Tarih Okulu Dergisi, Year 2022 Issue LXI

The Relationship Between Professional Ethics of Teachers and Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Muhammet ZİNCİRLİBegüm YÜCESAN — 2024-08-29

This studies aims to examine the relationship between teachers' perceptions of teaching professional ethics (TPE) and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB). The universe of the research consists of 311 teachers working in schools in the city center of Tunceli in the 2020-2021 academic year. In the study, the correlational survey model, one of the general survey model types, was used. Since the obtained data provide the normal distribution assumptions; t-test, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Pearson Correlation analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis were performed. According to the findings obtained from the study, it was seen that the perceptions of TPE and the kindness sub-dimension scores of OCB were "very high". It was determined that the total score of OCB, altruism, conscientiousness, sportsmanship and civic virtue sub-dimensions scores were "high". According to the results of Pearson Correlation Analysis, there are positive significant relationships between perceptions of TPE and OCB total score and all sub-dimensions. As a result of multiple regression analysis, it can be said that teachers' OCB (altruism, gentlemanly courtesy and civic virtue sub-dimensions) significantly predict their professional ethics perceptions. In addition, it was concluded that the OCB level explained approximately 35% of the total change in the perception of TPE. Looking at these results, it can be interpreted that OCB has a role in teachers' perceptions of TPE.

An Examination of Scientific Studies on Vocational Elements in Yedİ Iklim Turkish Teaching Set

Berker ERTÜRKMUHAMMET MEMİŞ — 2024-08-29

The purpose of this research is to examine the findings of scientific studies examining the vocabulary elements in the Yedi Iklim Turkish teaching set used in teaching Turkish as a foreign language, then to classify these findings and collect them under a single roof, and thus to create a data source for studies in the field of teaching Turkish to foreigners. For this purpose, the data of the research were obtained by using the document analysis method, one of the qualitative research designs. Sixty-two (62) articles and fifty-four (54) theses were reached, in which the Yedi Iklim Turkish teaching set was examined, as a result of the search made in the databases of the National Thesis Center, Google Scholar, TRDizin, Ulakbim, ResearchGate, Sobiad and DergiPark with the key concepts determined by the researcher. In line with the criteria determined by the researcher, out of a total of one hundred and sixteen (116) studies reached as a result of the scanning, seventeen (17) articles and thirteen (13) theses, which study the vocabulary elements in the Yedi Iklim Turkish teaching set, were included in the study. Evaluated studies are presented in tables by classifying them according to their types, publication years, the number of teaching sets they have studied, the language level/levels they have studied, their aims, the problems they have identified and the results they have reached. At the end of the research, it was concluded that the majority of the studies examining the Yedi Iklim Turkish teaching set within the framework of vocabulary consisted of articles in the form of articles, the most studies were conducted in 2019, the researchers were more inclined to examine a single teaching set, the number of studies dealing with all levels of the teaching set was higher, and the most ıt was concluded that many idioms were examined.

Examination of Graduate Theses on String Instruments in Terms of Various Variables

Ender Can DÖNMEZ — 2024-08-29

In this study, postgraduate theses on string instruments in 2021 were examined. The research is a descriptive type of qualitative research. In the result of working; it is aimed to describe the current situation, compare it with previous years, reflection of the pandemic process on theses and give an idea to new studies by revealing the variables such as method, degree, theme and subject of the theses made in 2021. Within the scope of the study, 57 theses were examined with the "document review" method. The results are explained with figures and tables. 30 of the examined theses were written for Violin, 14 for Cello, 8 for Viola and 5 for Double Bass. 37 master's, 11 doctorate and 9 art proficiency theses were examined. According to the findings obtained in the study, in 2021, the master's thesis for string instruments was studied the most and the thesis of proficiency in art was studied the least. Theses were done in 22 different universities. Most theses among universities were written in Gazi University. In terms of the number of theses; among the instruments, the violin is in the first place and the contrabass is in the last place. Fine Arts Institutes are in the first place among the institutes where theses are studied. It is followed by Social Sciences Institutes in the second place. In the method distribution, it was understood that the descriptive method was in the first place. When the thesis themes were examined, it was understood that "instrument education" was preferred in the first place, and when the thesis subjects were examined, "musical work analysis" was preferred in the first place. It is among the findings reached as a result of the research that theses are mostly written with descriptive methods. In the string instrument theses written during the 2021 pandemic period, there was no difference between the studies conducted in previous years in terms of subject, theme and method. In line with the findings obtained from the study, suggestions were made for the researchers.

Opinions of Preschool Teachers on Gaining Values Education with Music Activities

Esma BÖREKÇİ — 2024-08-29

The aim of this research is to reveal the views of preschool teachers on gaining values education with music activities. Case study, one of the qualitative research methods, was used and the study group consisted of 34 preschool teachers. The data obtained through open-ended interview questions were analyzed by content analysis method. The codes obtained were gathered under certain themes. The reasons why the teachers prefer the songs they use for values education are due to the songs’ being educational, entertaining, suitable for the subject, memorable, the meaning of the words, being suitable for their age and development, being interesting, facilitating the adaptation to the class and the children's love. Teachers gain values in music activities through integrated activities, singing, creative dance activity, listening to music, dramatization and playing a musical instrument. It was revealed that they do not find the pre-school education program sufficient in terms of gaining values.

