Tarih Okulu Dergisi, Year 2023 Issue LXIII

A Work on Sheikh Şaban Veli’s Branche Lineage: Ömer Fuadi’s Silsilename

Ali KOZAN — 2024-08-29

Sheikh Şaban Veli (d. 976/1569), one of the 16th century mystics, is the founder of the Shabaniyye branch of Khalwatiyya, one of the Ottoman Sufi schools of the period. It is mentioned after Sheikh Hayreddin Tokadi (d. 937/1530) in the lineage of the sequence among the lineages belonging to the Shabanism sect started with Hazrat Muhammad. One of these sequences was written by Ömer Fuadi (d. 1046/1636), the fifth leader of the association of Khalwati Shabani convent. It is known that Ömer Fuadi has more than thirty poetic and prose works in the fields of kalam and mysticism, in addition to his works such as Türbename, Bülbüliyye and Risale-i Habiyye translated into contemporary Turkish. His work especially Menakıb-ı Şeyh Şaban-ı Velî was influential in the recognition and spread of Sheikh Şaban Veli and the Shabaniyye branch of the Khalwatism. Our study will be on the Silsilename with the registration number 06 Hk 4933/1 of the National Library, dated 1751, about the sect succession of Sheikh Şaban Velî, the founder of Khalwati Shabaniyye. The content analysis of this work, which is a small mystic treatise, has been analyzed and the order sequence of Sheikh Şaban Velî has been given. In Silsilename, esoteric knowledge in Sufi culture and the ways to reach this knowledge are briefly explained. Later, the list of the sheikhs for whom Sheikh Şaban Veli was authorized was given through Hasan Basri and Hz. Ali, based on Hz. Muhammad.

Eighth Grade Students’ Levels of Solving Non-Routine Problems

Büşranur KAYASerbay DURAN ,Ümit DURUK — 2024-08-29

The aim of this research is to determine the level of students’ solving non-routine problems. In addition, the differentiation of these levels according to the academic levels of the schools and their gender was examined. To find answers to the questions addressed within the framework of the research, the survey model, which is one of the quantitative research methods, was used. Eighth grade students in schools with two different academic achievement levels are included in the sample. Data were collected from 102 students who participated in the research through the Eighth Grade Problem Solving Test. The analysis of the data obtained from the test was made by giving 2, 1, 0 points over the correct, partially correct and incorrect categories, respectively. According to the total scores obtained, students were assigned to very low, low, medium and high categories. In addition, t-test and ANOVA were used in data analysis. As a result of the research, it was seen that there was no significant difference in terms of the gender variable of the students and the scores of the students in schools with low academic achievement were lower than the scores of students in schools with high academic achievement. At the same time, it has been concluded that students in schools with high academic success are more successful in solving non-routine problems. In some questions, it was observed that students made similar mistakes regardless of their academic achievement level.

Examination of France’s Social Studies Curriculum in Terms of Secularity

İlyas KARAAhmet TOKMAK — 2024-08-29

France that has contributed to the development and more rapid expansion of concepts such as secularity, equality, freedom, republic, democracy and nationalism after the 1789 French Revolution introduces themselves as a secular and democratic republic. In 1905, religion and state were separated and religion was considered an individual right. However, due to the cosmopolit structure of the French community and recent events, secularity has always remained on the agenda in France. “Secular education” in particular has continuously been overemphasized since the 1789 French Revolution until today. It is because citizenship and citizenship education are among the subjects that the French community attaches great importance to. In this context, creating the curricula of lessons like Social Studies that lead in citizenship education in an equalitarian and secular way is of vital importance for the future of countries. In France, the equivalent of Social Studies lesson is History-Geography lesson. This lesson is taught as a compulsory class in all college grades. This study aims to examine the History-Geography Curriculum in France, where nearly 10% of the population are Muslims, in terms of secularity. The qualitative study used the document analysis method. In the study, it was found that religious elements in the History-Geography Curriculum were included within the scope of history education and in line with the principle of scientificness, the curriculum approached all religions equally and objectively, there were no negative statements about religions and the curriculum was created in accordance with secularity.

