Tarih Okulu Dergisi, Year 2022 Issue LX

The Leader of Muslim Brotherhood Organization Hasan Al-Banna’s Approach Towards the Idea of Nationalism

Ahmet İŞLER — 2024-08-29

After the First World War, a crude social reaction arose in terms of national independence and colonialism againist British Empire in Egypt. In this period, Egyptian nationalism was turned into a movement against British hegemony. Muslim Brotherhood Organization, which was founded under the leadership of Hasan Al-Benna, has quickly become one of the most influential Islamic organizations in the Middle East by putting an emphasis on the building of Islamic society, the establishment of Muslim World and independence againist British imperialism. The ideas of Al-Benna and his strategy became a reference to the Islamist fractions in many countries in the Middle East as it was passed accross the Egypt. Although he had developed Islamic discourse and method, Al-Benna also argued the ideology of nationalism. This paper addresses the opinions of Hasan Al-Benna, the leader of the brotherhood, about the concept of nationalism. Based on the roots of Arab and specifically Egyption nationalism, it also argues the views of some people who got inspired by the ideas of Al-Benna as well as the opinions of Al-Benna’s followers. The document analysis method is used while examining his approach to the nationalism through her works, The reason for this is that the brotherhood was taken as a model by many countries of the Middle East, especially in Turkey as a social and political organization. In this context, it is thought that an Islamic model about the interpretation of nationalism gives also different explanations for other ideologies.

According to the Ahkam Registers Rangelands Disputes Occurred in the Saruhan Sanjak in the XIXth Century

Arzu TAŞCAN — 2024-08-29

As important as the products obtained from agriculture and animal husbandry are at the point of providing the sustenance of people, the land is as important in terms of the sustainability and productivity of these products. Generally, rangelands, winter pastures, meadows and grazing lands where commercial agricultural production is not or cannot be done are natural feed resources allocated for the feed and water needs of large and small cattle. Livestock is a part of agricultural production along with agriculture in terms of using these resources. In the Ottoman Empire, the fragmentation of rangelands turning them into fields and opening them up for agriculture was not found to be correct in terms of animal husbandry. It is seen that the importance of the protection of rangelands was emphasized and understood by the authorities in the laws before 1858 and in the practices in rangelands cases in the Ottoman Empire. In this study, the rangelands disputes that took place in the Saruhan Sanjak in the XIXth century will be examined and the policy of the state regarding the rangelands will be explained through case studies. Based on the data in the documents determined from the Anatolian Ahkam Registers, which are the main source of the research, the decisions and practices made in order to resolve the rangelands disputes that occurred before the Land Law came into force will be revealed. The similarities or differences between the two periods will be determined by presenting examples from the rangelands cases that took place after 1858.

Learning Responsibilities of Secondary School Students: A Mixed Method Study

Ayşenur KULOĞLU — 2024-08-29

Purpose of this study was to determine learning responsibilities of secondary school students. Study were secondary school students that attend public secondary schools in Elazığ during 2020-2021 academic year. Sample of the study was made up of 654 secondary school students in qualitative and 38 secondary school students in qualitative dimension. In this study, the convergent parallel mixed pattern of the mixed method was used. Both quantitative and qualitative data in the study were collected at the same time. Afterwards, they were analyzed separately. “Learning Responsibility Scale” was used for quantitative data. The Cronbach Alpha reliability value of the scale was 0.94. During analysis of quantitative data, descriptive statistics, t-test and ANOVA test were applied. In the collection of qualitative data, an interview form was developed in accordance with the purpose of the study. In the analysis of qualitative data, descriptive analysis method was used. According to the results of the study, it was observed that secondary school students had a high level of learning responsibilities. A significant difference was found in how secondary school students responsibility levels according to gender and class variables. There was no significant difference according to the education level of the mother and father. It was noted that learning was important for students to get a good job and build a good future. While the presence of noise and not having their own rooms decreased their motivation to study, they noted that being successful and being motivated by teachers increased their motivation to study and willingness to learn. It could be argued that they stated they felt uneasy when they do not study, thus they were aware of their learning responsibilities.

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STUDIES ON DYSCALCULIA IN TURKEY

Bilal BALDEMİRTayfun TUTAK — 2024-08-29

This study aimed at investigating the studies on dyscalculia in Turkey. For this purpose, document analysis method was used and education and psychology databases were reviewed using the keywords related to "Dyscalculia-Math Learning Disability". As a result, 28 studies on dyscalculia were identified and systematically analyzed using content analysis. These studies were analyzed in terms of the year of publication, the university where the thesis or dissertations were conducted, and the journal in which the articles were published. In addition, these studies were analyzed in detail in terms of content and the tools used in the diagnosis of dyscalculia and the strategies for dyscalculic students were presented. Finally, based on the findings of the present study, some recommendations were put forward regarding dyscalculia. Moreover, it is thought that the different methods and techniques, the dyscalculia screening tests and especially the strategies for the treatment of dyscalculia used in the studies will present suggestions for the solution of existing problems and examples that can form a model in the education of dyscalculic students. For this reason, carrying out such systematic analyses on dyscalculia is extremely important for the education of dyscalculic students, as well as being a guide for researchers in this field.

