Tarih Okulu Dergisi, Year 2023 Issue LXIV

Analyzing Distance Education Secondary School Turkish Textbooks in the Context of Digital Literacy Skills

Teymur EROLTeymur EROL — 2024-08-29

In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the exercises in the 6th, 7th, and 8th grade Turkish textbooks of distance education secondary school classes written in accordance with the Turkish curriculum (2019) in the context of digital literacy skills. For this purpose, an answer was sought to the question of what activities are appropriate for digital literacy skills in distance education secondary school textbooks. Within the context of digital literacy, lobal Standards for Skills and Preparation, the Turkish curriculum is examined, the outcomes related to digital literacy skills are determined and the textbooks are examined within the framework of these outcomes. The 5th grade Turkish textbook is not included in the study because it is also used in formal education and similar studies have been conducted for this level. In this descriptive study, document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods, is used. In the study, 6th, 7th, and 8th grade Turkish textbooks determined by the Ministry of National Education, which have been taught since the 2022-2023 academic year, is used as data sources. In these books, listening/monitoring, reading, speaking and writing activities are analyzed. According to the examinations, it is seen that there are 72 reading texts and 518 activities in the distance education secondary school 6th, 7th and 8th grade Turkish textbooks and only 14,28 percent of these are found to be suitable for digital literacy. It is determined that 23 out of 156(%14,74) activities in the 6th grade Turkish textbook of distance education secondary school were suitable for digital literacy, 21 out of 144(%14,58) activities in the 7th grade Turkish textbook are suitable for digital literacy, and 30 out of 218(%13,76) activities in the 8th grade Turkish textbook are suitable for digital literacy. It is observed that the number of activities related to digital literacy is extremely low. As a result, it has been determined that the number of activities related to digital literacy is not sufficient. In the context of the findings obtained, various suggestions were presented for the preparation of Turkish textbooks of distance education.

A New Opening in The Stem Approach: Stream

Ayşenur KULOĞLUBurhan AKPINAR ,Mehmet Nuri ÖĞÜT ,Şeyda Nur HALİTOĞLU — 2024-08-29

The aim of this review study is to discuss the addition of "Reading" (R) in the sense of "English literacy" as a new component to STEM education. In the discussion based on the document scanning method and documents selected according to certain criteria, the historical background of STEM, the functions of STEM components and the need to add a new component to the STEM integrity were examined. From these discussions, it was determined that STEM education is an approach that is in line with the holistic functioning of the human mind and nature, and that this approach has reached the presnet day by constantly evolving. The transformation of STEM into STEAM with the addition of an art component was considered to be the result of this evolution, but not the last one. Because the dynamics of the age, such as the Information Age and Industry 4.0, require STEM to constantly evolve. Depending on this necessity, with the addition of the "Reading" (R) element in the sense of "English literacy" to STEM, this approach, which has turned into STREAM, can be expected to provide new openings related to science and technology such as thinking, fiction, imagination and imagination in education.

The Investigation of Relationship Between Primary School Teachers' Education Curriculum Literacy Levels and Teaching and Learning Approaches

Birsen SERHATLIOĞLUTaha ORUÇ — 2024-08-29

The objective of this study was to assess the curriculum literacy levels of primary school teachers, as well as how well they understood learning and teaching in relation to various variables. Using quantitative research methodologies and methods, this study was undertaken. The relational survey approach, one of the descriptive survey methods, was applied within the parameters of the study. The sample for the study is made up of 281 primary school teachers who were chosen from the group using the simple case sampling method. The research's target population is primary school instructors employed in recognized primary schools in the Muş city center during the 2020–2021 academic year. The "Educational Program Literacy Scale" created by Bolat (2017) and the "Teaching and Learning Concepts Scale" created by Chan and Elliot (2004) and translated into Turkish by Aypay (2011) were utilized in this study as a means of gathering data. Descriptive statistics, the independent groups t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson Correlation analysis were all used in the data analysis. The study found that elementary school teachers have high levels of curriculum literacy in both reading and writing. The education level and frequency of curriculum reviews have no effect on primary school teachers' comprehension of learning and teaching. It has been found that there is a large, a positive, and a moderate association between the constructivism dimension of primary school teachers' concept of learning and teaching and their degrees of curriculum literacy. In light of the research's findings, recommendations for the application and the researchers were made.