A New Dimension in the Digital World: An Exploration of the Concept of Metaverse

Leyla UÇARMeliha Nurdan TAŞKIRAN — 2024-08-29

Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to examine the videos about Metaverse on Youtube as a social media component in the context of discourse analysis. For this purpose, videos on the Metaverse are examined within the framework of social knowledge and its active role in the formation of social reality, based on the theory of Social Construction of Reality (Berger & Luckmann, 1991) on the basis of the construction of reality in the media. As a result of the study; In the videos where the relationship between the virtual universe created by digital environments and the physical universe is revealed, it is seen that the concept of Metaverse is often associated with daily life activities. Thus, it can be said that abstract information outside the field of experience is tried to be objectified in the perception of the audience through the symbolic universe created with media contents. This approach also supports the provision of information with a meaningful integrity that can be explained through legitimation. In addition, it has been observed that a reality space that will appeal to the common sense of the person is presented in the video contents, within the multi-reality environments that the concept of Metaverse presents in essence. In this context, it can be said that among the multiple reality fields within the symbolic universes, an attempt is made to provide a selectivity at the perceptual level for the individual who is inclined to perceive the knowledge of daily life as more real.

Regulation No. 6360 and The Effect of The Village's Neighborhood Transformation on The Municipalities of The District: Kırıkhan Municipality Example

Mehmet TAMER — 2024-08-29

Local authorities, which have administrative and financial autonomy, have been established to meet the basic local needs of local people, have been elected decision makers, and are referred to as local government. Some legal regulations have been made in these administrations over time. The Regulation No. 6360, which was held in 2012, is one of them. This legislation includes changes in the number of major cities, the closure of municipalities in the municipalities in the municipalities, the transformation of villages into neighborhoods, and the establishment of new municipalities in the district. In this study, the legal regulation numbered 6360 and the rise of the legal personality of the villages into the neighborhood and the effect of this situation on the municipalities of Kirikhan were discussed in the privacy of Kirikhan Municipality. The effect of closing and converting villages into neighborhoods with data obtained after qualitative discussion following the basic conceptual framework was evaluated by the interview method with the mayor of Kirikhan District. The legal arrangement has been thoroughly analyzed with the prepared interview questions. The study found that the regulation in this direction affects both local governments and the citizen serving from local governments. It has been concluded that problems such as budget, staff, fiscal dispute and especially the enlargement of the area of responsibility have emerged.

Okul Yöneticilerinin Eleştirel Pedagoji Algılarının Okulun İşlevleri Boyutu ile İncelenmesi ve Okuldaki Uygulamalar Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Durum Çalışması

Sevilay ŞAHİNMerve KISAOĞLU — 2024-08-29

The present study aims to identify how school administrators perceive critical pedagogy in terms of functions of schools and what they think of critical pedagogy within the scope of their practices at their schools. Critical pedagogy is a systematic interpretation of contemporary educational problems and one of the most significant approaches in the literature. Within this context, the points of view among school administrators regarding this issue are of vital importance. The study group consists of a total of 6 middle school and high school administrators. The study employs the method of "holistic multiple case study". The data was collected by means of "semi-structured interview forms" and analysed through the "content analysis" technique. The interviews conducted with the participants revealed that a critical pedagogic point of view is prevalent in terms of some of the practices of school administrators as well as their motives behind them and that their behaviour also partly stem from the administrators of critical pedagogy.

Reflections of Digital Citizenship on Social Studies Curriculum and Textbooks

Şenol Mail PALA — 2024-08-29

With the rapid developments in today's world, digital technologies and environments have become an important part of our lives, and therefore the concept of digital citizenship has come to the fore. As in the rest of the world, training has started to be given to individuals to gain the characteristics expected in digital citizens in our country, and the contents of digital citizenship have been included in curricula and textbooks. One of the most effective courses in citizenship education is social studies. Therefore, this study, it is aimed to examine the elements of the social studies course curriculum and the contents of the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th-grade social studies textbooks in terms of digital citizenship education. The case study, which is one of the qualitative research designs, was preferred in the study. Document analysis was used as the data collection method and the data were analyzed with the descriptive analysis method. As a result of the study, it was determined that all sub-dimensions of digital citizenship were included in many elements of the social studies course curriculum and in the contents of all textbooks. However, it has been concluded that the digital citizenship sub-dimensions and the contents of the categories consisting of these dimensions are not included in the curriculum and textbooks in a balanced way for grade levels and learning areas.