Classroom Teachers' Opinions On Diluted Classroom Practice During The Covid-19

Bilge GÖKŞeniz HİŞMİOĞULLARI ,Tuğba ARSLANTAŞ — 2024-08-29

This study aims to reveal the opinions of classroom teachers about diluted classrooms created during the pandemic period. The study was planned in a qualitative design in order to obtain in-depth information about teacher opinions. The study group was determined by the criterion sampling method, which is one of the purposeful sampling methods, and consists of 15 primary school teachers working in public schools in Antakya, Hatay. Study data were collected with a semi-structured interview form. According to the findings of the study, it was observed that the diluted classroom practice increased the communication in the classroom and the time allocated to the students, but the fact that the students came to school twice a week made the adaptation process to the school difficult. It has been observed that teachers have difficulties in educating the curriculum and communicating with parents. It is one of the findings of the study that schools are physically inadequate.

Investigation of The Effect of The Team Market Value on The League Ranking In Europe's Big Five League and The Turkish Super League

Buğra Çağatay SAVAŞ — 2024-08-29

This research examines the effect of team market value on league rankings in Europe's Big Five Leagues and the Turkish Super League. In the study, according to the UEFA ranking as of the end of the 2020/21 season, a comprehensive data set covering the market values of 165 teams in the last five seasons between 2016/17-2020/21 seasons in Europe's Big Five and Turkish Super League and their league rankings at the end of the season was used. The data were obtained from the official websites of the country federations and the open-access internet source. In the data analysis, Pearson correlations between the two variables were measured separately based on leagues using two different statistical packages, and linear regression analyses were performed. In terms of the average of the last five seasons, it was found that the correlation between the market value and the league ranking was strong and moderate in the positive direction. In terms of the regression results, the local league rankings of the teams were explained by the team market value variable, with an average of 44-70%. It was concluded that team market value could be considered a primary factor in determining local league results.

The Unavoidable Phenomenon of Institutions: Employee Attrition

Burcu YİĞİT — 2024-08-29

In today's dynamic and complex business world, difficulties such as hard competition conditions, stress, uncertainties and crisis periods are harmful for both institutions and employees. Due to various difficulties, employees become unhappy and leave their jobs. Employee attrition is unwillingness and unhappiness feelings of employees towards work, and also the loss of motivation towards work. Employee attrition is seen both voluntarily and involuntarily in institutions. While voluntary attrition occurs with the request of the employee; involuntary attrition occurs with the request of the employer. It creates anxiety and problems for institutions. Employee attrition not only damages individuals but also damages organizations and customers. Monotonous jobs, job stress, long working hours, and excessive workload cause employee attrition. Employee attrition results with the decrease of efficiency, productivity, service quality, training costs for the institution, financial losses, and also customer losses. Estimating employee attrition is one of the way to minimize it. At this point, institutions should consider employee attrition as a serious problem and determine strategies. In this study, it was discussed the concept of employee attrition which has been studied less especially in national literature and recommendations are presented about the concept.

Investigation of Pre-service Teachers' Attitudes towards Measurement and Evaluation Course in Education

Ender ÖZEREN — 2024-08-29

In the study, it was aimed to determine how and at which level the attitudes of teacher candidates regarding the measurement-evaluation course in education. In addition, it was aimed to determine whether the attitudes of teacher candidates towards measurement and evaluation in education differ according to gender, age, teacher training program and class variables. For the purposes of the research, the explanatory sequential design method was utilized. This design is among the mixed method designs in which quantitative and qualitative methods are used together and sequentially. The quantitative study group of the research consists of 339 pre-service teachers selected by the "Simple Random Sampling" method. They are pre-service teachers actively continuing their education in the spring semester of the 2021-2022 academic year at Dicle University. In order to collect the qualitative data of the research, 12 pre-service teachers who participated in the quantitative data collection process with the purposive sampling method were selected and they voluntarily participated to the research. "Attitude Scale Towards Measurement and Evaluation Course in Education" and "Semi-Structured Interview Form" prepared by the researcher after taking expert opinion, were used to collect research data. The scale used for the research is in the form of a Likert-type 5-point rating and consists of 3 dimensions and 20 questions. The semi-structured interview form consists of three questions. In addition, the "Personal Information Form" prepared by the researcher in order to determine the demographic characteristics of teacher candidates was also used as a data collection tool in the study. The data collected for the research were analyzed by the SPSS package program. In the study, it has been concluded that the attitudes of the teacher candidates towards the measurement-evaluation course in education are at a good level. In addition, it has been determined in the research that the attitudes of the teacher candidates participating in the research towards the measurement-evaluation course in education differed significantly according to the gender, the teacher training program they attended and the grade. In addition to these results, according to the qualitative data of the research, it was determined that the pre-service teachers did not have a negative attitude towards the measurement-evaluation course in education, the importance of the course has been understood by the pre-service teachers and it can be emphasized that the pre-service teachers are cognitively sufficient.