Job Seeking From Behavioral Economics Perspective: A Theoretical Analysis

Esra Nur AKPINAR — 2024-08-29

Job seeking behavior of the educated young unemployed is a very complex process, and the analysis of this process is very important in terms of employment of the educated young unemployed, which is one of the major problems of the Turkish economy. The aim of this compilation study is to analyze the job search process of the educated young unemployed, especially from the perspective of second-generation behavioral economics. Because the analysis of this process, which depends on the will of the individual and has many cognitive, psychological, economic and social contexts, is too complex and multidimensional to fit into the perspective of traditional economics. In fact, the broad perspective of behavioral economics, which takes into account the cognitive, psychological and socio-economic context and dimensions, can be a guide in analyzing the economic decisions and behaviors of educated young individuals. Multidimensional analysis of the job seeking behavior of educated young unemployed from the perspective of economics and cognitive psychology is very important for individuals to find jobs suitable for their careers. Because the solution of the unemployment problem of educated youth has a decisive role in bringing this demographic richness of Turkey to the economy.

An Evaluation ofthe Story of Samson and The Messages Held to His People Through His Fall in The Perspective of Tanakh

Fatih EROĞLAN — 2024-08-29

Religious experiences play a very important role in the relationship of communities that are subject to religion with sacred texts. These religious experiences acquire deeper meanings through the stories and heroic narratives in sacred texts and the exemplary human models presented in connection with these narratives. In the narratives that sacred texts present to their believers, these models are presented with deep meanings and metaphors. These meanings and metaphors contribute to the formation of social memory and the shaping of believers. In addition to being a part of sacred texts, these narratives assume important functions in the sociocultural transfer of social memory to future generations. However, the teachings of the holy books, which play a central role in the internalization, transmission, and presentation of these stories as a model for believers, occupy an important place in understanding the plot of the story. The story of Samson in the Judges section of the Tanakh has an important place among these stories. In this article, the extraordinary story of Samson, an important hero, and ruler of the Judges period, is discussed within the framework of the basic teaching of the Tanakh. In this context, as Samson’s story is considered a representative narrative of Israel, the criticisms made against Samson's people and the messages intended to be given to them through Samson are evaluated. Based on the connection between Samson and Israel, this article aims to show how the story of Samson is used to reinforce the political, religious, and cultural values of an ideal Israel.

A Conceptual Examination on the Islamic Moral Philosophy

Hamdi ONAY — 2024-08-29

The moral issue is a field specific to human beings, related to all human actions. Human beings encounter some negative situations, either individually or socially, at every moment of their life. One of the most powerful ways to overcome these difficulties is to live by moral principles, rules and standards. Basing Islamic morality on religious references stems from its feature of being both a divine order and a human necessity. Of course, since the morality is not just a religious issue, it has been widely discussed in different societies and cultures in the historical process. This research is a philosophical examination of the definition, sources, purpose and nature of Islamic morality. Considering and examining Islamic morality as a whole requires taking these situations into account. In this respect, the issue will first be discussed in the axis of the formation process of Islamic morality. Then, the definition and purpose of morality will be examined and the understanding of the issue will be shed light on. Since knowing the sources of moral makes it necessary to evaluate the issue from a scientific point of view, the nature and basic issues of Islamic morality will be presented to attention by considering the works written by Islamic thinkers on the subject in the historical flow.

Determining Teacher Candidates' Usage of 21ST Century Learning Skills

Hilal KAZUMümine Güher ÖZERCAN — 2024-08-29

The main purpose of this study is to examine the use of learner skills by prospective teachers in terms of various socio-demographic characteristics. In order to achieve the aim, the scanning model which are included in the quantitative researches, were used. The sample of the research consists of 728 teacher candidates studying at the Faculty of Education of Fırat University in the 2019-2020 academic year. Within the scope of the research, the data were collected with a 5-point Likert-type scale that measures the use of 21st century learner skills. The 21st century learner skills scale consists of cognitive skills, autonomous skills, cooperation and flexibility skills, and innovative skills sub-dimensions. According to the research findings, the level of use of 21st century learner skills and sub-dimensions of teacher candidates is above the medium level. In addition, while there is a difference in favor of male students in autonomous skills and innovation skills, there are also differences according to the department variable. Especially, innovation skills differ according to family income level. It was found that there was a difference in cognitive skills and innovation skills according to mother's education level, and in cooperation and flexibility skills and innovativeness skills according to father's education level.

An Example of Nationalization in the First Years of the Republic: Mersin Port Works Monopoly Turkish Joint Stock Company

İbrahim Halil Aytarİbrahim Bozkurt — 2024-08-29

In 1872, Mersin Port had four piers. With the completion of the Adana-Tarsus-Mersin railway in 1886, the trade volume of the port in Mersin increased. In Mersin, which is one of the important port cities of the Eastern Mediterranean, in the 19th century, there were consuls and deputy consuls of thirteen countries, together with France, England, Spain, Russia, Italy, Austria-Hungary and America. In the 19th and 20th centuries, ships with the flags of England, France, Russia, Greece, Austria, Spain and the Ottoman Empire were coming and going to Mersin Port for commercial purposes. With the effect of the trade agreements signed with European countries during the Ottoman period, the volume of ports and trade increased at the expense of the state. The Ittihat and Terakki Party, which was established after the Second Constitutional Monarchy, tried to reverse this situation with the National Economy policy it tried to implement. In the Republic of Turkey, the economic policy in question was decisive and the nationalization policy was followed regarding the operation of the ports. In this context, Turkey started to use the Cabotage right for Turkish maritime and maritime trade as of July 1, 1926. In order to make maximum use of the commercial activities within the ports, which constitute a significant part of the country's income, the port administrations, which became state monopoly, were transferred to joint stock companies under the control of local administrations. One of the port monopolies established in the first years of the Republic was the "Mersin Port Monopoly Company". In this context, the aim of the research is to clarify the process of transfer, operation and construction of the port in the city to Mersin Port Monopoly Company as an extension of the nationalization policy in the field of economy.