How Should the German Non-Conforming Subordinate Clauses “Weiterführende Nebensätze” (Independent Subordinate Clauses) Be Translated to Turkish?

Eyüp ZENGİN — 2024-08-29

In complex sentence composition, the main and subordinate clauses are linked not only temporally, but also syntactically and semantically – i.e. through Hypotaxis. The subordinate clause is a semantically deficient clause and is only meaningful in conjunction with the main clause. The subordinate clause acts as an element of the main clause. It is therefore known as the “Gliedsatz” (element-sentence). It takes the role of subject, object, predicate, adverb, adjective etc. (Subjekt, Objekt, Prädikativum, adverbial, attributiv, u.a) in the main or preceding clause it is attached to, and acts like an element of that sentence. In German, the only type of subordinate clause that does not obey hypotaxis is the “weiterführender Nebensatz” (Independent Subordinate Clause). This is because this type of subordinate clause does not act as an element of the sentence. Instead, it allows for continuing the sentence by clarifying the statement made in the main clause. This clause is thus an independent clause in terms of substance but is constructed like a subordinate clause. Unlike other complex sentence constructions, the “weiterführende Nebensätze” (Independent Subordinate Clauses) cause great syntactic and semantic difficulties when translating from German to Turkish, generating much confusion when analysing and determining the meanings of the main – subordinate clause complexes. This is because the subordinate clause does not attach to the main clause as one of its elements, but rather can be transmitted through various relations of meaning. This study explores the syntactic and semantic properties of these clauses, demonstrating the various forms they could take when translated to Turkish, and offering various solutions to this conundrum of translation. In this study conducted on a group of master’s and bachelor’s students from the SAU Human & Social Sciences Faculty, Department of Translation & Interpreting, the translations that were made were evaluated and commented upon, thus elaborating the participants’ approaches to translation and the difficulties they faced. This study has applied the case study, a qualitative research method.

The Short-Term Effect of Mergers and Acquisitions on the Share Value of the Acquisition Company

Göksenin YAŞARMert SOYSAL ,Cevdet Alptekin KAYALI — 2024-08-29

The aim of the establishment of the business is to maximize the market value in the long run. Within the scope of this purpose, the business will continue its activities in the indefinite term, grow and fulfill its responsibilities by making profit. As a result, the market values of the growing businesses will increase and the wealth of their owners and partners will increase. On the basis of the reasons for the growth of the businesses, there may be reasons such as benefiting from economies of scale, gaining competitive advantage by penetrating the markets and increasing the market share. While the growth may originate from the business over time, it may be possible to grow the business in the short term with acquisitions and mergers, to create a synergy effect in R&D activities, to benefit from talented personnel opportunities, and to participate in the business with a lower value of assets with negative goodwill. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the effect of acquisitions on short-term share prices in companies traded in Borsa Istanbul. For this purpose, a total of 33 purchases made in 2019, 2020 and 2021 were examined, and their performances were analyzed according to the 15-day short-term market and adjusted return method as of the announcement date. The initial return used in the short-term price performance measurement of the shares was calculated in two different ways. The first of these is the initial raw return and the other is the initial abnormal return adjusted for Borsa İstanbul AŞ 100 Yield Index. Although it seems that mergers and acquisitions always provide positive returns to the average stocks in the short term at the end of the 1.5, 10 and 15th days, there are many changes specific to the stock. As a result of the study, it is thought that the positive or negative effect of mergers and acquisitions on the price is the sector in which the company is located and the structure of the sector in the market as of that day.

