culture of the country. The reflection of this culture on the educational environment and the entrepreneurial practices in education aroused curiosity. Japan is a remarkable country in the world in terms of its socio-cultural life, economy and technological structuring. In this research, education-training activities in Japan are discussed in the context of entrepreneurship education. Answers to the following questions were sought. What is the place and importance of entrepreneurship education in Japan? How is entrepreneurship training carried out? Which methods are used to gain entrepreneurship skills? During the research process, document analysis was preferred among the qualitative research methods and the data were obtained through the document review form. Descriptive analysis and content analysis were used to analyze the data.

Examining Secularization through the Modernization of Turkey

Fatih YAMAN — 2024-08-29

In the field of social sciences, discussions about secularization have come to the fore with historical periodization, which is commonly shaped as pre-and post-modern, and the comparisons made between these periods. The fact that the nature of comparison is a substitute for conflict/opposition is obvious. In fact, the explanations for the social effects of the modernization process, which has a constitutive role in shaping Western political history, are discussed on the basis of gaining autonomy independently of the religious institution often regarded as an area of hegemony or tutelage. In this sense, the sacred is replaced by the secular that is opposite to the former in bringing the entire process into effect in conjunction with the meaning attributed to the modern "wisdom," which has been implied as to be the separator of said periods. Because the high-tension nature of the conflicting relationship resulting/resulted between the hereafter and this world produces new parameters in favor of this world in the context of secularism. This situation has visible effects on social life, meaning that religion has been estranged from being a reference point in decision-making processes and that the forms of religious manifestations have quantitatively decreased in practice. However, this situation does not provide a universal form and also lacks an explanation of the secularization processes in different societies. In this context, secularization in Turkey, as one of the examples of non-Western modernization, came into existence as a product of the ideological orientation based on modernization adopted by the administrative power, not with social demands in the economic, political and socio-cultural gradual process experienced by the West. Therefore, this study not only aims at a critical evaluation of secularization theory, but also discusses the changeability of secularization, which is considered as a linear result of modernization, in the unique modernization adventure of Turkish society.

“Cihanda Sulh”: Türkıye’nin İki Savaş Arası Dönem İttifak Stratejisi Üzerine

Nuri Gökhan TOPRAK — 2024-08-29

The Interwar Period between 1918 and 1939 is one of the exceptional periods in which the alliance strategy was intensively used by the states. The fact that the treaties that officially ended the First World War had exceptionally severe conditions for the defeated, paved the way for the gradual emergence of this exceptional period. As a matter of fact, the states that failed to achieve success against Turkey’s overriding of the onerous conditions of Sevres with the Treaty of Lausanne and the states that did not achieve the desired results in World War I intentionally turned to cooperation in the axis of revisionism while states that favored the continuation of the status quo in various parts of the World. Therefore, it is significant to understand both the international political atmosphere of the historical period and the conditions under which the essential principles of Turkish foreign policy were constituted during the Interwar Period.

Using The Second Screen In Digital Natives: Field Research

Ayşe BİLGİNER KUCUR — 2024-08-29

The tendency to direct users to the second screen while watching television has been increasing in recent years. Complementary content s such as textual information about what is watched on the television screen, interactive games, videos, social media content, etc., are presented to the audience before, during, and after the broadcast. The viewer's ability to navigate in digital environments has strengthened his connection with television, providing the viewer with a fluid and free environment. The digitalized world has transformed from a passive audience to an active audience and participant. Media convergence has established direct and indirect connections between television and other means, and the content broadcasted on television in a limited time has been recirculated through different means. Digital natives, who can use digital tools quickly and synchronously with traditional media, constitute a remarkable audience in terms of active and participatory audiences. This study aims to determine the digital tools used in second screen applications, the types of programs individuals prefer in second screen use, and the ways of participation. A descriptive survey method was used in the research. The research sample consists of students studying in the 1st and 2nd grades of Atatürk University, Faculty of Communication, Radio, Television, and Cinema in the 2019-2020 academic year. As a result of the study, it was concluded that most of the digital natives were connected to the internet for various purposes while watching television.

Evaluation of Axis II Personality Features in Terms of Personality Organizations

Gülhan Gökçe CERAN YILDIRIM — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to determine the predictive power of personality organizations on axis II personality traits. The research was designed in the relational screening model. The study group of the research consisted of 416 participants in different age groups. Coolidge Axis II Diagnostic Inventory Plus Turkish Short Form (CATI+TR SF) and Personality Organizations Inventory (KOREN) were used as data collection tools in the study. The analysis of the data in the study was carried out with Pearson Product Moments Correlation Coefficient (r) and multiple linear regression analysis statistical techniques. Research data were analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 data analysis program. As a result of the research; Significantly high correlations were obtained between the CATI+TR SF and KOREN subscales. In addition, according to the results of the regression analysis, KOREN primitive defenses and identity diffusion subscale scores significantly predicted all subscale scores of A, B and C clusters. It was observed that the KOREN reality test subscale score had a significant predictive power only on antisocial, schizotypal and paranoid PD, and all the findings in question were consistent with the literature. The analyzes have supported the opinions about which spectrum of personality organizations the axis II diagnoses are in.

