Tarih Okulu Dergisi, Year 2025 Issue LXXIV

Investigation of Teachers' Opinions on Artificial Intelligence Literacy Education in Preschool Period

Adalet KANDIRMerve TEMEL — 2025-03-03

Artificial intelligence is causing a change and transformation in societies. This change and transformation has also increased the importance of artificial intelligence literacy. Artificial intelligence literacy education can be defined as the education and training of individuals in the field of artificial intelligence. This education can help children develop a positive attitude towards technology and technology-related applications. AI literacy is a growing area of interest. The benefits of AI literacy can be maximized, and its risks minimized by making it widespread in education. AI literacy in preschool is a relatively new area of research. Therefore, despite the increasing importance and studies on artificial intelligence, it can be stated that very few studies have focused on AI literacy in preschool period. It is critical to understand the challenges and facilitators associated with promoting AI literacy. Therefore, there is a need for further research and evaluation of preschool teachers' views. Based on this need, this study aimed to examine preschool teachers' views on the reasons for promoting AI literacy in preschool education, possible challenges and facilitators of promoting AI literacy. The study group of the research consisted of 25 preschool teachers. A semi-structured interview form prepared by the researchers was used as a data collection tool. As a result of the research, it was determined that preschool teachers found it important to promote AI literacy in preschool education classes because it provides children with twenty-first century competencies and contributes to their correct and effective use of AI. In this direction, training seminars, workshops, and information meetings can be organized with preschool teachers in order to promote AI literacy.

BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MODERNIZATION POLICIES IN ATATÜRK'S ERA: THE CASE OF WEB OF SCIENCE

Ahmet Murat KADIOĞLU — 2025-03-03

The Republic of Türkiye brought along many innovations and societal changes. The founder of the modern Republic of Türkiye, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, aimed primarily to elevate Türkiye to the level of contemporary civilizations. To achieve this goal, he associated modernization policies with westernization. This study aims to present a bibliometric output of academic studies focusing on early republican modernization policies. In this regard, the goal of the study is to highlight the focal points of research examining the modernization policies during the Atatürk Era and to identify areas for future research. The study employs the bibliometric analysis method to examine 212 academic studies found in the Web of Science database. VOSviewer visualization software was utilized to transform the bibliometric data into meaningful maps. The study reveals an increase in recent years in the number of studies focusing on early republican modernization policies. However, it is determined that the citation numbers of studies conducted by researchers in Türkiye remained low. Furthermore, it is noted that researchers focusing on early republican modernization policies have not concentrated on concepts such as memory, secularization, and culture.

Investigation of the Efforts of Local Governing Bodies on Tourism During the Democratic Party Period Through the Newspapers in Çorum

Ali İzzet YILMAZSongül DEMİREL DEĞİRMENCİ — 2025-03-03

Local governing bodies mostly acted in line with the administrative outputs in which they conveyed the will of the central administration in the provinces. Apart from this, there were also times when they certainly played pioneering roles locally through their individual efforts. One of the areas that contributed is tourism. The beginning of the activities undertaken throughout the country to develop tourism dates back to the 1930s. The Democrat Party (DP) Era corresponds to just before the planned development period, when efforts towards tourism were made calculatedly. The means we used to examine the activities of local government units of this period in Çorum province is the local press, which has the function of informing and notifying the local people. In the study, it is aimed to monitor the efforts of the local government units on tourism by examining the local newspapers published in Çorum during the DP Era. Topic classification is made for central and local government units, and prominent tourism efforts in the province are emphasized.

