Tarih Okulu Dergisi, Year 2024 Issue LXIX

EVALUATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND CARBON EMISSIONS IN EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Aslı OKAY TOPRAK — 2024-08-29

This study examined the link between carbon emissions and economic growth in Poland, Czechia, Romania, Greece, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Belarus, and North Macedonia. A seemingly unrelated regression model (SUR) was used in this investigation. The variables considered were carbon emissions, gross domestic product (GDP), GDP per capita, renewable energy consumption, and gross fixed capital formation. The results of the SUR estimator are reported at both aggregate and national levels. According to the overall results of the model, a 1% increase in GDP increased carbon emissions by approximately 2.36%. A 1% increase in GDP per capita decreased carbon emissions by approximately 2.11%. A 1% increase in renewable energy consumption reduced carbon emissions by approximately 0.23%. A 1% increase in gross fixed capital formation reduced carbon emissions by approximately 0.05%. According to the country-specific results, Poland has the most pronounced Kuznets curve trend. Poland also has the highest correlation between economic growth and carbon emissions. Another striking result is that every 1% increase in GDP per capita in Slovakia increased carbon emissions by approximately 5.97%. The impact of renewable energy use, which is important in terms of green growth, on carbon emissions was most noticeable in Greece.

In The Centenary of The Republic, Presentation of National Identity Through Series on Public Broadcaster TRT: The Example of 'Al Sancak

Ali PARİMRecep ALTAY — 2024-08-29

In the Republic of Turkey, established as a nation-state in 1923 under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, one of the enduring topics of debate for a century has been the issue of national identity. National identity policies have been shaped according to changing governments, and mass media has always played a role in the reconstruction of national identity in the public sphere throughout each era. This study aims to elucidate how national identity was presented on the state television TRT in parallel with the government's nationalist approach on the centenary of the Republic of Turkey. Within the scope of the study, the first ten episodes of the 'Al Sancak' series, which began airing on TRT 1 in 2023, the centenary of the Republic, were analyzed using van Dijk's critical discourse analysis method. As a result of the study, it was determined that nationalist-conservative discourses took precedence in 'Al Sancak,' and a national identity representation parallel to the perspective of the current government was presented to the public. In the series, it has also been observed that the Turkish identity is frequently described with adjectives such as "fair," "honest," "humanist," and "immortal" through the expressions of the enemy. On the other hand, it has been concluded that Al Sancak conveys messages in line with the government's political theses to the social sphere through elements such as "Blue Homeland," "Energy Crisis," "UAV-UCAV," and similar factors.

Anatolian Bull Figurines in The 2nd Millennium Bc: Tracing Its Origins and Influence into The Iron Age

Ahmet KOCAİSPİR — 2024-08-29

Archaeological studies reveal evidence of a strong bull cult in the interior and southern regions of Anatolia during the 2^nd Millennium BC. It can be argued that this cult held particular importance within Hittite culture and among settlements situated between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. The unearthed bull figurines, along with the communication patterns underpinning their artistic depictions, also offer insights into traces of interregional connections. These artifacts suggest that not only trade but also religious and ritualistic bonds were established, mainly between Mesopotamia and the Anatolian interior. This nexus extended to include the Mitanni and Hurrian cultures, alongside the buffer lands. This article covers geographical locations of the archaeological settlements and examines the bull figurines discovered within these areas. Moreover, it explores the bull cult as a subject of mythological narratives, supported by both visual and written sources, aiming to elucidate the intended purpose behind the use of bull figurines by various societies.

Greek Emval-ı Metruke (Abandoned Proporties) in Sahııp Ata Neighborhood of Meram District (Konya 1924)

Kürşat KURTULGAN — 2024-08-29

Konya city is an important settlement center whose historical past dates back to ancient times. Its geographical location and economic richness add value to the value of the city. In this context, it can also be positioned as a city where population changes are very frequent. While these changes were carried out in non-massive numbers and in very long periods in the past, regular migrations were carried out with the exchange after the Lausanne Peace Treaty. We see that before and after the exchange, a large number of people migrated and left and that these migrations were carried out in a very short period of time. During the migration, non-Muslims, who were mostly enriched by trade, were able to take their valuables with them. However, they had to leave their immovable properties behind as they could not take them with them. While liquidation activities were carried out within the framework of the exchange treaty, the property left behind was identified and the records were entered in the books. In this context, our research is shaped around the notebook in which abandoned properties in the center of Konya are recorded. It has been observed that the neighborhoods, house numbers and characteristics of abandoned properties are recorded down to the smallest detail. In addition, while the text was being constructed, data was processed and evaluations were made according to the Excel files created within the framework of the notebook.