The Importance of the Panama Canal for the World Economy from the 20th Century to the Present

Erdem Selman DEVELİ — 2024-08-29

The Panama Canal, which was started to be constructed by France in 1880 and completed by the USA in 1914, is an extremely important waterway that enables regional trade, global trade and thus the world economy to develop. Accordingly, the most important economic gain for the USA, which operated the Panama Canal between 1914-1999, is the increase in trade volume due to the shortening of the distance between countries compared to alternative routes and thus the acceleration of the process of becoming a global economic power. However, for the Republic of Panama, which took over the right to operate the canal from the USA as of 2000, both canal tolls and miscellaneous revenues from the use of the canal are two important sources for the country's economy. In addition, the importance of the Panama Canal, which brings the Americas, Europe and Asia continents closer to each other commercially, for the world economy is that it reduces transportation costs and increases the global trade volume. Considering that the decrease in transportation costs, which has a significant share in total costs, will increase global trade more, the importance of the Panama Canal for the world economy is better understood. In accordance with these explanations, the aim of this study is to examine the importance of the Panama Canal for the world economy in the historical process.

The Effect of Drama on Preservice Preschool Teachers’ Academic Achievement in Environmental Education Course and Attitudes Towards the Environment

Erdinç ÖCALOylum ÇAVDAR — 2024-08-29

This study investigated the effect of the drama-based ecological impact topic on preservice preschool teachers’ academic achievement in the “environment” course and attitudes towards the environment. The study adopted a pretest-posttest control-group experimental design. The sample consisted of 42 first-year students from the department of preschool education of Muş Alparslan University in the spring semester of the 2017-2018 academic year. The sample was divided into experimental (n=21) and control (n=21) groups. The seven-week intervention was conducted within the scope of the “ecological impact” unit, which is a unit of the “Environmental Education” course. Data were collected using an Environmental Attitude Scale (EAS) and an Ecological Impact Achievement Test (EIAT). The pretest and posttest data were analyzed using a dependent t-test. An independent t-test was performed to compare the pretest and posttest scores of the experimental and control groups. Moreover, Cohen’s d (effect size) was calculated to determine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. There was no significant difference in the mean posttest EAS scores between the experimental and control groups. However, the experimental group had a significantly higher mean EIAT score than the control group.

A New Form of Broadcasting in the Digital Age: Podcasts

Kenan BÖLÜKBAŞErkan DİNÇ — 2024-08-29

The digitalization of broadcasting technologies has had a transformative effect on the mass media, which has resulted in the emergence of new communication channels. One of these channels is podcasting. Designed as phenomenological qualitative research, this study evaluates the current situation, general features, limitations, economic structure, income models, and advantages/disadvantages of podcasting. It also examines the relationship between mainstream media, radio broadcasting, and podcasting in Turkey and in the world. Within this context, four podcasters, who actually have different occupations, but actively produce podcast content, were interviewed to reveal their perception, viewpoints, and experiences in relation to podcasts. Research data were collected through a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers and then the processes and procedures of content analysis were executed. The results indicate that being a favored and preferred form of broadcasting, podcasting is considered an alternative format rather than a rival for radio broadcasting and mainstream media forms. Podcasts were also seen as having a more democratic and multi-vocal structure according to several criteria such as their content, length, and participation models. It is seen that compared to other countries, podcasting in Turkey is still in a process of development.

An Evaluation of Woman and Woman's Education in the Context of the Primary Sources

Esra TÜRK — 2024-08-29

The subject of women has always been controversial, with discussions continuing to this today. In the religion of Islam, the first commandment begins with the verse "Read,” this makes learning, meditation and research obligatory for every Muslim without distinguishing between men and women. Within this framework offered by Islam, many female scholars have been trained and have performed important roles including teaching science to the next generation. In addition to sciences, hadith, fiqh, tafsir, etc. they were engaged in sciences such as health, history and poetry. However, in certain regions the issue of women's education has become a controversial issue due to misinterpretations or an incomplete understanding of the Islamic religion texts and the precedence of cultural codes over Islamic teachings. This study examines the topic of women and their education from the perspective of Islam, using the Qur'an and hadith as primary sources. In order to achieve these goals, related books, articles, and theses were evaluated using a document analysis method. These findings were analysed and interpreted in a systematic way. Based on the basic principles of the Qur’an and the practices of the Prophet, there are no directives that deprive women of an education or evoke gender discrimination. When the history of Islam and the hadith acquis are examined, we discover that the Prophet not only encouraged people to learn science, without discriminating between men and women, but also created an environment in which women’s freedom to learn was ensured. Women need a good education to fulfil their roles in society, to regulate their social relations and to have the consciousness of being a servant of the God.