A Life Advocated to Keep the Turkish Ideal on Turkish Cypriots: Osman Talât Yurdakul

Elnur AĞAYEV — 2025-03-03

Upon the dominance of British rule in Cyprus a new period began for the Turkish Cypriot intellectuals. It is possible to summarize this aforementioned period as to struggle for identity against British oppression regime and to survive before culturally and later politically. The Cypriot intellectuals continued this struggle with the newspapers they publish, the theatre which they wrote and put performed, the teacher some duty they undertake, the cultural and political organizations they established. Osman Talât Yurdakul who involved in this struggle emerges us as an intellectual working for to keep the Turkish Ideal alive, as a man of culture, educationalist, writer and a politician. He worked for to keep the Turkishness Consciousness alive, to protect and develop on his students as a teacher and with his theatre works and columns on Turkish Cypriot society. While he was applying these methods, he placed in front of the struggle not only as a thinker, but an activist as well. He contacted with the people directly by visiting about 180 villages and made speeches about national subjects by using his speaker ability and motivating people. He never gave up his struggle by his short life although the British Colonial Administration exiled him. The struggle for Turkishness in Cyprus by teachers and intellectuals, including Osman Talât Yurdakul, their contribution to the continuation of the existence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus as a political structure and the Turkish Cypriot community united around the ideal of Turkishness cannot be denied.

Investigation of the Relationship Between Environmental Awareness and Attitudes of Preschool Children and the Environmental Literacy of Their Parents

Emine Ela ŞİMŞEK — 2025-03-03

This research, aiming to examine the relationship between environmental awareness and attitude of preschool children and the environmental literacy of their parents, was conducted in the correlational survey model, which is one of the quantitative research methods. The study group of the research consisted of 522 individuals, including 261 children aged 60-66 months and their parents. The data of the research were collected through the Environmental Awareness and Attitude Scale for Preschool Children and the Environmental Literacy Scale for Adults, and a statistical package program was used in the data analysis process. As a result of the research, a positive, moderate-level relationship was determined between children's environmental awareness and their parents' environmental literacy. When examining the significance levels between variables, a positive, moderate-level relationship was found between children's environmental awareness and adults' environmental consciousness, environmental concern, and environmental awareness variables. Additionally, a positive, low-level relationship was revealed between children's environmental attitude and their parents' environmental literacy in the research. When examining the significance levels between variables, a positive, low-level relationship was found between children's environmental awareness and adults' environmental consciousness, environmental concern, and environmental awareness variables. Based on the research results, various recommendations have been proposed.

Construction of a Self-Efficacy Scale for Formative Assessment

Ahmet YILDIRIMEmre KARATAŞ — 2025-03-03

The purpose of this study is to create a scale that might be used to assess teachers' self-efficacy regarding formative assessment. This study, in which an exploratory mixed research method was employed, was conducted with a research group of 46 teachers participating in the qualitative part of the study and 296 teachers participating in the quantitative part of the study with the convenience sampling approach. In the scale development process, the first draft form of the scale was developed using qualitative data obtained from 46 teachers and literature review. The 24-item draft form, which was finalized in line with expert opinions, was delivered to the participants in a 5-point Likert scale format. The developed scale was administered to 296 teachers and Cronbach’s Alpha and McDonald’s Omega coefficients were estimated within the scope of reliability evidence based on the data obtained within the scope of the study. These two coefficients, which provide evidence for reliability in terms of internal consistency, were estimated as 0.99 for the developed scale. As a result of the principal components analysis, the variance explained by a single dimension of the scale consisting of 24 items was calculated as 85.99%. Additional evidence for construct validity was presented through convergent validity and other approaches. Depending on the findings, it is recommended that the scale created within the scope of this research might be employed in research to be conducted on self-efficacy of teachers concerning formative assessment.

Adaptation of Academics in the Field of Sports Sciences to Artificial Intelligence Applications