Who Will Feed the Sheep? The Concept of Shepherding in Medieval Europe and Church-State Relations

Mehmet Talha KALKAN — 2024-08-29

Shepherding had been an appellation after Jesus Christ since Early Christianity as a title for the people who led a flock consisting of sheep, and the Papacy dominated Christendom by using this appellation for a long time in the Middle Ages. Saint Petrus and the head of the Roman Church carried out the duties of arch-shepherding after Jesus Christ, who had been bestowed with this duty by God, and, so, shepherding gained a completely religious context. Regula Pastoralis, a treatise written by Gregory the Great, defined the concepts of a good shepherd and a bad one and dwelled on their characteristics. After the distinction became clear between the definition of a good shepherd and a bad one, the clergymen of Europe complained that other clergymen, and, even, the Pope himself were not carrying out the duty of shepherding sufficiently and labeled them as "bad shepherds". In the period that followed the corruption which came to light in the tenth century, some clergymen and philosophers who were not satisfied with the bad shepherds wrote a series of books, and it was suggested that the emperors could also lead the flock as an alternative to the clergymen who did not duly perform their duties as shepherds. The idea that the emperors could lead the flock as well naturally paved the way for secular and politicized context for the concept of shepherding, therefore, kingdoms became the new groups of power against the authority of the church. These quarrels had played a role since the thirteenth century in the emergence of the conflict between the church and the state. Overall, shepherding was one of the prominent titles given to the emperor in Early Modern Europe, and it made it possible for the states which were in the form of monarchy to gain power.

INTEGRATED USES OF PROGRAMMATIC ADVERTISING APPLICATIONS WITH TRADITIONAL MEDIA TOOLS AND SAMPLE APPLICATIONS

Sinan AKSEKİ — 2024-08-29

The evolution process, change and transformation of advertising is directly related to technological developments. With the invention of media such as newspapers, radio and television and its spread among people, advertising has shown itself in these media. Advertising practitioners have used communication channels, which have become widespread and popular in every period, as an advertising tool. New media has provided simultaneous opportunities for the realization of integrated methods and application formats that have never been seen before in terms of advertising, and has brought instant performance measurement, speed, interactivity and convenience. With new media advertising, the questions of what data are owned and who can be targeted have arisen rather than in which medium the advertisement is made. There has been an opportunity to show specific advertisements to each consumer in a sustainable way, with real-time advertisements, in short, programmatic advertisements that can be personalized to the location of the consumer. This situation overturned the usual understanding of advertising and instead of linear campaigns, an advertising type in which almost every campaign step can be made at the same time has emerged. This study consists of a content analysis study in which successful examples of advertising campaigns carried out with the integrated and simultaneous use of programmatic advertising applications with traditional advertising channels are discussed and evaluated together with their results. While doing this study, qualitative evaluations were made in terms of the effects, results, programmatic features, purchasing behaviors and attitudes of digital data-based programmatic advertising applications and cookie-based programmatic advertising on consumers and target audiences. For this purpose, 4 different programmatic advertising campaigns, which were carried out in an integrated manner in traditional and digital media, and which met the determined criteria, were evaluated on the basis of digital data.

A RESEARCH ON THE PROPER PERFORMANCE OF ADHAN IN TURKISH CULTURE (A FORM OF RELIGIOUS MUSIC)

Onur ZAHALEngin GÜRPINAR ,Onur ZAHAL ,Özer ÖZEL ,Fırat ALTUN — 2024-08-29

This study investigated certain criteria involved in the different ways the imam and muezzin recite the Adhan (Call to Prayer) in Turkish culture. This descriptive research uses a causal-comparative model. A systematic sampling method was used in this study to look at 100 adhan recordings that are used by the imams and muezzins in 20 mosques of Battalgazi and Yeşilyurt in Malatya province. During the data-gathering phase, each adhan time was recorded separately by going to the mosques and identifying the imams and muezzins. An Adhan Reading Performance Assessment Form was used to assess their reading performance. It has been concluded that appropriate adhan reading levels are often too low. The study also investigated the most preferred makams: sabâ makam at fajr, the hicaz and uşşak makam at dhuhr, the rast makam at asr, the segâh makam at maghrib and the hicaz makam at isha. given the choice of makam, regardless of time, it was found that the hicaz makam was preferred the most. according to the makam, and appropriate reading levels for the adhan, significant differences were revealed in the makam for the sabâ makam.

Statistical Learning Skills in Infants and Its Effect on Language Development

Orhan HANBAY — 2024-08-29

There is a direct relationship between early language development and cognitive and social competencies. Deficiencies in language development in the first three years may cause problems in future school and work life. In contrast, a rich vocabulary positively affects cognitive development and future school success. Therefore, it is of great importance to understand all aspects of the language development process in children under the age of three. A better understanding of the statistical learning process that babies use both in language acquisition and in other areas will also contribute positively to the understanding of this process. The aim of this study is to explore the characteristics of human language based on the concept of statistical learning, which plays a triggering role in early language acquisition in infancy. It investigates how linguistic features develop in infants, how statistical learning operates in infants' language acquisition process, and the role of statistical learning in language acquisition along with fundamental principles through a document review.