Evaluation of Tasks Developed by Mathematics Teachers Using Online Statistics Learning Platform

Eyüp SEVİMLİ — 2024-08-29

The quantity and quality of software, mobile applications and/or online learning platforms that can be used in statistics education have increased with the development of technology. It is important for instructors know how to benefit from these instructional technologies in terms of usefulness in classroom practice. Especially in the content domain of data analysis in middle school mathematics, where students have various misconceptions and difficulties, it is important that the lectures are carried out in conjunction with tasks integrated with current teaching technologies. In this study, the tasks developed by mathematics teachers using online statistics learning platforms were evaluated in terms of their usefulness in the process of solving learning difficulties, together with their purpose and content components. 33 middle school mathematics teachers, who participated in the training as part of the online statistics education module, are the research participants. In the research, which was structured according to the case study design, the tasks developed by the participants pre-and-post training were analyzed according to their types, and the potential of the tasks to reduce the difficulties encountered in the relevant field were evaluated through participant views. The research findings showed that the tasks developed pre-training process were mostly structured for evaluation purposes and with contextual type. It was determined that more importance was given to the diversity of purposes and the integration of interdisciplinary content in the post-training process. As a result of the research, it has been observed that tasks that have the potential to reduce negative attitudes towards statistics and difficulties in the transition between representations can be developed more in the post-training process. The implications were given regarding the task development process and the content of in-service training to benefit from online learning environments more effectively.

The First of February, 1944 – The Effects of Bolu- Gerede Earthquake to Çankırı Province

Fatih ÖZÇELİK — 2024-08-29

Çankırı province is located in North Anatolian Fault (NAF) which is one of the most active fault line in the world. Therefore, the important part of the province takes first degree earthquake risks. North Anatolian Fault and its subsidiary fault lines affected Çankırı, and it had caused major loss of life and property during the historical process. Because of the earthquakes, Çankırı experienced losses and it was negatively affected in terms of development. The earthquake which was the most severe and devastating earthquake that affected Çankırı and its surroundings occured on 1st of February in 1944. The epicenter of this 7,4 magnitude-earthquake was Gerede town of Bolu. It brought about a great damage especially Çerkeş and the other towns of Çankırı. Bad weather conditions and damaged railway obstructed aids to the victims. The negative effects took a long time both psychologically and socio-culturally. This study is based on sources of the effects of 1944 Bolu- Gerede earthquake to Çankırı archieves, national and local press of the period and current literature.

Examination of the Texts in 5-8 Grade Turkish and Turkish Culture Coursebooks in Terms of Type and Theme

Ferhat ENSAREşref KAYMAK — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to examine the texts in the 5-8 grade Turkish and Turkish Culture textbooks in terms of genre and theme. For this purpose, the texts in textbooks were identified and their types were determined, the frequencies and percentile ratios of these texts were revealed. In addition, what are the themes in the books, and how the distribution of texts to themes occurs were examined. The research was patterned with a qualitative case study. The documents examined in the research are the 5-8 grades Turkish and Turkish Culture coursebooks that have been accepted as coursebooks for 5 years since the 2019-2020 academic year. In the study, the findings were collected by the method of document analysis, analyzed by the method of descriptive analysis, evaluated and interpreted in terms of percentile and frequency. As a result of the study, it was concluded that coursebooks are rich in species, but they are insufficient in terms of dec-species distribution. It was seen that there are 8 themes in the Turkish and Turkish Culture Curriculum and that these themes are included in the books in the same order.

The Development of the Budget Deficit in Turkey from the Republic to the Present

Gökay Canberk BULUŞ — 2024-08-29

Budget deficit can be defined as the negative difference that occurs when public revenues are less than public expenditures. The budget deficit, the reasons for the budget deficit, the development and sustainability of the budget deficit are one of the most discussed issues by both economists and policy makers recently. Because, it is seen that the budget deficit has increased rapidly in developed and developing countries, especially with the 1980s. Increasing budget deficits deeply affect many macroeconomic indicators such as investment, inflation and economic growth. In this study, the budget deficit, which is accepted as one of the main causes of macroeconomic instability, is examined. For this purpose, first of all, a brief history of budget deficits is summarized and theoretical discussions are included in the research. Then, the reasons for the budget deficits and the tools used in the financing of the budget deficits are explained. Finally, a periodic evaluation is made regarding the budget deficit in the Republican period in Turkey. In these periodical evaluations, in the establishment period of the Turkish economy, II. In the post-World War II period, in the planned development period, in the opening up period and in the current period, information is given and evaluations are made on the budget deficit. As a result of these evaluations, it is thought that the main reason for the budget deficit in the Turkish economy stems from the ineffective functioning of the tax collection system. In addition, While foreign borrowing and monetization were generally preferred as financing sources in the early periods of the budget deficit in the Turkish economy, it can be stated that privatization has been preferred more intensely recently.