Dependence on US-aid and Moscow’s Assistance Offer to Türkiye in the Democratic Party Era

Şevki KIRALP — 2024-08-29

This study tried to illuminate an issue that has not yet been adequately addressed in the literature, how Moscow's economic aid offer to the Adnan Menderes government in 1956 was perceived by Washington and how this perception affected Washington's policy on Türkiye. The study gathered data by document analysis method, following a qualitative and historical methodology. It benefited from the archives of Turkish newspapers (Milliyet, Aksam and Cumhuriyet) and that of the New York Times published in the USA, the archives of the Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye, the UN archives and the CIA and State Department archives of the USA. The findings of the study demonstrate that the DP implemented rapid growth policies as soon as it came to power, achieved significant success in growing the economy for a temporary period. Nevertheless, Türkiye's dependence on foreign aid for imports was not sustainable. In 1954, a drought, coupled with a shortage of foreign currency hit the Turkish economy, and the DP demanded 300 million dollars of economic aid from Washington as a way out. Washington repeatedly rejected this request, and in 1956 Moscow offered assistance to the DP. In the light of the findings of the study, Washington at first did not believe that Türkiye would accept this offer. Nonetheless, when it had a different impression in 1958, Washington finally responded positively to Ankara's request for help in order not to lose its ally and to avoid the chain effect this could cause. Another conclusion reached by the study is that during the DP period, Türkiye experienced that the USA monopoly on economic aid was problematic, while the USA experienced that Türkiye could play the trump card of "developing its relations with Moscow".

What Does Popular Culture Mean for Social Studies Teacher Candidates: A Metaphorical Study

Ülkü ULUKAYA ÖTELEŞFatıma Betül DEMİR — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to reveal the views of social studies teacher candidates on the concept of popular culture. The metaphors created by teacher candidates will contribute to both education and social aspects. Phenomenology (phenomenology) design, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the research. The study group of the research consists of 233 social studies teacher candidates who are studying at the faculty of education of two state universities in Turkey in the fall semester of the 2022-2023 academic year with the criterion sampling method from purposeful sampling methods. In order to determine the perceptions of teacher candidates about the concept of popular culture through metaphor, “Popular culture, ............. it is like; because ............” data were collected through a form consisting of a statement. As a result of the study, it was found that social studies teacher candidates developed 146 metaphors in a total of 22 conceptual categories regarding the concept of popular culture, and the number of metaphors developed was 205. As a result of the research, it was determined that the knowledge of teacher candidates about the concept of popular culture is at a sufficient level. However, the metaphors and the reasons for developing the related metaphors show that a significant part of the teacher candidates have a negative perception of the concept of popular culture.

Works Done in the Field of Architecture in Samarkand in the Period of Emir Timur

Yusuf Ziya SÖYLEMEZ — 2024-08-29

This study is about the reconstruction activities in Samarkand, which gained the status of the capital of the state with Emir Timur. In this direction, the zoning activities in Samarkand are discussed under separate headings in the study. Especially after Emir Timur’s military expeditions, in Samarkand, which was the political and cultural center of the state, the palaces, mosques, madrasahs, khankahs, which had a cultural and religious mission, were restored and built together with new settlement centers established together with bazaars, squares, baths, inns and large gardens. The activities related to the subject are discussed as reflected in the sources. The expressions in the works that constitute the field of study regarding these reconstruction activities have been examined to a large extent. The aim of this study, the subject of which is the reflection of the zoning activities in Samarkand on the resources; Although many studies have been carried out on the political history of the Timurid State in our country, the social, economic and cultural effects of the zoning activities in the city on the state are only scattered among the departments, to reveal a unity in the light of the information given by the author and contemporary sources of the period. Qualitative research method document design was used in the study. The study also includes explanatory information about Samarkand, which is shaped within the framework of these issues. While following these works in a systematic and organized manner, the efforts of Emir Timur enabled Samarkand to turn into magnificent centers. In the study, the effects of many important personalities such as scholars, craftsmen, painters, artists, whom Timur brought to Samarkand as a result of his expeditions to many points, on the zoning activities of the city's identity were evaluated by taking into account the basic principles of the urban structure of Turkish-Islamic cities. At the end of the study, suggestions were made to the researchers in the context of the results reached.