Studies on the Word arzana- in Hittite Cuneiform Texts

Z. Nihan KIRÇIL — 2024-08-29

Thanks to the Hittite cuneiform texts, it is clear that there are many structures indicated by the determinative É (house). One of these is arzana-, which means “guesthouse, caravanserai^?, restaurant, tavern, a brothel^?, boarding house, guesthouse, shelter”, and when we look at the places where this word occurs, we see that arzana- appears in documents dated to all periods. Although the word arzana- is mentioned in Hittite cuneiform texts mostly in various festival texts such as haššuma, KI.LAM, Tetešhapi, multiple studies have been conducted from past to present about the function of this structure, but no joint decision has been reached about the exact meaning of this word. The Hittite cuneiform texts show that the arzana-structure was where food and drink were distributed, music was performed, and ritual were performed. It is also understood that zintuhi-women, the priestess NIN.DINGIR and the priestess KAR.KID was in charge of the arzana-structure. It is possible that there was an arzana-structure in Tarduwata and Kaška, the location of which is unknown, and that this structure and É.ŠÀ (tunnakkeššar-), which means “inner room, inner section, bedroom”, may have been neighboring structures.

Reflections of Political and Social Events of the Period from the Republic to the Present on Citizenship Subjects in Primary School and Social Studies Curriculum

Esra ÖZCANMehmet GÜLTEKİN — 2024-08-29

This study aims to examine the changes in civics topics in primary school and social studies programs since the proclamation of the Republic within the framework of the political and social events that took place in that period. For this purpose, the civic issues in the primary school social studies programs implemented in Turkey in 1924, 1926, 1936, 1948, 1962, 1968, 1998, 2005, and 2018 were examined. The research used the historical method; while examining the programs, the document analysis technique within the historical method was used. The data were classified under the themes of "Identity", "Rights, Freedoms, Responsibilities, Duties", "Republic, Atatürk's Principles and Reforms", "Functioning of the State", "Rules for Living in Community", "Love for Homeland and Nation"; the civic issues in primary school social studies programs from the republic to the present day were evaluated by descriptive analysis by associating them with the political and social events of the period. According to the findings, it was observed that the citizenship issues in primary school and social studies curriculum since the proclamation of the republic were influenced by the political and social events of the period; the issues were shaped towards the governments' ideology of raising good citizens and the civic sphere of citizenship was neglected. This article is expected to contribute to developing and preparing social studies programs by linking citizenship issues in primary school social studies curriculum with the political and social events of the period.

An Evaluation on the Theme of Landscape and Rural Entertainment in 18th Century Ottoman and French Painting Art

Seyhan MERCAN KALAYCI — 2024-08-29

In this study, it is aimed to make an evaluation on the theme of landscape and country entertainment in the paintings of the Tulip Age and the 18th century Fête Champêtre, genre in French painting. The Tulip Era, one of the important periods in the Ottoman Empire, was a pioneer in some innovations with the changing understanding of painting, which created differences in this sense, reflecting the effect of a new understanding of art with the increase in relations with the. Landscape painting in Turkish painting art in the Tulip Era includes important effects of western influence. Landscape painting in the Tulip Age in Ottoman painting was realized by foreign painters, especially in Istanbul and other big cities. While landscape painting in Turkish painting art developed with the influences from the West in the Tulip Era, it moved away from the classical Ottoman art of depiction. In this period, the understanding of landscape painting in the European painting tradition was also reflected on Ottoman painters. Ottoman painters tended to paint landscapes realistically by focusing on natural details. Landscape paintings often include human figures as well as natural elements. People are often depicted as part of the landscape, and small-scale drawings are thought to be made to emphasize the enormity of the landscape. In addition, it is remarkable that the seasons are reflected in the landscape paintings and the light and shadow details are emphasized. Fête Champêtre, on the other hand, was a popular theme in 18th century French painting. "Fête Champêtre" means "country entertainment" in French. Such paintings depict scenes of outdoor events and picnics held by the nobles and the wealthy in rural areas. Paintings of the Fête Champêtre genre were generally produced by being influenced by the Baroque period and the Rococo style. In these paintings, a group of figures, composed of aristocrats and often musicians, are depicted in elegant gardens or idyllic landscapes. These figures enjoy the countryside while they are resting, chatting, playing music or dancing while wearing ostentatious clothes. In such paintings the harmony and contrast between nature and man is emphasized. Human figures often interact with environmental elements such as ancient structures or sculptures in the garden or park. In addition, lyrical themes such as music, poetry and love often take place in the paintings.

Determination of Language Needs in Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language: The Case of Syria Safe Zone