The Sample of Lean Management and Value Stream Mapping (VSM)

İrem TANYILDIZIDEMİR — 2024-08-29

With the rapid soaring up in competition, it becomes significant for use of available scarce resources efficiently. The efficient use of available resources is associated with waste. The concept of waste leads us to the concept of lean. The concept of lean generally eliminates the waste in the process and aims to ensure continuous flow in the process, grow productivity, and profitability, reduce costs, and present the product or service in accordance with the customer's definition of value at the desired place and time. Value stream mapping (VSM) is one of the lean management techniques and is a technique that provides the visual adaptation of product or service processes. Through this technique, value-adding and non-value-added activities and points that cause waste are visually displayed on the map. The purpose of the study is to see the process as a whole by creating a current state value stream map for the work and operations performed by patients who are referred to the ultrasound process by a university hospital general surgery department patients, to identify value-adding and non-value-added activities, to apply lean techniques to reduce waste and to show the improved service flow on the future status map and to inform the hospital management and employees about their acquirements and suggestions. The method of this study is action research, which is one of the methods of qualitative research, and observation and interview methods were used as data collection tools for this study. The VSM technique which is among the techniques of lean management is chosen. In this study, the total flow time of the patients referred to the ultrasound process in the general surgery department was found to be 3338.62 minutes in the current state value stream, and with the proposed lean techniques, it was found that the total flow time could be reduced to 2375.63 minutes in the future state value stream map.

Comparative Evaluation of Occupational Accidental Statistics in the Turkish Construction Sector Between 2011-2020 Using Workplace, Employment and Economic Growth Data

Kamil Hakan DERİNlLEVENT ŞAHİN — 2024-08-29

Occupational accidents in Turkey, as well as in the whole world, negatively affect societies both socially and economically. The Occupational Health and Safety Law No. 6331, which entered into force in 2012 in Turkey, filled an important gap in the legislation, but the number of work accidents in the country continued to increase exponentially in the following period. The main reason for this situation is the inadequacy of the implemented policies due to the fact that the actual occupational accidents are not fully reflected in the statistics. A similar situation is observed in the construction sector, where unregistered employment is the highest. The construction sector is one of the main lines of business where work accidents and deaths as a result of work accidents cannot be reduced to the desired level with known general measures. In order to build innovative policies that can reduce work accidents and deaths as a result of work accidents in the Turkish construction industry, the current situation in the industry should be analyzed using the right parameters. In this study, occupational accidents and deaths as a result of occupational accidents in the construction sector between 2011-2020 will be analyzed and evaluated using data on workplace, employment and economic growth in the sector.

An Investigation of the Children's Journal Named “Guguşçuk” Published in the Autonomous Region of Gagauzia in Terms of Structural Features

Murat SARIBAŞMerve ŞEPİTCİ SARIBAŞ — 2024-08-29

The research, it is aimed to examine the children's magazine named “Guguşçuk” published in the Autonomous Region of Gagauzia in terms of its internal and external structure features. The material of the research consisted of the Fall-2020, Winter-2021, İlkyaz-2021, Summer-2021, Fall-2021, and No:6-2022 issues of the journal “Guguşçuk”. The data were collected with the Children's Journal Evaluation Form and analyzed by making frequency-percentage calculations. As a result of the research, the magazine is completely for children in terms of size; completely in terms of paper and print quality; partially in terms of some features of the page layout, completely in some features; partially in terms of some features of the images, completely in terms of some features; It has been found that it is completely suitable in terms of font and partially suitable in terms of the font. In addition, it was determined that the magazine was not suitable for children at all in terms of some features of the cover and binding, partially in terms of some features, and complete in terms of some features. When the internal structure features are examined, the magazine provides children with some features of the subject partially, some features completely; completely in terms of theme features; partially in terms of some features of language and expression, completely in terms of some features; completely in terms of font; It has been seen that the heroes are partially suitable in terms of some features and completely appropriate in terms of some features. In addition, all the issues of the magazine are planned in themselves; in the last issue of the magazine, a completely regular plan was followed in the other issues; It was determined that the plan applied in all the issues of the journal was completely suitable for the developmental characteristics of the children.

Suhte Movements in Saruhan Sub-Province and Surrounding Area and Measures Taken Against Them

Naime Yüksel KARASU — 2024-08-29

Although the 16th century represents the apex of the Ottoman power it was a period at the same time that social unrests, military uprisings, fights for the throne happened and illegal movements of medrese students that we examine here were seen. Medrese student movements were an important part of this chaotic period, which started in the 16th century and continued throughout the 17th century. Medreses, in which were given education and training, completed its institutionalization in the Classical Age which were formations that classified scientfically. It is seen that in this period medrese students, who were growing in number day by day and were waiting for position, started uprisings in verious regions of Anatolia because positions were given illegally in Ilmiyye Class. Especially starting before the reign of Suleiman the First, movement of getting position influenced from center to periphery and this caused medrese students to wait for positions and as a result of this medrese students started banditry in big numbers. In this study, the suhte movement will be analysed in the case of Saruhan Sub-province and its environment which started in a lot of regions of Anatolian as result of political social and economic crisis. Mühimme registers are top important sources for this movement which has been considered as banditry and which was called ehl-i fesat, haram-zade and suhte. In the light of this sources starting from the middle of the 16th century to the end of it will be analized the reason for suhte movements, and what they caused.