Meeting of the First National Medical Congress in the Process of Fighting Against Epidemic Diseases

Mustafa SALEP — 2024-08-29

With the subject of health maintaining its importance throughout history, medical science has developed through experimentation, experience, knowledge and sharing. In the first quarter of the twentieth century, the wars and diseases facing humanity made it necessary to take measures in various fields. Among the most important problems of the period were infectious diseases. The rapid spread of diseases led physicians to establish professional organizations and highlighted the importance of collaboration. The First National Medical Congress, which was held in Ankara on 1-3 September 1925 after the foundation of the Republic, was the first of the professional congresses. The article deals with a number of subjects including the launch of the First National Medicine Congress, which was highly strongly supported by the government and had a large number of participants, the speeches made at the meeting, the papers presented, as well as the epidemics and the health conditions of the period. The First National Medical Congress has an important place in Turkish medical history. Giving social responsibilities to physicians in addition to their primary duties is important in terms of trust in professionals. The fact that distinguished medical scientists have presented papers on many different topics has contributed to medical knowledge. This Congress also provided resources for subsequent congresses.

THE PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF THE STUDENTS ON TRANSPORTED EDUCATION DURING THE COVID-19

Nilay NEYİŞCİEmre Konucuk — 2024-08-29

With the pandemic, urgent and important precautions have been taken in Turkey. Firstly, some companies and some government agencies were shutdown immediately and then new initiatives have been launched regarding the functioning of educational institutions. A television channel called EBA TV was operated in order not to interrupt the education process of students. After that, distance education via live course program on EBA web-site was put into practice for 8th and 12th grades, after a while for all grades the distance education process was started. In this period, the problems experienced by students benefiting from transported education became more evident. The purpose of study is to identify the problems of students on transported education during distance education caused by Covid-19 and their suggestions for the problems. In this qualitative study, structured interview forms were used to collect the data. 29 teachers and 25 students who are benefited from transported education were included in the study.

A Hermeneutic Study on the Activities of the Turkish Language Institution and Their Reflections on Society

Özlem BAŞFahri TEMİZYÜREK — 2024-08-29

The current study, which aims to interpret the opinions of the president of the Turkish Language Institution, which is one of the important institutions of the state and which determines the institutional policies in the transfer of our language and culture to future generations, about its 2023 strategic plan and language policies, was designed as a hermeneutic study in a qualitative research design. The unit of analysis in the study is the video of the interview conducted with the president of the Turkish Language Institution. In the meeting open to public organized by the International Culture and Language Academy on 31.03.2022, the president of the Turkish Language Institution made a presentation on the policies of the Turkish Language Institution and answered the questions asked. The interview, which was recorded on the Zoom platform, was then examined and analyzed separately by the researchers. The data obtained through the semi-structured interview technique were video-recorded. Findings were obtained through the content analysis of the video lasting one hour and 48 minutes and the strategic plan document. The results of the study revealed that the Turkish Language Institution continues its policy on the way of language and nation formation based on its historical mission, publishes and works on the sensitivity of the people to language, and works in coordination with other institutions and organizations to improve the status of Turkish. It is thought that the study, which aims to describe the reflection of the activities of the Turkish Language Institution on the society in accordance with the nature of the hermeneutic research, will shed light on the developments in recent years.

The Historical Development of Outdoor Education in Turkey and the Practices in the Village Institutes

Saadet TEKİNHülya GÖLGESİZ — 2024-08-29

This study aims to examine the techniques known in today’s understanding of education as outdoor education, the history of how they were used in the Turkish education system, and how they were practiced in the Village Institutes. Within the scope of the study, the literature about history of Turkish education and village institutes were analized, with particular attention to the curriculums of the village Institutes and their relationship to outdoor education practices. According to the findings the nomadic lifestyle was decisive in the educational practices of the ancient Turks. Furthermore, its emphasis was based on learning by doing and experiencing, rather than theoretical practices. It is seen that the Ahi organization, which was an effective institution in the 13th Century set important examples of outdoor education among Turks. We can see outdoor education practices in Ottoman times, too, particularly in the second constitutionalist period. Some educators have done important theoretical and applied studies on outdoor education. In particular, it is seen that the teacher training colleges of this period have largely keep up with the times in education standards. These efforts towards outdoor education in the last period of the Ottoman Empire continued in the first decades of the Republic of Turkey and were influential in the establishment of the village institutes. The technical and agricultural lessons in the village institutes curriculums and how they were applied were determined according to the features of the region in which they were established. Lessons in the institutes were shaped not only in classrooms or laboratories but also outdoors. Some of the topics of culture lessons were also taught outdoors and on the job. The programs of the institutes are based on principles such as "learning by doing", "education and training in production", "skills and work- based training", and “education born of realism”. Founded based on these principles, the village institutes played a key role in Anatolia’s enlightenment and took their rightful place in the history of world education as an exemplary establishment specific to Turkey.