Ömer YİĞİTAhmet Zeki GÜVEN — 2024-08-29

The purpose of this thesis is to determinate trainers’s language needs who are learning Turkish in Yunus Emre Institute Turkish Culture Center that locafcd in locafed in Syria Safe Zone. In the study, done in this direction survey model which is one of the quantitative comparative method is used. Totally 2.156 trainers, who are in the level of B1, B2 and C1 on Azez YETKM and Afrin YETKM in Syria Safe Zone, constitute the system of the research. 247 trainers, who are on some levels, identified as sample of the research. To get valid and reliable data in the research, it is referred from the survey that transcribed into Turkish and used in the study named Japanese Language Needs Analysis From Iwai and Others’ (1999) by Çangal (2013).The questionnaire that is made in Syria safe zone was applied by Yunus Emre Institute lecturers and the researcher himself. The survey form was given to trainers as Turkish and Arabic. Acquired datas were analyzed on the programme named SPSS 24.0 (Statistic Package For Social Science). For analyzing of the datas, arithmetic mean, percentage, T-test, f test for analysis of variance, one way analyisis of variance (Anova) and Tukey were used. According to research datas, trainers’ needs are seen respectlvely as subdimension of trade, individual attantion and needs, education and business opportunity and communication in class. The highest Turkish language need was observed as subdimension of trade. At the results of analysis, it isn’t determined a difference between trainers’ language needs and their gender. A meaningful diffarence is determined between trainers’ who learn Turkish in Syria Safe Zone, their language needs and age, education background, level of language education and their mother- tongue factors. With this study, Turkish cirriculum as a private foreign language and lesson teaching materials can be prepared for Syria safe zone. Also speacial purpose Turkish courses for trainers’s needs can be opened in the zone. The study is thought as advisory for different studies that will be done about Turkish teaching as foreign language in Syria safe zone. The study is also thought that will contribute to the zone in terms of identifying trainers’s language needs who learn Turkish in the area.

In The Context of Sustainability: Approaches on Sustainable Productions in Art and Leather Processing Art

Tamer ASLAN — 2024-08-29

Sustainability is a concept that is gaining more and more importance in today's world in the fields of art world and industrial production. At a time when we are facing challenging issues such as the depletion of natural resources, environmental problems and social inequalities, the art world is endeavouring to adopt the principle of sustainability and to be a pioneer in this regard. Sustainable art refers to an approach that takes into account social and economic factors, including the design and implementation of artworks and art production methods, in order to create a positive environmental and social impact. Sustainable art adheres to the principles of sustainability in stages such as material selection, production process and use of the work. Issues such as the use of recyclable materials, energy efficiency, the participation of local communities and the protection of natural resources are the cornerstones of sustainable art. In this article; the definition and basic principles of sustainability and sustainable art, the social and environmental impacts of sustainable art, the challenges and opportunities of leather processing art in terms of sustainability, traditional and innovative approaches in sustainable leather production, and how sustainable art and sustainable leather processing art are compatible with the basic principles of sustainability are examined with examples given.

TEACHERS' VIEWS ON THE USE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN SOCIAL STUDIES CLASSES

Fatma AKCANAyşegül TURAL — 2024-08-29

Günümüzün yenilikçi teknolojileri ışığında, teknoloji çağına uyum gerekli görülmekte, dijital teknolojilerin bireysel ve toplumsal hayata entegrasyonu öne çıkmaktadır. Süregelen değişim ve dönüşümle, dijital teknolojilerin kullanımında eğitim süreci temel oluşturmakta olup, sosyal bilgiler dersi de dikkat çekmektedir. Sosyal bilgiler dersinde dijital teknolojilerin kullanımına ilişkin öğretmen görüşlerini ortaya koymayı amaçlayan bu çalışmada, nitel araştırma yönteminden yararlanılmış olup, durum analizi türünde durum çalışması deseni kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın uygulama aşaması, sürece gönüllü katılım gösteren 11 sosyal bilgiler öğretmeni ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcılar, kolay ulaşılabilir örnekleme ile seçilmiştir. Konuya ilişkin katılımcıların görüş ve önerilerinin alınması için odak grup görüşmesi yapılmıştır. Konu merkezli (topical) görüşmeden yararlanılarak, araştırmacılarca uzman görüşleri doğrultusunda hazırlanan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu uygulama sürecinde, kullanılmıştır. Görüşmede kullanılan form, katılımcıların kişisel bilgileri ve konuya ilişkin sorularını içerecek şekilde 2 bölümden oluşmaktadır. Bu bakımdan uygulama aşamasında, görüşme formu yaklaşımı temel alınmıştır. Katılımcılarla belirlenen gün ve saatte, online platform üzerinden odak grup görüşmesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüşme tamamlandıktan sonra veriler yazıya aktarılmış, doküman inceleme ile incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, betimsel analiz ve içerik analizi ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, sosyal bilgiler öğretmenlerinin dijital teknolojileri kullandıkları, ders içi/ders dışı süreçlerde kullanımını olumlu buldukları ve çeşitli teknolojik araçlardan yararlandıkları görülmektedir. Sosyal bilgilerde coğrafya konularının öğretiminde dijital teknoloji kullanımının önemsendiği anlaşılmaktadır. Sürece dönük olarak ise, dijital yetkinliklerin geliştirilmesi, dijital eşitsizliğin giderilmesi gibi öne çıkan öneriler dikkat çekmektedir.