Burak CANPOLATÇetin TAN ,Büşra CANPOLAT ,Göktıuğ NORMAN — 2025-03-03

This study aims to explore the adaptation processes of academics in the field of sports sciences to artificial intelligence (AI) applications, focusing on the opportunities offered by these technologies as well as the challenges encountered. The research was conducted as a qualitative study involving 22 academics working at universities in Eastern and Southeastern Türkiye. Data were collected through unstructured in-depth interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal that AI offers significant opportunities in areas such as performance optimization, injury prevention, personalized educational processes, and data analysis in sports sciences. However, challenges such as cost, lack of technical knowledge, infrastructure limitations, and ethical concerns were identified as major barriers to wider adoption. Participants emphasized the necessity of integrating AI into educational curricula, though this process is hindered by resource limitations. Additionally, concerns regarding the ethical implications of AI and the potential neglect of the human factor emerged as critical issues. The study suggests enhancing academic collaborations, investing in infrastructure, and expanding training programs to facilitate the adoption of AI in sports sciences. It also highlights the need to develop standards addressing the ethical and social dimensions of AI. While the study demonstrates the potential of AI for innovative and effective applications in sports sciences, it underscores the importance of developing comprehensive strategies to support its adaptation.

The Effect of Film Soundtracks on Emotions: The Example of My Father and My Son Film

Ersin AYCAN — 2025-03-03

This research examines the effect of music on emotions in cinema art. Specifically, the study investigates how music influences positive and negative emotions during film viewing. For this study, the film ‘My Father and My Son’, which ran for 81 weeks in Turkish cinemas in 2005 and received an award for its music, was selected. To explore this, participants (n= 58) from the Faculty of Communication first completed a mood scale assessing their routine emotional states. One month later, they watched a 5-minute-and-56-second climax scene from the film. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: one watched the scene with music (n= 29), while the other watched without music (n= 29). After viewing the scene titled ‘Give him a room, Dad’, both groups completed the mood scale again. The data analysis revealed that participants in the music group experienced significantly higher positive and negative emotions compared to those in the non-music group. These findings demonstrate that music significantly triggers both positive and negative emotions, making it a powerful tool for conveying intended messages in cinema art.

The Role and Importance of Human Resources in the Implementation Process of Good Governance Principles

Hasibe Gül SEVİNÇ — 2025-03-03

Changes and transformations in management have made it necessary to review administrative policies and principles over time. With the transition from management to multi-actor governance, some principles and approaches to management have begun to be adapted. Good governance principles adopted to improve, activate and ensure continuity of management have been the determinant and shaper of administrative policies and strategies. Corporate continuity is based on material capital and human capital. The human capital of institutions is the most important actor of the institution as the executor of managerial policies. Due to this importance, the main purpose of the study is to examine how it affects corporate efficiency, effectiveness and success, by focusing on the role and importance of human resources in the implementation process of good governance principles. In this compilation study, secondary data analysis was performed and the roles of human resources in the implementation of good governance principles were analyzed in line with the information obtained from the literature review. It has been concluded that the success of communication between managers and employees, their adoption and internalization of management policies are also determinants of the impact the institution will have on its external audiences. When human resources, which are the external face of the institution, exhibit behaviors that are aware of the purpose and importance of good governance principles, it positively affects the corporate perception and image and brings corporate continuity and success.

An Annotation of Yunus Emre’s Shathiye with the Verse “Ciktim Erik Dalina Anda Yedim Uzumi” Found in Sheikh Safi’s Manāqib

Havva TOK YILDIZ — 2025-03-03

The books of commandments are texts prestigious among the written sources of Alevi-Bektashi belief and culture. These texts are significant in the transfer and systemization of rituals in Alevi-Bektashi culture with variants such as Commandment of Sheikh Safi, Commandment of Imam Jafar, and Manāqib-ı Awliya while primarily fed by the Book of Commandments emphasizing that information transferred in sequence with the Prophet Muhammad’s bequests to Ali was delivered to disciples in a book. These texts introducing tariqa’s basic principles and the right way to do things are mostly in question-answer form between sheikh and disciple. This study discusses the copy which is composed of 206 leaves and found in the Berlin State Library titled Menāqib-i Šeyḫ Ṣafī with the call number Ms. or. quart. 2134-1 with two scribes to it: the Hurufi author Firisteoglu Abdulmecîd and Seyyid Hasan Tahsîn annotating the first. The Berlin copy resembles the books of commandments as to content while differentiating from those by involving an annotation of a poem by Yunus Emre. The annotation dated 1857, written by Niyâzî-i Mısrî, and scribed by Hasan Tahsîn addresses Yunus’ famous shathiye starting with “çıkdım erik dalına anda yedim üzümi.” Expressions attributed to Yunus within the manāqib indicate that Niyâzî-i Mısrî’s annotation was consciously included in the copy by the scribe. This study delivers similarities and differences between the Berlin copy and other works of Alevi-Bektashi culture, copy’s description, brief information on Sheikh Safi and scribe of the copy followed by information on Yunus Emre and annotation text and latinization of the annotation of shathiye starting with the abovementioned verse.