Anomalies in Climate Indices, Extreme and Global Climate Change; City of Agri Case

Sevda KARACA — 2024-08-29

The most devastating consequences of global warming are expected to emerge as a result of an increase in temperatures and a decrease in precipitation. It is estimated that the regions in the hot belt will become hotter and drier if the warming cannot be stopped or its speed cannot be reduced. Turkey is located in the Mediterranean climate zone and is on the border of the warm zone. This situation has made Turkey one of the countries that will be most affected by global warming. Especially in the southern regions, hot and dry conditions are expected to be more effective. Although the fact that it is further north suggests that the effects of global warming will be alleviated in Ağrı, the semi-arid climate characteristics of the field make agriculture and livestock farming difficult even today. This study has been prepared to draw attention to the situation in the province of Ağrı of the phenomenon of global warming, which we see in all areas of life such as nutrition, access to water, health, economy and natural disasters, and which has irreversible effects in a short time. In this context, traces that can be considered as the beginning of global warming were searched. 1970-2020 measurement results of Ağrı Meteorology Station were taken as basis for the determination of the normal and deviations from the climatic events. in the climate data of Ağrı. Changes in climatic events, at least anomalies and extremes have been investigated. The station is at latitude 39°.7', longitude 43° coordinates; It has been measuring at 1646 meters in the central district since 1940. The averages were formed by evaluating the measurement results obtained. All temperature and precipitation indices data for the period 1970 -2020 are explained by graphing. The results obtained from the study show that some climate index values tend to increase (annual average temperature, hot days, hot nights, summer days, hot period duration) and some decrease (cool days, cool nights, frosty days, cold period duration) in Ağrı province. In addition, the climate indices that have a constant trend (daily temperature width) or fluctuate (annual total precipitation, heavy rainy days, very heavy rainy days, wet days, very wet days) also attract attention.

Reading Ziya Gokalp in a Whole Context of The Turkism System

Songül ULUTAŞOğuz Kaan DALGIÇ — 2024-08-29

Ziya Gokalp is undoubtedly one of the pioneers of the Turkism movement. For this reason, it has been read by many people doing research on Turkism. The most striking problem at this point is that a holistic reading has been overlooked. Our aim in this study is to show with examples why Gokalp's Turkism should be read as a whole. The era of nationalism, which resulted in the replacement of multinational structures by nation states, made it necessary for Turks to build their own nation, to reveal a national Turkish identity by researching their culture and language. Describing a new life instead of the life inherited from the Ottoman period, Gokalp combined the principles of this new life with the principles of Turkism and wanted to build a new society. In this study, the ideas put forward by Gokalp in morality, language, philosophy, politics, law, education, culture and civilization issues and concept discussions are accepted as examples. Based on these examples, Gokalp's description of the Turkish nation was discussed. It has been tried to reveal that Gokalp described the Muslim and contemporary Turkish nation with all its aspects, with the thoughts he gathered under the same roof of Turkism during the construction process.

The Analysis of Thesis and Dissertations Prepared in Turkey between 1994-2021 Related to School Readiness

Tuğçe AKYOL — 2024-08-29

The aim of this research is to examine the graduate theses on school readiness in Turkey and to draw a general framework about the overall situation of the theses prepared on this subject in Turkey. In this study, document analysis was used and the sample was determined with the criterion sampling method. The sample was comprised of 87 theses, 75 of which were master’s theses, 11 dissertations and 1 specialty in medicine, which were archived by the Council of Higher Education, Directorate of Publication and Documentation between 1994-2021. Evaluation form was used as the data collection tool of the research. As a consequence of the research, it was determined that the number of the master’s theses on school readiness was higher compared to the dissertations and specialty in medicine theses, that the research studies of the theses were mostly conducted in Institutes of Educational Sciences and that the yearly distribution of the theses was not balanced. It was determined that the highest number of the theses were conducted on Preschool Education Department, the most used method was quantitative research method including scales, and the samples were comprised of mostly children. It was also concluded that the theses mostly analyzed the relationships between different variables and school readiness, and the least number of theses were conducted on development of school readiness measurement tools.

Local People's Perspective on the Contributions of the Public and Private Sectors to the Events: The Case of Isparta

Zişan KORKMAZ ÖZCAN — 2024-08-29

Events held on important days ensure promotions locally, regionally, nationally and internationally, positively affecting local image and development. In this study, the contributions of the public and private sectors to events will be evaluated from the perspective of the locals. The research is a quantitative research and in person survey has been applied as the data collection technique. 392 participants answered the survey questions. The data has been analysed using SPSS program. In conclusion, the opinions of Isparta locals about the contributions of public and private groups towards the event activities are revealed through descriptive analysis. Since the opinions of locals were taken by survey in written form, the descriptive analysis method, which is a qualitative research method, and the percentage (%) and frequencies, which are among the quantitative research techniques, were used in data analysis. As a result, considering the opinions of the local people of Isparta regarding the contributions of the public and private sector to the events, it is seen that the people of Isparta find the events successful in terms of the public sector, and the most important part that is considered to contribute to events are universities. In addition, these rates are followed by opinions that the effects of the private sector in events are positive.