Investigation of Exercise Addiction Levels of Faculty of Sport Sciences Students in Terms of Different Variables

Muhammed Fatih BOZTOPRAKAyşe Feray ÖZBAL — 2024-08-29

This study aims to examine the exercise addiction levels of Kastamonu University Faculty f Sport Sciences students according to different variables. The study participants were determined using a simple random sampling method. A total of 230 students, 111 female and 119 male, studying at the Faculty of Sports Sciences participated in the study. ''Personal Information Form'' and the ''Exercise Addiction Scale'' developed by Demir, Hazar, and Cicioğlu (2018), which consists of 17 items and three sub-dimensions of 5-point Likert type, were used as data collection tools. Descriptive statistics and Cronbach Alpha internal consistency analysis were used to analyze the data. Due to the normal distribution of the data, independent samples t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used. When the research findings are analyzed, it can be said that male participants tend to postpone their basic needs for exercise more than female participants. According to the findings of the sport branch analysis, it was observed that the average exercise addiction level of the athletes in the individual group was higher than that of the team sports group. The exercise addiction level of the participants in the younger age group was found to be higher than the participants in the older age group. The results of the research show that the exercise addiction levels of the students studying at Kastamonu University Faculty of Sports Sciences are in the addicted group.

The Evaluation of Hygiene Behaviors of Primary School 4th Grade Students

Özlem SEÇİLMİŞ ÇETİNÇAKMAKRamazan SEVER — 2024-08-29

The objectives of this study is to determine the personal care, hygiene and cleaning behaviors of primary school 4th grade students and to assess these behaviour. In the study explanatory sequential design, which is mixed method designs was used. The quantitative study group of the research consists of 65 students who are studying in the 4th grade of primary school and 65 parents, including the families of these students Adıyaman province in the 2021-2022 academic year. The qualitative working group consists of 6 teachers. In this research in order to determine the hygiene behaviors of the students, personal information form, personal hygiene questionnaire, the observations of the classroom teachers and the parents were used. In order to evaluate the hygiene behaviors of the students in terms of hygiene and cleaning achievements in the primary school curriculum a focus group interview was conducted with the teachers. In the quantitative part of the study, SPSS 22.0 statistical program, in the analysis of qualitative data descriptive content analysis technique was used. The students’ personal hygiene points in the statements of the students were within 6-22 range with a mean of 13.05, while in parents’ observations it varies between 7-22, the mean was 13.51 and teachers’ observations, it varied between 0-14 and the mean was calculated as 10.0. It was determined that the students could not fully reflect the cleaning and hygiene gains to their daily life skills in the curriculum. In the rearch there was observed that there was no highly statistical differentiation between the students general level of cleanliness and hygiene according to their gender. But there was statistical differentiation between the students general level of cleanliness and hygiene as per their parents state of education and settlement of the parents. In the interviews, the teachers stated that students could not true reflect the hygiene behaviors of the theirs in primary schools, and that the current conditions of the school and the classrooms were not suitable for this due to the lack of budget. In order to acquire the right hygiene gains it has been suggested that it is necessary to cooperate with families, as the school is a continuation to be given at home of the education.

BEHAVIORS OF SCHOOL PRINCIPAL DURING LEADERSHIP PRACTICES

Sevilay ŞAHİNSelin TÜRKOĞLU ÖZDEMİR — 2024-08-29

In this research, it is aimed to contribute to professional development studies by determining the behaviors of school principals in school leadership practices. When the research is examined, it is seen that school leadership development frameworks are put forward in the context of the countries' own education system and culture, and dynamic steps are taken within the scope of professional development studies. This article discusses school leadership practices within the framework of the Turkish Education System. Based on the experiences of school principals, the Phenomenology method is adopted to analyse the study group. It is consisted of 15 school principals working at different levels in Gaziantep – Şahinbey and Şehitkamil districts during the academic year of 2022-2023. The school principals participated in the research were determined by the maximum diversity sampling method. An interview was prepared by the researchers to be applied during the interviews with the school principals. The data obtained were analysed with the "descriptive analysis" and "content analysis" techniques. According to the analysis, it was found that school principals carried out leadership practices under 8 themes with 62 different behaviours. It has been suggested that planning should be made for the development of leadership behaviors that emerged in this direction in the professional development process of school principals.

Horse Names in Historical and Modern Turkic Languages

Başak PERÇİN BOSTAN — 2024-08-29

The animal that has the most important place in the history and culture of the Turks is undoubtedly the horse. Throughout history, Turks have never been away from horses. Their most valuable assets in agriculture, transportation and war have always been their horses. These strong bonds established with the horse have affected every aspect of life, as well as the language. For this reason, Turks have a very rich terminology regarding horses. In our study, the names given to horses in historical and modern Turkish languages were identified, and then these names were classified under eight main headings according to attributes such as age, character, breed, color, speed and gender. For this purpose, a very extensive literature was reviewed and the forms in all historical and modern Turkish languages were tried to be identified. Etymological explanations regarding the naming are also included where necessary. In our study, 225 names used for horse in Turkish languages from historical periods to the present day were identified. Most commonly, they were given names based on their color, age, speed and walking. Our aim in this study is to be able to determine the vocabulary of horse names in Turkish languages and thus contribute to linguistic studies.