NEW GENERATION EXPERIENCES AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF SMART STADIUMS

İsmail ÖNERHülya BERKTAŞ — 2025-03-03

Stadiums are important structures that host many events and host millions of people in parallel with the development of societies from past to present. With the development of technology, the structure, system, service and management of these stadiums have developed accordingly. The aim of this research is to examine the New Generation Experience and Gains of Smart Stadiums. Document analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods, was preferred in the research. Firstly, academic articles, theses, dissertations, journals, newspapers and book documents related to smart stadiums were accessed and their originality was checked. Then, publications related to the research were identified by making a detailed examination. The identified documents were read and interpreted. It has been determined that smart stadiums can provide a better quality match viewing experience, more spectator revenue, a sense of comfort and security, as well as satisfying social interactions and reducing various costs for sports clubs. However, it has been determined that smart stadiums can be built at high cost and may cause technical problems such as privacy problems and system errors. As a result; smart stadiums can provide additional income opportunities for sports clubs, fans can find a parking space, easily access the stadium, re-watch the missed position while watching the match, order from where they sit, upgrade seats and toilet availability, as well as increase the safety and sense of security of the fans with the data collected by cameras and sensors. In addition, smart stadiums will enable staff to receive instant updates on what is happening in the venue, increasing their efficiency and ability to secure the stadiums.

Artificial Intelligence Applications in the Poultry Industry: Broiler Feed Price Forecasting

Kamil Abdullah EŞİDİR — 2025-03-03

The most important input item of broiler meat production is feed cost. In this study, GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) model is used to predict broiler feed prices. The GRU model is an artificial intelligence algorithm known for its effectiveness in time series analysis. The correct selection of independent variables greatly affects the accuracy of the predicted broiler feed prices. In the designed model, the number of broiler slaughtered, the amount of broiler meat produced, laying hens feed price, dairy feed price, livestock feed price and US Dollar Exchange Rate are used as independent variables. Using monthly data for the period 1995-2024 obtained from Turkish Feed Industrialists' Association (TÜRKİYEM-BİR), Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (CBRT) and Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT), the GRU model is used to forecast broiler feed prices for the next 12 months. The results show that the model provides high accuracy (MAPE: 6.48% and R²: 0.997) on both training and test data. By learning the complex relationships between independent variables, the GRU model demonstrated the ability to accurately predict future price movements. Price forecasts can provide cost advantages to producers and contribute to their strategic planning.

Ethical Evaluation of News Generation Using Artificial Intelligence

Kubilay ÇELİK — 2025-03-03

The visual and print media sector has recently started to use Artificial Intelligence (AI) for news writing in our country, as in the world. The method of writing news with Artificial Intelligence has been criticized and discussed from various angles. One of the biggest problems of this method is ethical problems. Existing literature on news production with AI is reviewed and ethical issues, algorithmic biases, information accuracy and social impacts are discussed. Some relevant data were obtained from reliable sources. For the research, 74 people experienced in the media sector were identified and the positive and negative aspects of Artificial Intelligence in the media sector were investigated. “Ethics Report” was obtained from Maltepe University Ethics Committee. Permission was obtained by contacting the participants by phone and the questionnaire consisting of 29 questions was sent via electronic communication tools. The findings are analyzed in the conclusion section.