Development of Copper Mining in the Light of Statistic Politics of Economy: The Case of Etibank (1935-1950)

Bengü DOĞANGÜN YASAMehmet Emin YARDIMCI — 2024-08-29

In this study, the copper production policies of Etibank, which plays a pioneering role in copper production in the economic history of Turkey, are examined within the framework of the activities of its subsidiaries operating within the institution and contributing to copper production. The General Audit Committee Reports of Etibank, which are prepared regularly every year, and the articles in the 1936-1950 issues of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute Journal published within the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute constitute the main sources of the study. It is seen that Etibank undertook all of the copper production during the analyzed period. In accordance with the general characteristics of the state interventionism practiced in Turkey, the utilitarian qualities of interventionism come to the fore in copper production. The first of these qualities is the desire to benefit effectively from domestic resources under the leadership of national capital. Institutionalization in copper production, permanently solving investment and employment problems in copper production, increasing copper production and observing social benefit in consumption are other distinctive features. The emphasis on economic and political independence seen in copper production activities is also important in terms of showing the continuity of the pragmatic statism model applied in Turkey.

Godot’u Beklerken Adlı Eserde Kadim Geleneklerin Temsili

Erden EL — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to identify the representation of ancient traditions in Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett, which is one of the most significant works of Absurd Drama. This study will explore which ancient traditions are used in the work, and seek to determine how these traditions can potentially contribute to the interpretation of the work. Absurd Drama emerged from the traumas humanity endured after World War II, and it suggests that the meaning has been lost in the absurd universe. Humanity has started to regard the values and concepts to which they had attached great importance before. Humanity feels destitute and helpless. Martin Esslin, who coined the term ‘The Theater of the Absurd’ and was a prominent critic in this field, stated that absurd drama employs some ancient traditions. Based on the ideas of Esslin, this study aims to reveal the relationship between the use of ancient traditions in the work and the ways in which the use of ancient traditions contributes to the philosophy of absurd drama.

A Comparative Analysis of Biopolitics Through Foucault And Agamben

Ramazan İZOLMurat CİNGÖZ — 2024-08-29

In this study, it has been revealed how Michel Foucault and Giorgio Agamben introduced the term biopolitics with different approaches and concepts. In this sense, the main issues about biopolitics and the similarities and differences in this concept are discussed in line with the views of these two names. According to the research conducted in the study, biopolitics for Foucault means a life policy of modernity based on keeping alive and regulating life. In this regard, Foucault interprets death as an exceptional phenomenon. Foucault, who states that power has changed in the context of governmentality, claims that it has evolved into a situation where the purpose of power is to keep alive. Agamben, on the other hand, focuses on the question of what will happen if the government does not want to keep alive if the main function of power is to keep alive. From this point of view, Agamben argues that the founding element of power is this fact of deciding whether to let live one or not, that is, a kind of death and killing. In this context, Agamben states that a camp is a place that obscures the state of exception and turns it into a hidden paradigm that is everywhere. In essence, Agamben focuses on the killing force of power, while Foucault focuses on power having the power of keeping alive. Eventually, Foucault and Agamben, with their views on biopolitics, complement each other in one respect.

Blended Learning From Planning to Evaluation

Sevim AŞİROĞLUHasret NUHOĞLU ,Döndü Bahar ŞAHİN SARKIN — 2024-08-29

Impact of Bank Employees' Economic Literacy Levels on Their Performance

Mine BERBERAslihan NAKİBOĞLU — 2024-08-29

This research was conducted to examine the impact of bank employees ' economic literacy on their individual performance. Purpose for personal information need in the form created by the researcher and the Wolf (2011) made a study of validity and reliability by “economic literacy scale” and Goodman and Svyantek (1999) developed by Bağcı (2014) Turkish with a twist, the validity and reliability study for the scale's individual performance in the month of August 2020 Niğde provinces and districts who work in public and private banks in running the bank have been applied to 215. The research was carried out in accordance with the permission obtained from the Ethics Committee of Niğde Omar Halisdemir university dated 29/07/2020 and numbered 32483. Analysis of the data was carried out in a computer environment. The relationship between economic literacy and performance levels of bank employees was studied by correlation analysis and the effects of economic literacy levels on performance levels by regression analysis. As a result of the research, it was determined that bank employees have a high level of economic literacy and have a high individual performance. It was found that there were high levels of statistically positive significant relationships between economic literacy levels and individual performance levels. In the study, it was found that economic rationality does not have a statistically significant effect on the individual performance levels of bank employees, but economic knowledge social economic reflections, individual economic planning dimensions increase the performance of bank employees by affecting them at a statistically significant and positive level.

The Solar Phenomenon in Zoroastrianism and Illuminationism

Mehmet Mekin MEÇİN — 2024-08-29

The epic of human civilization has been written as a result of the cumulative and joint efforts of all people throughout history. This magnificent epic has carried its existence to the present day by strengthening and growing in oral and written form for generations. This study has been thought and prepared as an example of the search for wisdom, which is considered the common concern of all humanity. The subject of the study is the Sun phenomenon in Zoroastrianism, which is the central wing of ancient Iranian religions, and in Ishraqism, which is considered the philosophical and wise school of Islam. The subject has been examined in the light of religious phenomenology as an effort to seek eternal wisdom, unity of truth in religions and human meaning. The study has been prepared by making use of the Avesta, the holy book of Zoroastrianism, Pahlavi texts and the works written by Suhrawardi. The aim of this study is to draw attention to the common phenomena and symbols in religions and to shed light on the unity of wisdom and the common source of religions by following the footsteps of the search for human wisdom. As a result of this study focused on the solar phenomenon, it has been understood that the wisdom of Ishraq manifests as a powerful tradition of eternal yeast by feeding on the ancient Iranian tradition and melting it in the Islamic pot.