Attitude Scale for Science Course: A study of Validity and Reliability

Emine KAYAEyüp İZCİ — 2024-08-29

This study was carried out to develop a scale to assess primary school students' attitudes towards science course. The study group consisted of 409 students studying in the fourth grade of 10 different primary schools in Adıyaman province in the 2020-2021 academic year. As the first step in scale development process, a literature review was conducted and students were asked to write essays expressing their opinions about science course. Using the data obtained, an item pool was created. The items were converted into a data collection tool by being expressed in a scale format. The scale was developed as a three-point Likert scale. The options on the scale are arranged as agree, partially agree and disagree. Feedback was collected from primary school students and teachers who were asked to review the items. Expert opinions were obtained regarding the content and face validity of the items. After the evaluation of expert opinions, the revised scale was made ready for application and a preliminary application was conducted. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to determine the construct validity of the scale. As a result of the analyses, it was observed that the scale consisted of 13 items and 3 sub-dimensions named as interest, enjoyment and participation. The total variance of the scale was 57.141%, KMO value was found to be .817 and Croanbach alpha value was found to be .776. As a result of the studies conducted to measure validity and reliability, the scale was found to be suitable for being used to measure the attitudes of primary school students towards science course.

Structural Dimension of Health Relationships and The Social Role of Doctors in Ancient Egypt

Ensar YILMAZ — 2024-08-29

Diseases are among the facts of social life. Societies develop various treatment methods against diseases. These methods evolve into a structural dimension by gaining continuity. It is without a doubt that modern level of medicine is thanks to the accumulation of the first studies of humanity. It is certain that Ancient Egyptian civilization, like all ancient civilizations, contributed to this accumulation. The most important resources of Egyptian medicine are papyruses. Experiences and treatments written on the papyruses were considered as some kind of prescription and became a resource. Magic and sorcery are also seen in some part of the medical papyruses. In the other parts, there is a medical understanding that is more empirical and rational, that can be called scientific. Doctors representing different statuses can be mentioned in Ancient Egypt. Doctors with the status of priests had a high reputation in society. Magicians who made patients believe they were going to heal by giving them hope with some magical operations represent a different group. On the other hand, Sinus who treated patients with medications prepared with plants, animals, and mines and who were not priests represent another group as the practitioners of empirical medicine and surgery.

CHP And State Management in The Early Republic Period (1923-1946)

Erhan ALPASLANTülay GÖKDEMİR — 2024-08-29

The 30-year period (1914-1945) between the two world wars has been called the "Age of Disaster" (Age of Catastrophe) by most historians. In this period when the empires were devastated, the Ottoman Empire followed the trend and the Republic of Turkey was established instead. This small state, which tried to open a living space for itself in this period called the Age of Disaster, succeeded in establishing itself in the world political scene with its radical revolutions. Human, as a political entity, has always been in search of being the ruler and the ruled in the name of being organized throughout the history of the world. Despite the active totalitarian tendencies of the time, the democracy front was the victor. In this period when empires collapsed and new names emerged on the world map, the Republic of Turkey defined itself as a democratic, secular and social state of law. Despite these symbols, which were carefully chosen by the shapers of the period, the decisive practices of a single party were needed for a while in order to democratize the country. With these practices, which we can say that democracy has been damaged, it has grown like the rings formed by the stone thrown into the water, and has determined the direction of today's politics. It is essential to present objective studies in shaping today's Turkey by learning from the practices of the Turkey of the time when democracy was the main material of politics. For this reason, in this study, single-party applications were evaluated in all aspects.

An Evaluation of Opportunities and Limits of Feminist Pedagogy Depending on Critical Pedagogy History

İlksen ÜSTÜNDAĞ YILDIRIM — 2024-08-29

Even though feminist pedagogy indicates a practical field founded on reconstructing of man-centred information in the first hand because of its theoretical structure, it bears a more inclusive and intersectional meaning of educational approach today. In the formations of so-called inclusive quality of feminist pedagogy, the fact that other approaches that could be regarded under the roof of critical thinking and critical pedagogy has become the source of this pedagogy has been efficient. For that reason, the history of critical pedagogy, its conceptual background and application recommendations has become significant during the evaluation of the opportunities and limits of feminist pedagogy. In this sense, it is aimed to investigate the possibility of practicing feminist pedagogy out of a woman-oriented study and of reaching different courses and different masses, and evaluation of the concept together with its theoretical background, and the handicaps and limits in its application in the current study. The research is a critical qualitative study and the data obtained in the related literature was analysed inductively. Consequently, it was found that the practices and recommendations regarding the application of feminist pedagogy meet on a common ground. Therefore, it was determined the conceptual background and application practices in the development of the approach did not constitute any obstacle in the application of feminist pedagogy. However, such different elements as the group the pedagogy would be applied or prejudices towards the features of the institution and feminism as an ideology were all evaluated in the context of the limits of feminist pedagogy in the study.