The Effect of Writing to Learning on 7th Grade Students' Understandings of the Nature of Science and Pseudoscientific Beliefs

Sadık ÖZTÜRKServet EKMEKÇİ — 2024-08-29

In this study, the effect of inquiry-based activities of explicit-reflective approach and writing to learning assignments (Poster, Letter and Research report) on 7th grade student’s the nature of science understanding and pseudoscientific beliefs was investigated. The study group consists of 38 students studying in the 7th grade of a public secondary school in the Kâhta district of Adıyaman province. In the study, a quasi-experimental design with pre-test post-test paired control group was used. In the Experimental and Control groups, the lessons were carried out with the nature of science activities developed by the researcher within the scope of "The Solar system and beyond" unit and the Science Applications course curriculum. In Both of the Experiment and Control groups, three activities were conducted as "Big bang theory", "historical views about the universe" and "Pluto celestial body" within the scope of the nature of science, "Natural stones", "Astrology" and "Searching for water with a stick" in related to pseudoscientific beliefs. While the Experimental group was preparing writing assignments for extracurricular learning, the control group did extra similar in-class activities. Data were collected with the Nature of Science and Pseudoscience belief scales. In the statistical analysis of the data, Mann-Whitney U test for independent groups and Wilcoxon T test for dependent groups were used. According to the findings of the study, the inquiry-based activities of the explicit reflective approach improved their understanding of the nature of science and decreased pseudoscientific beliefs. The fact that writing to learning creates a positive and significant difference in favor of the experimental group in both dimensions shows that it is used more frequently and effectively in science teaching.

Marius’ Military Reform and Populares

Sinem AYDOĞAN DEMİROkan DEMİR — 2024-08-29

In his electoral speech for 107 B.C., Marius held proconsul Mettelus responsible for unjustifiably lengthening of the Numidian War. In order to fulfill his promise of swiftly ending war and capturing Iugurtha, he drafted volunteers among proletarii in his army. Before that, Romans were called into the citizen army according to their positions in five classes in which citizens were registered according to their wealth and which was also the basis of the Centurian assembly. Marius' enrollment was applied against senatorial nobles in accordance with political polarise between optimates and populares. As a result of the socio-economic crisis of the second century B.C. enrolment of assidui, Roman middle-class farmers, became harder this century. While Gracchi aimed to enhance the people’s economic conditions with the agrarian reform program and also tried to overthrow senatorial hegemony over the Roman constitution to the advantage of the popular assemblies and people’s representatives. Although the senate repulsed the Gracchan reform movement, the political crisis in the Late Roman Republic created a popular leader who enrolled proletarians in the army. Violence and corruption in the post-Gracchan era led the politicians who opposed the senatorial government to invent different political methots. Marius, who solved the manpower shortage of the Roman army, because of the pressure of the conjuncture, by using his veterans as a political tool, converted populares movement. The conditions which were demanded military reform are primarily argued in the paper. In addition, it aims to clearly comprehend the position of military reforms in Roman politics through relation to military and political representation. The conflict between the senate and populares as being the background of the political crisis which was made possible the Marian military reforms consists focus of the study.

The Baroque Period and Famous Painter Rembrandt

Tahir ÇELİKBAĞ — 2024-08-29

The art of painting has survived from cave and rock drawings, which are considered the beginning of human history, to the present day and has attracted the attention of researchers. Baroque art started at the end of the 16th century and spread in many countries of Europe in the 17th century, and this style, which continued its existence until the middle of the 18th century, seems to come to the fore in painting, sculpture and architecture. It emerged as a result of the Catholic movement against the Reformation in the period of Baroque art. In this period, a stance was taken against the Renaissance and Mannerism in terms of both artistic intellectuality and practice. In this context, Rembrandt was influential in illuminating the sociological impact of social events with a documentary understanding of the period in which he lived. Rembrandt, the famous painter of the Baroque period, worked on religious and civil issues of his age, as well as more than 60 portraits that were documents in terms of his art development. While painting social events, the painter shed light on the Baroque period and the devastating effect of the thirty years war. In this context, the artist succeeded in reflecting the emotional effects of the subjects he studied on the facial expressions of the figures. The painter also adopted a theatrical narrative interpretation style in order to strengthen the form of expression in the subject narration. In this period, the traces of the static classical style of the Renaissance began to be abandoned in all fields of art, and painting works were brought to life with the method of intense light and dark shading. The aim of the research is the understanding of art the period in which the painter lived, his style and the subjects he dealt with were discussed. In addition, qualitative research method was used in this article.

The Role of Cartoons in Child Development According to Classroom Teacher Candidates

Yasemin KUBANÇ — 2024-08-29

Screen dependency is a very common problem today, and teachers are one of the people who spends most time with children after family. In this context, increasing awareness of teacher candidates as future teachers is important in terms of how critically they can look at on-screen publications and how they look at their perspectives. As a result of the literature review, the study that was investigating the role of the class teacher candidates in the development of cartoons in children was not achieved. In this context, it is intended to identify the cartoons followed by the class teacher candidates and to reveal their views on the impact of these cartoons on child development. For this purpose, the qualitative research methods were collected as data, as well as cartoons followed by teacher candidates using semi-structured interview method. The data obtained is analyzed by the researcher by means of content analysis, and positive and negative views are collected in Article 39. In the second stage, the researcher classified the views indicated by the teachers according to their development areas and tried to determine which development areas cartoons have more features for. The participants are determined by the method of sampling criteria from the sample methods for purposes. 33 classroom teacher candidates who meet the criteria set have been selected as participants. The study showed that the teachers' candidates watched the most "Rafadan Tayfa" cartoons. Teachers have expressed that cartoons have a positive contribution and negative impact on the social and emotional development of children at most. In this context, "Pepee and Doru" cartoons have the most positive characteristics for social and emotional development, while the "Powerpuff-Girls" cartoon has the most negative features.