ONLINE POLYPHONIC CHOIR LESSONS IN PANDEMIC PERIOD

Ahmet Selçuk BAYBURTLU Derya KAÇMAZ — 2024-08-29

Choir lessons; It creates a very important common ground for students and teachers in terms of learning basic music information, reinforcing vocal education in a community, strengthening the concepts of intonation and musicality, acquiring choral culture and manners, and working together. This research was carried out in order to determine the efficiency of the choir lessons made with online applications, the participation of the students in the lesson, the perception of musical sensation and musicality, and to determine the effects of the pandemic process on the lesson. The research is a descriptive study and as a data collection technique; structured interview questions prepared by researchers through Google Questions ıt was directed to undergraduate music program students (n=254) selected as the sample group. Obtained data were analyzed with SPSS, t test and anova analysis were used as parametric tests. As a result of the research, the majority of the participating students positively evaluated the online choir lessons process.

A KRISTEVAN READING: A TASTE OF HONEY’S INTERTEXTUAL PRESENCE IN JUMPY

Ajda BAŞTAN — 2024-08-29

This article deals with the phenomenon of intertextuality by comparatively examining two contemporary British plays that were staged about fifty years apart. For the intertextual analysis in this study, Shelagh Delaney's A Taste of Honey and April De Angelis' Jumpy have been used as components. Interestingly enough, Jumpy was first staged a few months before Delaney died of breast cancer in 2011. Julia Kristeva’s intertextuality theory as a poststructuralist literary criticism method has been applied for this study to examine the parallels between the two plays. As stated by Kristeva, every new work is a synthesis of older works, which she refers to as a mosaic of quotations. However, the main objective of this analysis is not to manifest or prove that De Angelis has utilized from Delaney's play. When two or more texts are analysed intertextually, the reader who is the author of this article, takes on the role of critic. In this context, since each reader has read different books before, they will find distinct similarities while reading a new work. Therefore, the reader gets involved in an entirely authentic practice of intertextual criticism. Consequently, the reader has noticed that De Angelis’ perception of teenage pregnancy and daughter hatred for mother are parallel to Delaney’s A Taste of Honey as well, which have been compared and discussed in the contexts of both plays. Besides, the characters and settings also display similarities in both plays.

Qualitative Research on The Use of Mixed Research Methods in Apparel

Ece Nüket ÖNDOĞANZiynet ÖNDOĞAN — 2024-08-29

In terms of the success of design and production, different research methods such as quantitative, qualitative, and mixed are used in research. Quantitative research examines the relationships between countable variables. Qualitative research includes an interpretive approach with the use of observation, experience, and document analysis. Today, Industry 4.0, digitalization and globalization, and the mixed research method that combines quantitative and qualitative research are widely used. The mixed research method has been preferred in the ready-to-wear industry, especially since the 1990s, in terms of production methods, efficiency, and the success of commercial collections. In this study, in today's technology and global competition conditions, it has been examined how much the ready-made clothing companies prefer mixed research methods while managing the design and production process of their commercial collections. For this purpose, document analysis was used in the research. As input to the document analysis, customer service working systems, annual reports, and sustainability reports of brands with high brand awareness in fast fashion and casual wear fashion such as Beymen, the owner of the brand, Boyner group, Vakko and LC Waikiki, which are the brands that shape the Turkish ready-to-wear market, were examined. The article also provides information for potential researchers about mixed research methods, the use of these methods in apparel design and marketing. In the discussion and conclusion part, in addition to the suggestions to the researchers, suggestions are made for the professionals in the field of ready-made clothing design and marketing on the axis of the brands within the scope of the research.

Evaluating Turkish as a Foreign Language Textbooks in the Context of Digital Literacy: A Case for Istanbul B1, B2 and C1 Textbooks

Emrullah BANAZAhmet Zeki GÜVEN — 2024-08-29

With the development of technology, smart mobile phones, tablets, computers and similar digital tools have become an indispensable part of human life. While people who could only read and write were called literate in the past, today it is aimed to raise literate individuals who research, question, produce, share information and turn them into skills as a requirement of the age. Achieving this goal will be possible by raising digitally literate individuals. Digital literacy can be defined most broadly as the capacity to acquire and produce information using technology instruments. In addition to touching the screen and reading the information on it, digital literacy requires competencies such as the ability to access and use digital content, to understand digital content applications in software and hardware dimensions, to approach these tools critically, to analyse them, and to produce and share diverse content using digital tools. The technology of the 21st century has penetrated all spheres of life, and the reflections of technology in educational environments have been clearly seen. Reading and writing on traditional printed materials have shifted in tandem with technological advancements, giving way to digital reading and writing. It is well-known that different expressions pertaining to digital literacy are incorporated directly into curriculums developed in recent years. Therefore, it is essential that the developed course materials meet the expectations of those with digital literacy. In light of the preceding arguments, the purpose of this study is to assess textbooks for teaching Turkish as a foreign language in the context of digital literacy. For this reason, the qualitative research technique of document analysis will be utilised in this study. The data set of the study consists of Istanbul B1, B2 and C1 textbooks prepared by Istanbul University DILMER. Based on the literature review, the data will be analysed through keywords directly related to digital literacy determined by the researchers. The results showed that various concepts and guidelines related to digital literacy were found in all textbooks included in the research. In addition, it was concluded that the textbooks were compatible with the Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language Curriculum prepared by the Maarif Foundation in the context of digital literacy.