Officer Training in the Seljuk Armies

Mehmet GÜNNuray SENEMOĞLU — 2024-08-29

This study aims to investigate how officers were trained in Seljuk States and how this officer training affected the other Turkic states established after the Seljuks. This study uses a descriptive approach. It is designed as historical research. Its data, data collection instruments and process have qualitative research characteristics. Data sources were documents and experts. Data were collected through document analysis and interviews. The documents were selectedaccording to the criterion sampling method and experts with whom interviews conducted were selected using snowball sampling method. The data collection instruments were three forms developed by the researchers. Miles-Huberman’s qualitative data analysis model was used for data analysis. MAXQDA qualitative data analysis program was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that Seljuks developed their military training culture they brought from the Turkic States with the institutions they adopted from the Islamic states. The main source of officer training at that time was the young children called gulam. These children were educated in the gulamhane in the place following the same model. This system had a great impact on Ottoman Empire and partly on the Republic of Türkiye.

Investigation of the Relationship Between Doing Sports and Moral Maturity in Students According to Various Variables

Sare EVCİMİKAbdullah BİNGÖLBALI ,Yusuf Emre KARAKAYA — 2024-08-29

The aim of this study is to ınvestıgatıon moral maturity in 7th grade secondary school students in the context of doing sports, sports branch preference and duration of doing sports and other demographic variables. It was conducted in the Descriptive Survey Model and on a total of 403 secondary school students. The data collected with the research information form and the Moral Maturity Scale in Children were analyzed with descriptive statistical techniques. The results obtained based on the analysis are as follows: The general moral maturity perceptions of the students participating in the study are at the level of "occasional" and correspond to the "preconventional" period in Kohlberg's moral classification. In the study, this situation was associated with the age of the students, not fully knowing and internalizing social rules. In the study, it was determined that practicing sports positively affected the development of moral maturity in the dimensions of "being a good child - following the rules" and "not behaving in a manipulative manner". In the context of sport preferences, it was found that students who played basketball had a lower perception of manipulative behavior than those who played other sports. This was followed by volleyball and soccer and others. In the study, it was evaluated that this advantage of basketball sport may be related to the fact that this game combines physical, educational, psychological and sociological values and activates mental abilities. Furthermore, it was determined that students' perceptions of moral maturity differed according to gender, but not according to parental education level. Finally, it was emphasized that playing sports and moral maturity intersect in the sense that both disciplines are normative and provide self-confidence and social belonging. Therefore, it was emphasized that sports should be encouraged in schools for moral development.

Examining the Relationship Between Childhood Traumas and Stigmatization and Self-Esteem in Adulthood in LGBTI Individuals

Zehra YılmazKader BAHAYİ — 2024-08-29

The aim of the study is "Examining the Relationship Between Childhood Traumas and Stigmatization and Self-Esteem in Adulthood in LGBTI Individuals". This study aims to reveal the relationship between childhood traumas of LGBTI individuals and self-esteem and stigmatization in adulthood. It was designed as a quantitative research design. One of the most important parts of this research is the group of LGBTI individuals to be studied, because as a result of the literature research, it was observed that the studies conducted with LGBTI individuals in Turkey were insufficient and in this context, it was aimed to work with LGBTI individuals. The study group consists of LGBTI individuals in Turkey and abroad. The research was conducted with 101 participants based on volunteerism. Data were collected face-to-face and online. Support was received from LGBTI Associations and Communities to reach the sample. Personal Information Form, Childhood Trauma Scale, Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were used for data collection. Pearson correlation was applied to examine the relationship between childhood mental trauma, stigmatization and self-esteem levels of LGBTI individuals. According to the correlation findings, there was a positive and significant relationship between the total score of stigmatization related to mental disorders and emotional abuse sub-dimension. Self-esteem was positively and significantly correlated with emotional abuse and physical abuse.

An Examination of the Relationship Between Academic Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation

Selçuk DEMİR — 2024-08-29

Academic motivation is considered among the most important terms of educational learning, personal success, and productivity. This study seeks to clarify the relationship between students' academic self-efficacy and academic motivation and its sub-dimensions. This study is based on the relational survey model. The population of the study consists of students studying at Şırnak University. The sample of the study consists of 309 participants and simple random sampling was adopted as the sampling type. The "Academic Self-Efficacy Scale" was used to determine academic self-efficacy levels of students while the "Academic Motivation Scale" was used to determine their levels of academic motivation. The Cronbach-Alpha reliability values calculated with the data of this research revealed that the relevant scales were reliable. In the analysis of data, descriptive statistics and correlation and regression analyzes were used. Correlation values indicated that academic self-efficacy and other sub-dimensions except academic motivation and amotivation were statistically positively and significantly related. There was a negative and significant relationship between academic self-efficacy and amotivation variables. Regression analysis findings showed that academic self-efficacy predicted academic motivation and its sub-dimensions statistically significantly. It is considered important to perform studies that will develop students' academic self-efficacy in order to increase their academic motivation.