The Effect of Transactional Reading Model on Students' Mental Image Construction Skills

Yelda KÖKÇÜŞener DEMİREL — 2024-08-29

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of the transactional reading model on the mental image formation skills of 7th grade students and to reveal their opinions. The sampling in the quantitative dimension of the study consisted of a total of 66 students, 33 of whom were in the study group and 33 of whom were in the kontrol group. The sampling in the qualitative dimension consisted of 14 students who voluntarily participated in the study. In the present study, the Explanatory Sequential Design, which is one of the mixed method designs in which quantitative and qualitative data are used together, was used. The quantitative dimension of the study was designed in line with the experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group. In the qualitative dimension, interviews were made with the students in the experimental group, and the interviews were recorded with an audio recorder. The implementation process of the study lasted 10 weeks which consisted of 8-week experimental implementation, and 2-week pretest and posttests. To collect the quantitative data of the study, “Mental Image Evaluation Form (MIEF)”, which was developed by the researcher, were used. The strategies that were used in the experimental group were taught to the students with the Gradual Responsibility Transfer Model. To collect the qualitative data, the “Semi-Structured Interview Form”, which was developed by the researcher, was used. In the analyses of the data, the percentages (%), frequencies (f), t-test of Independent Groups Mann-Whitney U test were used. the content analysis method was made use of in the analyses of the qualitative data. According to the findings obtained in the quantitative dimension of the study, a significant difference was detected between the mental image establishing scores of the students in the experimental and control group in favor of the experimental group. According to the qualitative findings of the study, it was determined that the experimental group students had positive opinions about the transactional reading model. In addition, students also stated that Turkish teaching that was carried out according to the transactional reading model increased the permanence of knowledge, and ensured that different strategies, methods and techniques are used in the classroom environment, and also improved mental image formation skills.

Attitudes Scale of Teachers Working in Village Schools towards Village People: A Validity and Reliability Study

Zeliş KURTGül GÜLER — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to develop a reliable and valid scale to measure the attitudes of teachers working in village schools towards the village people living in the village where they work. The study group of the research consists of 542 teachers working in village schools or worked in village schools throughout Turkey. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis was applied on the data obtained to reveal evidence for the construct validity of the scale. As a result of the analysis, a three-factor final scale form consisting of 20 items was obtained. It explains 37.5% of the total variance. In order to determine the reliability of the scale, the Cronbach Alpha correlation coefficient was calculated as 0.83. According to the results we meet, it can be said that the scale has a valid and reliable feature to reveal the attitudes of village school teachers towards the village people.

Turkey’s Use of “Soft Power” as a Tool of Humanitarian Diplomacy in the Russian-Ukrainian War

Adil AKTAŞ — 2024-08-29

As an interdisciplinary concept, humanitarian diplomacy is at the intersection of International Relations and Public Relations. Unlike the classical/traditional diplomacy practices of sanction, threat, memorandum, military force, etc., humanitarian diplomacy is based on the applications of soft power to endear, agitate to his side, attract, change images and perceptions in a positive way and gain reputation. The widespread use of mass media, globalization and global problems can be considered as natural reasons as a result of technological developments for countries which turn to this kind of diplomacy. However, it is also an important reason for preference that this new understanding of diplomacy has less expensive and longer-lasting positive effects compared to classical applications. In this context, the subject of the study is the practice of humanitarian diplomacy of Turkey during the Russian-Ukrainian war. The study was carried out by the literature review method focused on the Russian-Ukrainian War and humanitarian diplomacy. As a result of this study it became clear that such diplomacy practices that shape Turkey’s foreign policy contributed to the image of Turkey in the international public opinion and had positive results in terms of maintaining bilateral relations of both countries.

A Research on the Origin of the New Uygur Turkish Vocabulary

Bahtiyar BAHŞİ — 2024-08-29

The New Uyghur Turkish spoken by the Uyghur Turks, one of the oldest Turkish communities living in the East Turkestan Autonomous region today, continues to exist as a continuation of Uzbek Turkish and Chagatai Turkish. New Uyghur Turkish, which is accepted as a branch of Eastern Turkish in the classification of Turkish dialects, is spoken by a large Turkish population in a very wide geography today. Due to the connection of New Uyghur Turkish with the past and the geography where it is spoken, it has been under the influence of Arabic, Persian, Russian and Chinese languages. The aim of this study is to investigate the origin of the words in the New Uyghur Turkish vocabulary. As a result of the research, it has been determined that 77% of the words in the New Uyghur Turkish vocabulary are Turkish, 11% are Arabic, 7% are Persian, 4% are Russian, and 1% are Chinese. Based on these results, it has been determined that a large part of the New Uyghur Turkish vocabulary consists of Turkish words. In addition, as a result of the research, it was determined that New Uyghur Turkish added words from Arabic, Persian, Russian and Chinese languages to its vocabulary, and Persian and Russian words were mostly used in New Uyghur Turkish after Arabic.

Physical Education and Gymnastic Understandings of Plato and Socrates

Arzu PEKĞÖZ ÇEVİKER — 2024-08-29

Discussions on concepts, theories and systems related to education have been going on for centuries. In this study, Plato and Socrates' understanding of education in general and physical education and gymnastics in particular were examined. In this respect, the scope of the study is limited to the education, physical education and gymnastics understanding of these two thinkers. However, where necessary, the views of thinkers on other fields of philosophy are also included. When Plato and Socrates' views on education are considered as a whole, education, it is the process that exists in human nature and directs them to the good and the right. According to Plato, physical education and gymnastics are evaluated mainly within the framework of being ready for war, while Socrates evaluates this within the framework of being strong and healthy. Plato, physical education and gymnastics, tries to make human as a whole virtuous. In this respect, his gymnastics training expresses an education that includes not only the physical side of the human but also the inner side of the person. To be good as a whole, to achieve beauty and harmony, depends on performing gymnastics training that beautifies the body and music training that perfects the soul together and in harmony. According to Socrates, he states that there are some diseases mentioned in physical education and gymnastics and that in order for the body to get back in order, the soul must first be healed, and draws attention to the connection between the body and the soul. Expressing that the soul needs magical expressions while healing, Socrates also states that beautiful expressions are important. In this way, it states that the soul will mature, become wiser and support the recovery of the body with beautiful expressions. By establishing a relationship between physical education and medicine, he argues that physical education comes before medicine.