Virtual Museum Applications in Education

Hamide KILIÇİbrahim TURAN ,Sibel YALI ,Gül BULUT — 2024-08-29

Considered one of the most effective out-of-school learning environments, museums are not being used sufficiently in education due to legal regulations, which have recently been aggravated by security concerns, transportation and security problems, time constraints, and economic reasons. Virtual museums, eliminate many of the difficulties that can be experienced in physical museums and historical site visits, and teachers’ knowledge of how to integrate them into classroom activities at different education levels and courses, and how to evaluate existing virtual museums from an educational point of view is limited. This case study aims to improve the participants' abilities to develop activities for virtual museum applications and to integrate virtual museum applications into existing classroom activities, to evaluate virtual museums from an educational point of view as well as increase their awareness levels towards the use of virtual museums in education, through the virtual museum training application that includes creative drama and gamification. The target group of the study consists of history, geography, social studies, visual arts, and primary teachers working in primary, secondary, and high schools within the borders of Istanbul, and students who receive postgraduate education at universities in Istanbul in these disciplines. Research findings reveal that the training contributed positively to the awareness levels of the participants regarding the use of virtual museums in education, improved the participants' skills in evaluating virtual museums from an educational point of view, and increased the participants' expectations of a good virtual museum.

Culture-Smelling Places Those are Witnesses of Special Times: Hammams of Antep

Filiz METEMuhammed ŞERBETÇİ — 2024-08-29

When the old zoning plans are examined, it is seen that the most buildings are mosques and the buildings that follow them are baths. This proves the place and importance of the bath in social life for the Turkish society, which adopts the motto that cleanliness comes from faith. In this study, the bath culture, which is a very old Turkish custom, which has come from the Ottoman traditions to the present day and manifested itself in many parts of Anatolia, has been discussed and the use of these places in special periods and the traces of their reflection on cultural elements have been examined in the province of Gaziantep. For this purpose, the literature about the baths in Gaziantep was scanned and the relevant documents were examined, local people of different ages, who were born and raised in Antep, were contacted and interviewed, and the discourses of the people who participated voluntarily were transferred to the study in written form. Among the must-haves in the dowry chest prepared for young girls, there are carefully prepared bath pack, knitted hammam fibers, bath towels (meşefe) embroideries and bath bags, as well as combs, hammam bowls, slippers (happaps) and mascara bottles decorated with fine details can be the indicators of the importance of the hammams in Gaziantep.

Seggregation in Labour Market, Urban Poverty and the People of Abyss in Contemporary Era

Çağlar AKAREmine Elif AYHAN — 2024-08-29

The working class was condemned to poverty for reasons such as labour exploitation, poor working conditions, and the inadequacy of the administration in terms of social security during the rapid industrialization process in London in the 1900s. The poverty that prevails here is not only income-based but multidimensional poverty that is felt in all areas of life. Due to this poverty experienced by the working class in London, living conditions deteriorated and the eastern side of the slums, where the low-income people settled, was formed. The division of workers in terms of income due to the existence of the dualist (dual) labour market has led to a similar division in social life. At the beginning of the twentieth century, London, which was divided into the east side where low-income workers live and the west side with higher income levels, has a guiding quality about the social effects of urban poverty that is experienced in rapidly industrializing and uncontrolled growing cities today. Today and in the future, social policies and strategies to fight poverty to be implemented in the slums of newly formed big cities maintain their importance in the fight against poverty. Jack London's book People of the Abyss contains important assessments of urban poverty and its social effects. This study aims to demonstrate with examples that the negative effects of poverty experienced in fast-growing cities on social life continue in every period of history. There are similarities between the poverty experienced as a result of the rapid urbanization of the city of London in England in the 1900s and the poverty experienced in the newly formed megacities of developing countries today. People of the Abyss; explains the devastating effects of poverty in all detail and contributes to our understanding of today's urban poverty.