Transformation of “Pain” and “Reality” Perceptions in Palliative Societies: A Study on Social Media

Mevlüde BATUR — 2024-08-29

As Chul Han describes, palliative societies are under an intense anesthetic effect, and any action that may cause the individual to feel pain is prevented. In this society, happiness and pain are perceived as the opposite of each other, pain is seen as a limiting emotion and is excluded, in this place, pain is accepted as an indicator of the individual’s weakness. The individual is forced to be happy and it is ensured that individuals are directed to positive things. Social media platforms, which have become an indispensable part of our daily life, are an important tool in influencing and directing individuals, and the content created on these platforms shapes the perceptions of individuals. In this respect, social media channels also affect the shape of the relationship that one builds with reality. Han, who made a connection between the concepts of pain and reality, described the pain as reality and stated that reality in palliative society is constructed as fiction. In the study, the concepts of pain and reality were emphasized based on the palliative theory of society, and it was conveyed that the concept of pain was covered up in social media and that reality could not be reflected objectively on social media. The main purpose of this research is to raise awareness about the concepts of pain and reality today. In this study, which is a social media research, the Instagram page of the ‘happymessage’ application was discussed and content analysis was carried out using the descriptive analysis method. This page on Instagram was examined for a month and a total of 18 images were analyzed. As a result of the content analyzed by creating three different categories, it has been determined that the themes in the media content are individuality, content that emphasizes pleasure, happiness, going with the flow, courage, etc. It is also noteworthy that the color blue is mostly preferred on the page. According to the results of the data obtained in this study, it can be stated that social media offers individuals an alternative palliative environment.

The Effect of the Jigsaw Technique on Empathic Tendencies and Attitudes toward Social Sciences Lesson

Muhammed Celal CANSeda KERİMGİL ÇELİK — 2024-08-29

This study aimed to examine the effect of the jigsaw technique, one of the techniques of cooperative learning methods, on the empathic tendencies and attitudes of 3^rd-grade primary school students towards the social sciences lesson. In this study, embedded mixed methods design was used. The study group consisted of 40 3rd-grade students from two different classes at a primary school in Kovancılar district of Elazığ province in the 2018-2019 academic year. KA-SI Empathic Tendency Scale for Children and Adolescents (KASIEEÖ), Attitudes towards Social Sciences Lesson (HBDYTÖ), semi-structured interview, and observation forms were used as data collection tools. No statistically significant differences were found in the post-test between the experimental and control groups according to the KASIEEÖ independent samples t-test results. The effect size of the empathic tendency scale post-test scores for the experimental and control groups was medium. When the HBDYTÖ experimental and control post-test, Mann Whitney U tests, were examined, no significant differences were found between the two groups. A statistically significant difference was found in terms of decreasing empathic tendencies of KASI-EEÖ control pre-post test scores. A statistically significant increase was found in favor of the post-test of HBDYTÖ. As a result of the observations during the lesson in which the jigsaw technique was used, positive developments occurred under the themes of activity, cooperation, communication-empathy, and attitude towards the lesson. As a result of the interviews, the participant students liked to act in cooperation, the teaching process, and doing research. The aspects they did not like in the process were the problems arising from the students and the problems encountered in the application of the technique.

Evaluation of School Principals’ Toxic Leadership Behaviors According to Classroom Teachers’ Views

Ramazan AKSOYEngin İŞ ,Selman ALAS — 2024-08-29

Toxic leadership has been one of the types of leadership that has been emphasized in recent years. The fact that schools are one of the most important institutions of the society has made it necessary to investigate the toxic leadership characteristics of school administrators. The aim of this study is to evaluate the toxic leadership behaviors of school principals according to the opinions of classroom teachers. Within the scope of this purpose, the level of school principals' toxic leadership behaviors according to the opinions of classroom teachers and the opinions of school principals on toxic leadership behaviors were evaluated in terms of various variables. The survey method, which is one of the models of the quantitative research method, was used in the research. Simple random sampling technique was used in sample selection. The sample of the study consists of 183 classroom teachers, 84 of whom are female and 99 are male. Toxic Leadership Scale was used to collect research data. The Toxic Leadership Scale consists of 30 items and 4 sub-dimensions. SPSS package program was used in the analysis of the data. Mean, frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA and Tukey test analyzes were used in data analysis. When the findings of the research are examined; It was determined that the opinions of the classroom teachers about the toxic leadership behaviors of the school principals were at the level of "I agree". There was no significant difference between teachers' opinions according to gender and graduation status. A significant difference was found only in the unworthiness sub-dimension according to the managerial status, in the selfishness sub-dimension according to the age variable, and in the negative mood sub-dimension according to the years of service variable.