An Evaluation of the Government System in the 1924 Constitution from a Historical and Legal Perspective

Bilal TUNÇEren BACAK — 2024-08-29

Turkey is a democratic country that has been governed legally by constitutions since 1876. The first constitution of Turkey is Kanun-i Esasi, dated 1876. This constitution remained in force until 1924 together with the 1921 Teşkilat-ı Esâsiye. This constitution remained in force until 1924 together with the 1921 Teşkilat-ı Esâsiye. The 1924 Constitution, which is one of Turkey's third and long-lasting social contracts, played an important role in the formation of a strong central structure in the country in the context of democracy and government system. In this context, in this article prepared by us, the issue of what kind of government system was envisaged in the 1924 Constitution and how this government system was implemented were discussed in detail. The main purpose in the preparation of this study is to reveal how the mixed government system, which is located between the parliamentary government system and the parliamentary system in the 1924 Constitution, and which is considered to have the characteristics of both government systems. In addition, it is aimed to reveal in detail what the positions of the legislative, executive and judicial powers in this government system consist of. The main goal in doing this is to examine with documents what kind of contributions the mixed government system made to the constitutional and democratic development of Turkey in the historical process from 1924 to the May 27, 1960 Military Coup. This study was created by making use of copyrighted works. In addition, this article prepared by us is a qualitative study; The document analysis technique was used in the work.

Determining The Methophorical Perceptions of The Class Teacher Candidates Regarding The "Alternative Education Practices in Primary School" Course and The Content of This Course

Erdal ZENGİN — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to reveal the metaphorical perceptions of primary school teacher candidates towards alternative education practices in primary school. For this purpose, in the 2021-2022 academic year, the study was carried out with students consisting of 35 women and 20 men, who are undergraduate students of Fırat University, faculty of education, classroom teaching USA, who took this course. Phenomenology, one of the qualitative research methods, was used to conduct the study. In order to determine the sample of the research, convenient sampling was preferred among the purposeful sampling techniques in accordance with the purpose of the study. After the obtained data were analyzed with content analysis, the findings obtained with the qualitative data analysis program MAXQDA and content analysis were patterned. As a result of the study, it was determined that the metaphors produced by the teacher candidates for the concept of "alternative education practice" and the reasons for these metaphors were all positive. In addition, the majority (31) of the metaphors (31) produced by the prospective teachers for the combined classroom practice, which is within the scope of the alternative education practices course in primary school, produced metaphors in the same way and expressed their reasons in the same way. The metaphor perceptions of pre-service teachers regarding the bussed education system, which is within the scope of this course, were also examined and it was determined that the majority of the metaphors (36) produced by the pre-service teachers were negative (22). Again, it was concluded that the majority of the metaphors (42) produced by the novice teachers for the regional boarding schools (YBO) within the scope of this course were negative (31).

An Analysis on the Readability of Supplementary Materials For Learners of Turkish as a Second / Foreign Language

Gülnur AYDIN — 2024-08-29

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the readability of the supplementary materials created for Turkish language learners who are learning it as a second or foreign language. The readability of the "Turkish Stories for Foreign Students" set created for the A1, A2, B1, and B2 levels as part of the Project on Supporting the Integration of Syrian Children into the Turkish Education System (PIKTES), funded by the European Union, was examined in this direction. Each of the tales in the study was assessed independently using the readability formulae of Ateşman (1997), Çetinkaya-Uzun (2010), and Bezirci-Ylmaz (2010); levels have been established. The study used the document analysis technique of the qualitative research methodology. 11 of the 20 stories fit the Ateşman (1997) formula's definition of "easy," while 9 of them fell into the "very easy" category. Similar to how 11 of the 20 tales met the criteria for "educational reading" according to Etinkaya-Uzun (2010) (8th and 9th grades), it was decided that 9 of them met the criteria for "independent reading" (5th, 6th and 7th grades). All 20 tales fit the Bezirci-Ylmaz (2010) formula's definition of "basic education." A1-A2 tales are "very easy," "independent reading," and "primary education" for three distinct formulae when we look at the overall average according to language levels; B1-B2 stories have "easy," "educational reading," and "primary education" level scores. According to stories’ overall language levels, it was found that gradualism was disregarded. Based on the findings of the study, recommendations were made to improve the knowledge of those who actively participate in the teaching of Turkish as a second or foreign language and to create readability formulae tailored to the discipline and organized according to language levels.