The causality interaction between foreign direct investments and financial indicators: an empirical analysis

Beyhan KILINÇERMemet Cem DANACI — 2024-08-29

In the last century, foreign direct investments have been encouraged by many countries as a source of capital creation. At the same time, criticisms continued those foreign investors were taking over the markets in many small-economies and even as dominant powers controlling financial systems and shaping the country's economy. This study was conducted to reveal whether there is a causal relationship between foreign direct investments and financial indicators, and to shed light on the criticisms of the dominance of foreign direct investments in financial markets. In addition, the literature on foreign direct investments has been extensively discussed in order to offer strong recommendations. In the study, to determine the causality relationship of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to Turkey and financial indicator variables were used monthly data for the period 2005/09-2018/10 and Lumsdaine-Papell Structural Break Test, VAR model and Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test. Findings revealed that there is a two-way relationship between FDI and BIST100 index, and a one-way relationship with foreign exchange buying rate and commercial loan interest from foreign direct investments. The finding that there is a one-way relationship from FDI to commercial loan interest reveals that FDI should be added to the literature as one of the factors affecting the commercial loan interest rate. On the other hand, no causal relationship was found between foreign direct investments and benchmark interest rate, deposit interest rate and domestic loans extended by banks. In line with the literature review and research findings, suggestions were made to policy makers and other researchers on the subject.

XXth Social Status of the Blacksmith Accident at the Beginning of the Century

İbrahim İNCİGülenaz SELÇUK — 2024-08-29

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Demirci was attached to the Sanjak of Saruhan. The city of Demirci has an elevation of 900 meters and has a mountainous rocky terrain with limited arable lands. The starboard center is 30 hours by land from Manisa and was not in good condition in terms of transportation facilities. Demirci was a rural locality. His livelihood was mainly based on agriculture and animal husbandry. Sectors such as carpet and leather were developed in the field of hand crafts. Because it was not in an advantageous position in terms of settlement, its population was small. Because health care was so inadequate, death rates were high. There were iptidai and sibyan schools as primary schools in Demirci. Two Rüştiye schools, which are considered the first level of Secondary Education, served. Rüşdiyes are European-style schools, and few students attended these schools at the time of the accident. About 10 madrasas in Demirci carried out old-fashioned educational activities. The number of students studying in madrasas was much higher than in rüştiye. Family institutions, marriages and divorces were regulated according to Islamic-Ottoman law. The divorce rate was very low. Demirci, which served many mosques, masjids, tekkes and lodges during the period we examined, was a classic Ottoman accident, with more than 99% of its population being Turkish and Muslim. In our study, the reflections of the Demirci city of the social transformation in the Ottoman Empire were examined.

An Investigation of The Diffıculties Experienced by Parents of Children With Delayed Language in Early Childhood During the Covid-19 Process

Kemal AKAYZeynep KURTULMUŞ — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to reveal the difficulties experienced by families with children with delayed speech in early childhood during the pandemic process. The study group of the research, which was designed as a situation pattern in the qualitative research model, consists of 12 families living in Niğde province with children showing delayed speech signs. The families were selected by snowball sampling method from among the families with Decayed speech diagnosed children in early childhood in Niğde Province. The data of the study were collected using a semi-structured interview form prepared by the researchers. The obtained data were analyzed using the descriptive analysis method. In order to increase the validity of the research, coder reliability was performed. As a result of the research; It was seen that delayed speech problems of children increased during the Covid-19 Pandemic process, the time they spent with technological tools increased, and they faced adaptation problems when they went to school again.