A Study on Targeting Strategy in Television Advertising

Recep BAYRAKTAR — 2024-08-29

Advertising, which forms the pillar of commercial broadcasting, has increased its importance day by day as a result of sectoral competition, and has become integrated with television broadcasting, which makes it possible to reach the masses, and incorporates the audio-video combination. Mass advertising with television commercials, which contain many visual representations and persuasion abilities, maintains its importance for advertisers. Various advertising targeting strategies are developed for making a promotion for the direct buyers of the products offered to the market and providing convenience in terms of advertising costs. Television dayparts, the creation of thematic contents and the determination of the audience according to demographic, psychographic and lifestyle characteristics appear as factors that facilitate reaching the target audience directly for the advertisers, thus the products are advertised to the audience with the potential to purchase. In this study, five women's programs in the daytime were selected from among the national television channels in Turkey with purposive sampling, the ads in these programs were categorized and analyzed under fifteen titles on the basis of the product, and the targeting strategy applied by the advertisers was revealed. Among the important findings of the study are that advertisements containing food, shopping, household appliance, home items, personal care and cleaning products are ranked higher in numerical order, and targeting strategies are developed on the basis of gender and social roles-practices in personal care, clothing and jewelry ads.

Bibliometric Analysis of Doctoral Dissertations Written in Turkey With Cryptocurrency Theme

Tahsin Galip TEKİN — 2024-08-29

In this study, it is aimed to perform the bibliometric analysis of the cryptocurrency themed doctoral dissertations written in Turkey and to develop a holistic perspective on how this new field, which has less studies in the literature compared to other financial investment tools, is handled at the doctoral level in Turkey. For this purpose, the analysis was carried out by taking the cryptocurrency themed doctoral dissertations from the Council of Higher Education Dissertation Center and including them in the study universe. Searches were carried out using the search terms “Bitcoin”, “Kripto para”, “Ethereum”, “blokzincir”, “blok zincir”, “blokzinciri”, “blok zinciri” and "cryptocurrency" in the Council of Higher Education Dissertation Center. The analysis of 29 doctoral dissertations obtained as a result of the search was carried out. The data of doctoral dissertations were analyzed according to the year they were written in, the institute they were written in, the university they were written in, the language they were written in, the page range, the title of the advisor and the department they were written in. According to the results obtained, cryptocurrency themed doctoral dissertations were mostly published in 2021 (n=10, %34,48), in Social Sciences Institutes (n=20, %68,96), in Manisa Celal Bayar University (n=3, %10,34) and Yıldız Technical University (n=3, %10,34), in Turkish (n=25, %86,20), between 101 – 150 page range (n=11, %37,93), under the management of “Prof. Dr.” titled advisors (n=24, %82,75) and in the Department of Business Administration (n=13, %44,82). One of the remarkable results of the study is that not a single cryptocurrency themed doctoral dissertatiton has been written in 186 universities in Turkey.

An Examination of The Relationship Between Primary School Students’ Learning Styles and Their Opinions About Interactive Whiteboard Use in Classrooms

Uğur ÖZHANProf. Dr. Yalın Kılıç TÜREL — 2024-08-29

In this study, students' views on the use of interactive whiteboards in their lessons, the distribution of their learning styles, and the change of their views on use of interactive whiteboards in their lessons according to learning style, gender and grade level were examined. The sample of the research conducted in the relational survey model consists of 467 students studying in the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th grades of primary schools in a city in the Eastern Anatolia region, where education is provided with interactive whiteboards. The research data were collected with the forms of “Personal Information Form”, “Interactive Whiteboard Student Scale (IWBSS), “Kolb Learning Styles Inventory-Version III (KLSI-III)”. The t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the differences between the variables. It has been concluded that the students think that interactive whiteboards are effective and useful devices that facilitate their learning. Although people with converging learning style constitute the largest group, they are close to the number of students with diverging, accommodating and converging learning styles. Those with assimilation learning style formed the smallest group. IWBSS scores do not show a significant change according to gender, grade level and learning styles. When interactive whiteboards are used in lessons, interactive whiteboards make lessons suitable for students with different learning styles and increase students' motivation to the lesson. It has been concluded that interactive whiteboards are sensitive to the learning of students with different learning styles and provide a suitable learning environment for students with different learning styles.