The Phonetic Characteristics of Demre (Antalya) Dialect

Ramazan BÖLÜK — 2024-08-29

The studies on Turkey Turkish dialect, which foreign researchers started to work beforehand, gained speed with the arrival of local researchers in the field in the 1940s. Since then, dialect compilations have been carried out in many provinces and districts. In order to understand the sound structure of any language, it will be insufficient to examine the written language alone. In this respect, the study of local dialects has an important place in lightning some areas that remain dark in the language. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the sound characteristics of Demre district of Antalya province. Located in the west of Antalya, Demre district is surrounded by Finike in the east and Kaş districts in the west. The downtown established by the sea is geographically in a difficult position in terms of transportation. Due to this reason, it has preserved its own socio-cultural structure since it is not very common to receive immigration from abroad. In the article, the texts of the five settlements published in the work named “Antalya ve Yöresi Ağızları” were examined, considering that they would reflect the sound characteristics of the district. The article includes introduction, sound information and conclusion sections. In the introduction part, Demre district is introduced with its main lines. Then, phonetics were examined under two separate headings, vowels and consonants. In this section, the vocal characteristics of the dialect of the Demre district of Antalya province are emphasized. The results were compared with the data and the results were given as items.

Management or Sustainability of Finance of Health Expenditures: Its Reflections by Level of Development

Hatıra SADEGHZADEH-EMSENELİF AKKAŞ — 2024-08-29

The most basic reflection or output of health expenditures is the increase in the average life expectancy and the decrease in the number of infant deaths. It can be thought that health expenditures, which show a significant increase on a numerical basis, will constitute a burden on the economy with the prolongation of the average lifespan. Therefore, the main hypothesis is whether health expenditures are met at a manageable or sustainable level due to the increasing life expectancy and the increasing population. It is clear that there is a need for input in order to create the expected output based on health expenditures. The share of health expenditures in GDP and per capita health expenditures are among the important indicators. However, the macroeconomic manageability or sustainability of both indicators is important. In econometric terms, sustainability or manageability is measured by the stationarity of these two variables. Due to the time constraint in terms of health expenditures (the data covers the period between 2000 and 2019), a panel was formed with low-income, middle-income and high-income countries depending on the development classification of the World Bank, and panel unit root tests were carried out. As a result of unit root tests, it has been determined that as the income level of the countries increases, the expenditures made for health are stagnant and therefore sustainable. On the other hand, it was determined that the stability of the health expenditures per capita variable was weak. It can be said that despite the increasing life expectancy and population, the current state of the economy has increased in parallel, and therefore there is no sustainability problem.

Teachers' Reasons for Preferring / Not Preferring School Management

Murat DEMİRKOLMustafa ORHAN ,Tuncay Yavuz ÖZDEMİR — 2024-08-29

The purpose of this research is to determine the reasons why teachers who do non-thesis master's degree in the field of Educational Administration, Fırat University Institute of Educational Sciences, prefer/not prefer school management. The research was carried out in the phenomenology pattern, which is one of the qualitative research methods. The study group of the research consists of 33 teachers working in pre-school, primary, secondary and high schools in the province of Elazig in the 2022-2023 academic year. Research data were obtained with a semi-structured interview form. Content analysis method was used in the analysis of the obtained data. According to the results of the research, it was determined that the most common reason for teachers to want to be a manager was to bring a new perspective to management. On the other hand, it was determined that the opinion of the manager who communicated effectively was the most expressed about the manager they aimed to be; It has been determined that the view of a working environment with effective communication is expressed most about the working environment they plan to create when they become managers. It has been determined that teachers' unwillingness to be administrators is mostly expressed as having a high workload. As a result, various suggestions were made based on these findings.

Sports in Turkey During the Inonu Era: A Post-World War II. Study (1946-1950)

Nadir YURTOĞLU — 2024-08-29

This article addressed sports activities after the Second World War (post-war) in the Inonu era. The study focused on two main headings: (1) the General Directorate of Physical Education (GDPE) budget (1946-1950) and (2) GDPE activities (1946-1950). The efforts undertaken by the GDPE are based on various figures stated in the text, especially tables. Data were collected from primary sources. The text concentrated on national and international sports events and achievements during the Inonu period. The results are as follows: Although the post-war Turkish economy was not doing well, the government funded the GDPE every year, paving the way for all kinds of sports activities. National and international sports competitions contributed to the development of sports in Turkey. Moreover, Turkey participated in the 1948 Summer Olympic Games and won a bronze medal for the first time in athletics and six gold, four silver, and two bronze medals in wrestling, which was a long-standing record. It constituted an important milestone in the development of Turkish sports.

Investigation of Secondary Education Teachers' Thoughts, Concerns and Attitudes Regarding Inclusive Education in Terms of Some Variables

Ahmet KARAFerat DALAMAN ,İbrahim BAŞARAN — 2024-08-29

The aim of this research is to determine the thoughts, concerns and attitudes of teachers working at secondary education level regarding inclusive education. The sample of the research consists of 530 teachers working in secondary schools in Battalgazi and Yeşilyurt districts of Malatya in the 2021-2022 academic year. As a data collection tool in the research, “The scale of thoughts, attitudes and concerns about inclusive education” developed by Loreman, Earle, Sharma, and Forlin (2007). The 19-item scale, which was adapted into Turkish by Cansız and Cansız (2018) was used. The data obtained because of the research were analyzed using a computer package program. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics such as arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage and frequency, as well as independent groups’ t-test for pairwise comparisons and Anova test for multiple comparisons were used. According to the results of the research, it was concluded that the teachers had positive attitudes towards inclusive education, they wanted to receive training on this subject, and that the teachers could not adequately access the ministry's studies on the education of inclusive students. In the research, suggestions were made such as ensuring the participation of more teachers in the activities of the ministry for inclusive education, encouraging teachers to do graduate studies, and planning various actions to eliminate the concerns of teachers about inclusive students.