The Effect of Brand Experience on Behavioral Intention: The Intermediate Role of Perceived Service Quality

Yusuf BAYRAKTAR — 2024-08-29

Consumers reflect and assimilate their experiences for a product into their behavior. Product experience can be directly related to goods and services, as well as intangible variables such as brand perception or perceived service quality. This research focuses on consumers' brand experiences, quality perceptions and behaviors of the product they buy. In this direction, the aim of the research is to determine the mediating role of perceived service quality in the effect of brand experience on behavioral intention. The research tool was designed according to the impact model and was based on the Process v4.1 by Andrew F. Hayes 4th model. The research was applied on the consumers of a fast food restaurant that is a chain business. 397 participants, who were determined by the convenience sampling technique that is not based on probability, showed interest in the research. In the study, where the data set was normally distributed, hypothesis tests were tested through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). According to the mediator effect analysis results, the mediating role of perceived service quality in the effect of brand experience on behavioral intention has emerged. This result not only provides new gains to the literature, but also paves the way for new proposals for future research.

Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET) in Advertising Design

Eda ÇORBACIOĞLU — 2024-08-29

Presenting the product effectively to the target group is as important as introducing it. Metaphors play an important role in design in terms of connecting consumers with the product and transforming verbal features into design elements. The use of deep metaphors should not be limited to consumption and marketing but should be used in every field that aims to communicate with the target group. It is important to discover how and in which way they think in order to adopt tangible products and services to consumers and to make them permanent in their emotions and minds. Zaltman and his team discovered seven key metaphors universally through in-depth interviews conducted on behalf of more than a hundred clients in more than thirty countries. The aim of this study is to closely introduce deep metaphors to guide designers and researchers on the methodological use of ZMET to pursue a strategy that will deeply affect the consumer. As a method, various advertisements examples have been selected which have raised awareness at the local and global level. How to use seven basic metaphors in the advertisements are analyzed on these examples, in order to use metaphors efficiently. As a result of this analysis, it’s obvious that metaphors are used frequently in the advertisements to transmit the messages quickly and efficiently to the consumer.

An Analysis of Teachers’ Views on Values Education by Various Variables

Zeynep BAŞÇI NAMLIRamazan SEVER — 2024-08-29

This study aimed to examine the views of teachers on values education by considering different variables. The study sample designed in the survey model consists of 441 primary school teachers working in the centre of Erzurum city, with different demographic characteristics. Data was collected with a 5-point likert scale consisting of 25 items and three sub-dimensions in the form of an opinion survey for values education. In the analysis of the data, independent samples t-test from among parametric tests and one-way analysis of variance were used to determine the teachers’ opinions by taking different variables into consideration and using the SPSS program. The results of data analysis indicated a statistical significance in favour of female teachers concerning their views on values education including the sub-dimensions of effective values education, values covered in the curriculum, and the general sum of all sub-dimensions, and, likewise, as well as in favour of the teachers with a professional seniority of 26 years or more in terms of their views on the sub-dimension of family-environment-media, and in favour of the teachers who had been trained about values education during their undergraduate education in terms of their views on values covered in the curriculum and the general sum of all sub-dimensions. No statistical significance was found in the views of teachers on values education, considering their school of graduation and whether or not they had participated in any in-service courses/seminars related to values education. Based on the findings, the importance and necessity of values education should be emphasized so that awareness can be raised in this regard, and teachers should be presented with the necessary information related to this, in practical ways, both before and after service, with rich content in order to guide about the way values education should be conducted.

Significations In Advertisements: A Semiotic Review On Jewelry Ad-vertisements

Göktürk YILDIZSinem NELİK — 2024-08-29

Advertisements play an effective role in conveying the determined ideas to the society. Interaction between advertisers and consumers is ensured by the indicators in the advertisement texts and visuals. Advertisements should appeal to all segments of society as much as possible in the interests of advertisers, because Ads that affect the minds of consumers mean profit for advertisers. Indicators in advertisements are of great importance for advertising industries, as profits will increase proportionally to every segment that can be reached. In this study, the basic question sought to be answered is as follows: "By what indicators do advertisements affect consumers' purchasing decisions?" For this purpose, the indicators, lifestyles and social values in the commercials about jewelery, which is one of the most prominent objects of consumption culture, will be examined. Selected advertisements will be analyzed using the semiotic analysis method of Roland Barthes.