A Research on Determining of Health Tourism Awareness Levels Of Health Workers

Yakup ÖZTÜRKTolga AYDIN ,Sertaç SERT — 2024-08-29

One of the important factors affecting participation in health tourism, which is defined as the trips individuals make to protect and improve their health domestically or internationally, is awareness of health tourism. Knowledge of the factors that influence the purchasing decision process of individuals participating in health tourism is important for health tourism businesses in creating a tourist profile. The aim of this study conducted specifically at the Çankırı State Hospital is to investigate the level of awareness of healthcare professionals towards health tourism. In addition, whether the sub-dimensions of health tourism awareness differ according to the demographic characteristics of healthcare professionals is also researched within the scope of this study. The findings obtained in the study were obtained from 263 healthcare professionals who voluntarily participated in the study at the Çankırı State Hospital. According to the study results, it was found that the level of awareness of healthcare professionals participating in the study towards health tourism was moderate. Significant differences were found according to educational level in the dimensions of awareness and image, and according to age variable in the effects of health tourism dimension. It is recommended to provide funding and support for formal and informal education as well as research conducted in postgraduate programs in order to increase awareness for health tourism.

TURKIYE'S DECISION ON THE MARCH 1 MOTION: A NEOCLASSICAL REALIST ANALYSIS ATTEMPT

Yunus ÇOLAK — 2024-08-29

In this study, which theoretical framework can be applicable for analyzing of the military motions in Turkish Foreign Policy has been discussed. In this context, Neoclassical Realism approach has been tested via the March 1 motion which discussed in the Grand National Assambly of Türkiye. In the study, in accordance with the neoclassical realist understanding, it has been discussed how the actors who have traditionally been influential in Turkish foreign policy, such as the government, the ministry of foreign affairs, the chief of staff, perceive the international system and domestic political constraints. Moreover, it has been focused on how the perceptions of these actors affect the decision of the members of the Turkish parlament on the March 1 motion. As a result, in the context of the March 1 motion, the perception of the decision makers on the international system on the one hand, and the opinions of the decision makers on domestic political restrictions on the one hand, led to the formation of "yes" and "no" camps. However, domestic policy restrictions, not the international system, were effective in making the final decision on the March 1 motion. In addition, the study also revealed the adaptability of neoclassical realism to both a non-Western example and a specific foreign policy decision such as a military motion.

The Adaptation of Readiness Scale for Online Education at Higher Education

Necmettin KÜRTÜL — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to adapt and validate the scale that determines the level of readiness for the online education environment. To achieve this goal, a meticulous scale adaptation method was applied. In this respect, exploratory factor analysis (AFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed after translating the items into Turkish and comparing them with the original version. The study was conducted in a state university in Turkey. As a result of this study, the online readiness scale (ORS) has five dimensions; self-efficacy, self-directed learning, motivation, including the financial and perceived usefulness. As a result of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), validity and reliability of the items were achieved. As a conclusion, it can be stated that this adapted scale is useful and appropriate for determining the online readiness level. In addition, the theoretical and practical results of the study may shed light on future research.