Investigation of The Economic Effects of Institutional Identity Formed After Marriage

Mustafa Ercan KILIÇ — 2025-03-03

This study examines how marriage affects economic behavior through institutional identity. In the study, firstly, an extensive national and international literature review was conducted. The literature review showed that there are very few studies on marriage and economics. Although there is diversity in the studies conducted abroad, it has been observed that the studies conducted in Turkey mostly consist of field studies on married couples. In Turkey, no studies have been found that would integrate marriage as a phenomenon into economic theory, neither through the orthodox approach nor the heterodox approach. Throughout the study, the institutional structure of marriage was discussed in detail and the effect of this institutional identity on the decision-making mechanism was analyzed. Thus, instead of a pure homo economicus, the effect of different identities such as homo singleus, homo marryus and even homo divorcus on economic behavior has been revealed.

Trial by Duel in Medieval English Law: Trial by Battle

Sultan GÜRSOY — 2025-03-03

Trial by battle is one of many forms of trial by torture, or judicium Dei, which was a common legal practice in the Middle Ages. In every case, the defendant's guilt or innocence could be determined by methods such as walking on coal, holding a hot iron, putting his hand or arm in boiling water, or being thrown into cold water. In some of these actions, a miracle was required to convict the defendant, while in others, a miracle was required for the defendant to be saved. The efficacy of ordeals was typically attributed to the influence they exerted on the defendant's mind. These practices were often accompanied by solemn religious ceremonies. The term "trial by duel" was used to describe ordeals because it was believed that God would announce his judgment by giving victory to the innocent side, rendering it impossible for a guilty man, regardless of his strength or skill, to defeat his accuser. The study commenced with an overview of the historical context of "trial by duel," a Germanic form of trial that was widely employed in medieval Europe. It then proceeded to examine the evolution of this practice in English law. In the introductory section, the definition of trial by duel was elucidated in light of the insights gleaned from medieval jurists and historical records. This was followed by a discussion on the origin of the duel and the trial itself. Since trial by duel was employed prior to the advent of written law, it is not possible to ascertain the precise origins of this judicial institution. However, it appears to have evolved as a judicial institution in various regions of Europe. Furthermore, it was unknown in the East until it came into contact with the West. The study also examines how trial by duel was implemented in England and in which cases it was used. Thus, this study represents an original contribution to the understanding of this form of judgment, which is specific to medieval Europe and England. This study will examine the historical background of trial by duel, as well as defining it in the context of historical documents.

The Effect of Digital Marketing Strategies on Consumers’ Impulse Buying Behavior: An Empirical Investigation on the Mediating Role of Social Media Advertisements

Yusuf KILIÇ Yakup Durmaz — 2025-03-03

In the digital marketing environment, social media platforms have emerged as a pivotal factor in influencing consumers' instant purchase decisions. The objective of this study is to elucidate the impact of digital marketing practices on consumers' impulsive buying decisions, with a particular focus on the mediating role of social media advertisements in this process. The study methodically analyzes how consumers perceive marketing messages exposed to them on digital platforms and the impact of this perception on purchase intention. The study's data were collected from a sample group of 1014 respondents using an online survey and a convenience sampling method. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS programs. After conducting validity and reliability analyses, the relationship between the variables was evaluated using correlation analysis, and the mediation effect was tested using the AMOS program. The findings indicate that digital marketing practices do not exert a direct effect on impulse buying; however, social media advertisements play an effective mediating role, and digital marketing strategies significantly shape consumer buying behaviors. The results suggest that digital marketing applications cannot ignore the use of social media in consumers' impulse purchases, and businesses that aim to enhance the effectiveness of their marketing strategies should consider increasing their social media advertisements.