The Investigation of High School Students’ Social Media Addiction Levels According to Their Sport Habits

Kaan Doğan YAZANOnur KÖKSAL ,Fatma Şeyda YAZAN — 2024-08-29

This study aimed to examine the social media addiction levels of high school students in terms of their sports habits and demographic characteristics. Survey model was used in the research. The sample of the research consisted of a total of 400 high school students, 204 girls and 196 boys, studying in the Şefaatli district of Yozgat province. Demographic Information Form and Social Media Addiction Scale Student Form developed by Şahin (2018) were used as data collection tools. In the research, what is the level of social media addiction among high school students? Do the social media addiction scores of high school students differ in terms of their sports habits and demographic characteristics? Answers to these questions were sought. The data was collected via Google Forms because it is economical and practical, and the collected data was analyzed through the IBM SPSS 23.0 program. The normality test showed that the data showed a normal distribution. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the social media addiction level of high school students, and independent sample t-test and one way ANOVA tests were used for sports habits and demographic characteristics. In the research findings, it was seen that the social media addiction levels of high school students were at a medium level (x̄=96.81). While students' social media addiction scores differed according to gender, daily social media usage time, purpose of social media use, frequency of doing sports, participation in school sports teams and sport type preference, they did not differ according to grade levels. As a result of the research, it was determined that students were at risk of addiction, but those who were involved in sports and used social media less had low addiction scores.

Commercial and Economic Interests of Great Britain in Iran at the Beginning of 20th Century in the light of the Documents of the Foreign Office

Aykut DALAK — 2024-08-29

The base of Persian-British relations is the proximity of Iran to India. However, the fact that Iran is on the road to India does not seem sufficient to explain the importance of Iran to Great Britain. In fact, in the second part of the 19^th century and notably at the beginning of the 20^th century, British commercial and economic interests featured more. British policy of Iran, therefore, consisted of the coordination of entrepreneurships of the companies operating and British representations in Iran. In this framework, the subject of this paper consists of commercial and economic interests of Great Britain in Iran by referring to classifications of FO (Foreign Office)-Affairs of Persia and Arabia and FO-Affairs of Persia in the National Archives. On the ground of this subject, it has been aimed to reveal how far the range of the Iran policy of the Foreign Office expanded. Employing a qualitative research methodology, this study draws upon document analysis to shed light on the commercial and economic interests of Great Britain in Iran. Through document analysis, the research dissects these interests, systematically organizing them into distinct themes respectively loans, concessions, and oil.

The Reflectıon of The Settlement Polıcıes Durıng The Sıngle Party Perıod on The Eastern Reports

Volkan TUNÇ — 2024-08-29

The settlement policy of the Ottoman Empire during the establishment and rise periods was generally aimed at ensuring the Turkification and Islamization of the region in order to make its dominance permanent in the regions it conquered. However, the territorial losses following the defeats in the XVIIth century and the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries led to an inward migration movement. At the same time, it was necessary to implement different settlement policies within the country depending on the concepts of immigrant, refugee, tribe and place. This situation continued in the same direction, starting from the founding years of the Republic of Turkey until the 1930s. It gained a new dimension, especially with the population exchange agreed upon at the Lausanne Peace Conference in 1923. The state, which took on the settlement issue of hundreds of thousands of people after the agreement, created an institution called "Ministry of Exchange, Reconstruction and Settlement" in the same year in order to carry out these works properly. However, when the reports prepared regarding the eastern provinces between 1925 and 1935 are examined, it is seen that the problems and disruptions related to the settlement policy are frequently mentioned. Following the problems experienced, the Single Party Government prepared and enacted comprehensive laws in 1926 and 1934 in order to regulate settlement activities. However, when the reports between 1935 and 1945 were examined, it was understood that the regulations made were not beneficial. The report written by CHP Secretary General M. Şevket Esendal after his investigations in the eastern provinces in 1945 is an important example in this regard. Esendal's statements that disorder continued in the region in those days and that a system related to the settlement policy could not be established reveal the lack of plans, programs and implementation in the settlement policy. This study is based on the analyzes of the bureaucrats, deputies and General Inspectors (General Inspectors) at important levels of the state, especially the Prime Minister of the period, İsmet İnönü, between 1923 and 1950, as a result of the examinations they carried out in the East, and the reports they put forward after these analyses. It covers the settlement policy and activities to be implemented throughout the country. This study aims to examine the reflections and consequences of the settlement policy implemented by the CHP government in the context of the country and the region.

THE IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE GROUNDING OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Ahmet ALKAYIŞ — 2024-08-29

The human being occupies a tremendous place among other living beings. This value of man comes from his/her biopsychic characteristic. Because man creates civilizations by using his/her intelligence and manual skills. It is both philosophy and anthropology that articulate the fundamental characteristics that distinguish human beings from other living beings. The task of philosophical anthropology is to reveal and explain these differences of existence. Along with the qualities of the human being's existence structure, it is very important to move from the conditions of his existence. For this reason, this study first examines the theoretical foundations between philosophical anthropology and human rights. It is an important problem that, no matter how close the boundaries of philosophy and anthropology are, philosophical concepts are rarely used to explain anthropological events and changes. Then, the conceptual framework of philosophical anthropology is presented and the historical process of human rights and their current role are examined. At the same time, the foundations of human rights and the problems related to the awareness of the protection of human rights were emphasized. At the end of the study, the importance of human rights in the context of philosophical anthropology and some suggestions for the improvement of these rights are put forward.