Investigation of Organizational Health of Primary Schools in Terms of Some Variables

Ömer Murat ÖTERAbidin DAĞLI — 2024-08-29

Organizations can be healthy or unhealthy like the employees creating them. Organizational health can be defined as functioning skill of an organization. A healthy organization is a place where people want to stay and work. Employees are proud of the organizations they work for, and they themselves are helpful and effective. Evaluating organizational health ascertains whether there is organization fit or not, endeavoring ability of organization members, fulfillment of some basic needs, individuals’ adaptation to organization, their integration into organization and achievement of organizational goals. The healthier an organization is, the more success it can have. The present study aimed to reveal how teachers working in primary schools perceive the organizational health of their schools according to some variables. Descriptive model based on general survey was used in the study. The sample of the study consisted of 542 classroom teachers working in primary schools in the center of Mardin and its districts. Organizational Health Scale was used as data collection tool. As the result of this study, some important results are: (1) Teachers state that organizational health level of their schools is “moderate”. (2) Significant difference are found among teacher perceptions in academic emphasis and supportive leadership dimensions in terms of educational background, academic emphasis dimension in terms of gender, academic emphasis and environmental factor dimensions in terms of size and location of school.

Examination of Turkish Textbooks in Context of Interdisciplinary (6th Grade Example)

Bahtiyar GÜLSedat MADEN — 2024-08-29

In this research, the two texts selected from the 6th grade Turkish textbook are examined to find out which disciplines are in relationships in terms of interdisciplinary possibilities. In the research, the basic qualitative research design, one of the qualitative research methods, is applied. The universe of the research consists of the texts chosen from the theme of National Culture - a poem named Anadolu and an article named Tarhananın Öyküsü - in the 6th grade Turkish textbooks published by the Ministry of National Education. Data are collected by document analysis method. During the research process, the preparatory, visual and activities parts of the two selected texts are examined in terms of interdisciplinarity. The accuracy of the data is ensured by taking the opinions of the researchers and the branch teachers of the preferred disciplines (English, Social Studies, Turkish Revolution History and Kemalism, Science and Technology, Music, Visual Arts, physical education and sports Information Technologies, Drama, Thinking Education, Media Literacy). As a result of the research, it is seen that the texts are mostly in relation with the Social Studies discipline. This discipline is followed by the discipline of Physical Education and Sports. The least related disciplines are Visual Arts, Science and Technology, Music, Thinking Education and Drama. There aren’t any relationships with the disciplines of English, Turkish Republic Revolution History and Kemalism, Information Technologies and Media Literacy.

Aristotle and Cicero Elderly Happiness (Reflection in the Modern Age)

Zuhal AYHAN — 2024-08-29

The aim of this research is to examine the quality and meaning of old age, as well as the happiness of the elderly in the context of social policy, of Aristotle and Cicero, who are among the classical philosophers. The research was carried out with document analysis, which is one of the qualitative analytical methods. As a result of the research, for Aristotle, old age not only brings with it the physical diseases of decay, but also expresses the old as selfish, morally weak and practically sociopathic, while Cicero likens the death of an old person to the ripening of fruit. It seems that he defended old age against the four alleged disadvantages of old age, stating that when the fruits are ripe, it is time to pick them. In this context, when the quality of old age and the happiness of the elderly are evaluated in the context of social policy, it is seen that the most appropriate structure from the modernist point of view is in accordance with Cicero's views.

Ahmed Saîd's Mufassal Hulâsa-i Münşeât (Review-Text)

Neşe TANIR — 2024-08-29

The historical background of munsheats, which has a very important place in Turkish-Islamic Literature, dates back to XIV. dates back to the century. The writing of Münşeât started in the XXI. It has continued, with various changes, until the turn of the century. Münşeâts, which were mostly written as artistic prose, developed and took their place among other genres in Turkish-Islamic Literature as a letter tradition. Munshaats also have their own rules and certain orders. When the Münşeâts are compared with each other, it is seen that they all have the same order and order, use certain stereotyped addressing words, and sometimes repeat the same expressions and words. There are also examples of munşeat by using a very ornate and artistic language in order to show the skills of some poets and writers in their arts. In addition to the official or unofficial correspondence among the subjects of the Münşeat, the letters/correspondence samples written to various authorities are important works that constitute the source of the period in which they were written, as they contain enlightening and introductory information about the historical and written forms of address in human relations. The aim of this study is to provide the transcription of Ahmed Saîd's Muffassal Hulâsa-i Münşeât, which has not been studied before, to be analyzed and recognized. Therefore, the subject of the thesis is the examination of the letters/correspondence samples in the aforementioned work and written on very different subjects.