Lifelong Learning Tendencies of English Language Teachers and Prospective Teachers in Sakarya University English Language Teaching Program

Ahmet SAKİNBilge Bekçi — 2024-08-29

In this study, the aim of the research is to investigate the lifelong learning tendencies of English teachers working in Sakarya province and prospective teachers in Sakarya University English Language Teaching Program in terms of some variables. The research was carried out by using Scanning (Descriptive) Method. The sample of the study consists of the English teachers who work in Sakarya in the second term of the 2020-2021 academic year and the teacher candidates who study at the Sakarya University English Language Teaching Program in the spring semester of the 2020-2021 academic year. 253 English teachers working in Sakarya and 81 prospective teachers studying at Sakarya University English Language Teaching were participated in the study. In the research, "Lifelong Learning Tendencies" scale developed by Coşkun (2009), which is a 6-point Likert type, was used as a data collection tool. The data were analysed by using the SPSS package program. In order to understand whether the scores obtained from the Lifelong Learning Trends scale differ significantly according to demographic variables, the Mann Whitney U test, one of the non-parametric analyses in two independent categories, and the Kruskal Wallis H test from the non-parametric analyses in three or more independent categories were used. As a result of the findings, it was observed that the lifelong learning tendencies of English teachers were at a good level. It was determined that lifelong learning tendencies did not differ significantly according to demographic characteristics (age, duration of employment, university graduated from, province of graduation, district of employment, type of school, length of work in the profession). However, a significant difference was found in the gender and participation in in-service training variables. It was determined that the lifelong learning tendencies of the English prospective teachers are at a good level. It was determined that lifelong learning tendencies did not differ significantly according to the variables of age, class, teacher experience, teaching experience school type, and duration of teaching experience. A significant difference was found in the gender variable.

Overview of Research Articles on Domestic Violence Published in the Field of Sociology: A Bibliometric Analysis

Mahmut GÜRSOY — 2024-08-29

Domestic violence is a social problem that every individual can face, regardless of gender, language, religion, ethnic origin, social class and status. For this reason, it has been the subject of many scientific studies in various disciplines over the years, and the large volume of scientific knowledge that has emerged has made it difficult for researchers to search the literature in this field. The purpose of this study is to present a general picture of domestic violence-themed scientific research in the field of sociology. In the study, bibliometric analysis method was used to reveal the social, intellectual and conceptual structure of the related literature. With the help of VOSviewer software citation, co-citation, bibliographic coupling, co-author and co-word analyzes were applied to the data set containing 483 articles obtained from the Web of Science database. Thanks to the network maps obtained in this way, the patterns in the research area were determined with a macro-level approach. According to the findings of the study, the dominant language in the relevant research area is English. The most influential author is Richard Gelles, the most influential journal is the Journal of Marriage and Family, the most influential university is the University of Rhode Island, and the most influential country is the USA. The number of sociology articles on domestic violence tends to increase regularly. In the articles that constituted the knowledge base of the field, topics such as gender, patriarchal ideology, status differences, gender roles, risk factors, power and control, cycle of violence, identity politics were covered. The social network map of the research area shows that the country that cooperates most with other countries is the USA. The conceptual structure of the research area consists of themes such as gender inequality, hegemonic masculinity, family, intimate partner violence, femicide, child abuse, cycle of violence, immigrants, women empowerment, social change, youth, social disorganization, gender-based violence and feminism.

Trends of Researches on the Use of Games in Social Studies Education: 1971 – 2021

Erkan YEŞİLTAŞArzu CANTÜRK — 2024-08-29

This research aimed to examine studies on the use of games in social studies education using bibliometric analysis. This research has been carried out in descriptive scanning model. For this purpose, a systematic literature review was conducted using the keywords "social studies" and "game" in the Web of Science (WoS) database. Academic studies indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) database were reached in the data collection phase. “Document title”, “abstract”, and “keyword” were chosen as the search criteria. 83 academic studies in the “Education/Educational Research” and “Education Scientific Disciplines” categories published between 1971 and 2021 were included in the research. The bibliometric analysis method was used in the data analysis. The research results showed that most of the studies were articles and published in 2014, 2015 and 2016, English, Turkish and Spanish were the most published languages, most of the authors were affiliated with or supported by the Nanyang Technology University, Singapore National Institute of Education and Georgia University System among all the institutions and Akdeniz University, Amasya University, Ataturk University and Hacettepe University among the Turkish universities, The USA and Singapore were the countries with the most publications, the number of citations increased after 2010, and the most common keywords used in the studies were social studies, game-based learning, games, elementary education and citizenship education. The research presents an overview of many components in the use of games in social studies education. It is believed that the findings of the research will serve as a reference for future studies.

The Example of Digital-Based Material Design in Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language: The Use of Metaverse Application

Mesut GÜNKemal DELEN — 2024-08-29

In recent years, the dynamic nature of information and communication technologies has caused new technological applications to emerge and made it inevitable for them to be used in the field of education and therefore in language teaching. Emerging technologies have an important role in this field as the language learning and teaching process require both multimodal and multimedia materials such as pictures, audio, video, and text. Especially the development of mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets has led to the emergence of mobile applications and these applications have begun to be used in language teaching. One of these applications is the Metaverse augmented reality (AR) application, in which real physical environments are enriched with digital content such as various audio, video, text, pictures, and virtual objects are blended with the real world. Thanks to this application, it has been possible to develop multimedia materials for language education and to use them in the classroom environment. For this reason, the aim of the study is to develop course material using Metaverse AR application, which is thought to enrich the learning environment in teaching Turkish as a foreign language and also allows creating 3D content. For this purpose, document analysis was used in the study and resources related to digital-based material design in the field of foreign language teaching and teaching Turkish as a foreign language were scanned thoroughly. In the light of the data obtained, original digital material was developed by the researcher through Metaverse App by taking into consideration the A1 reference level specified in the Common European Framework of Reference for languages. Every stage of the material development process was explained in detail and the relevant results and suggestions were presented.