A Qualitative Study on Women’s Labor in Rural Settlements Engaged in Intensive Agricultural Activities: The Case of Kıyık Village (Muş)

İrfan BAYTAR — 2025-03-03

This study examines women’s labor in agricultural activities. As one of the key resources for rural development, agricultural production has always been significant and has recently gained even more prominence. Women’s intensive involvement in agricultural production, alongside their domestic responsibilities, plays a crucial role in sustaining these activities. Although the main sources of livelihood and production areas in the study area are crop production, it is notable that crop and livestock production are integrated to the extent allowed by prevailing conditions. However, livestock breeding in the region is not for commercial purposes, but rather for household needs and reduces the cost of animal products for producers. The lack of organization among women engaged in rural activities and their limited access to social security diminish their visibility in the labor market. Additionally, male-dominated control over property, marketing, and financial resources remains a significant issue, which poses a challenge to rural development. In recent years, the migration of younger populations to urban areas has resulted in an aging workforce in rural agricultural activities, often comprised of individuals with lower levels of education. This demographic shift, coupled with the declining interest of younger generations in agricultural production, has intensified the workload on women, further exacerbating the issue. Kıyık Village, the study site located in Muş Province, is one of the villages with the highest concentration of agricultural activities. The village’s expansive agricultural land and sufficient water resources contribute to both its agricultural potential and the increased workload on women. In this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted face-to-face with ten women actively involved in agricultural production in Kıyık Village. The interviews were analyzed using the MAXQDA software package. Based on the findings, assessments were made regarding women’s labor and its visibility in agricultural production activities.

CLASSROOM TEACHERS’ VİEWS ON PEER BULLYİNG IN THEİR CLASSROOMS

Mehmet DEMİRHAN — 2025-03-03

Individuals who are exposed to peer bullying experience many negative situations, from decreased self-esteem to decreased academic success and deterioration of student health. It is extremely important to determine the impact of such an important issue on primary school students, who are still in the developmental age, in line with the views of classroom teachers. In this context, the aim of the study is to reveal the views of classroom teachers on peer bullying behaviors encountered among students. Phenomenological design, which is one of the qualitative research designs, was used as a method in the research. The data obtained in the study were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with classroom teachers. The data obtained in the study were collected through semi-structured interview forms conducted with classroom teachers. The research was conducted with a total of 42 classroom teachers, 18 female and 24 male, working in Yeşilyurt and Battalgazi districts of Malatya province in the 2023-2024 academic year. Purposive and easily accessible sampling method, one of the non-random sampling methods, was used in the study. The data obtained in the study were analyzed by content analysis method. According to the findings of the research, all classroom teachers stated that their students were exposed to peer bullying behavior, although the frequency varied. Classroom teachers stated that the most common types of bullying were emotional and verbal bullying, that they mostly turned to individual interviews and guidance service and family cooperation to cope with bullying behavior, and that they saw the most common cause of bullying as social media. In addition, they stated that the students who were bullied shared this situation with them the most, and that the social-sports activities to be implemented at school would be effective in reducing peer bullying.

Circadian Rhythm and Physical Performance in Visually Impaired Individuals: A Review Study

Musa TÜRKMENÖzgür EKEN ,Oğuzhan BOZKURT ,Ahmet KURTOĞLU ,İsmihan EKEN — 2025-03-03

This review study explores the circadian rhythms and physical performance of visually impaired (VI) individuals, emphasizing the significance of physical activity to enhance their quality of life. In this study, conducted using the traditional review model, databases such as "Google Scholar," "PubMed," "Web of Science," and "Scopus" were searched in both Turkish and English using keywords such as "visually impaired, circadian rhythm, diurnal variation, chronotype, physical performance, athletic performance, sports, physical activity," either together or separately. The resulting studies were evaluated. VI individuals frequently experience disruptions in their circadian rhythms, leading to sleep disorders. Proper functioning of circadian rhythms depends on environmental cues like light. In VI individuals, the absence of light signals from the retina to the brain disrupts this rhythm, negatively impacting their physical performance. Physical activities not only improve the physical performance of VI individuals but also enhance their overall health, social skills, and cognitive abilities. Research indicates that exercise positively affects performance parameters such as walking speed and lower extremity muscle strength in VI individuals and provides protection against certain visual impairments. This review examines how exercise planning, considering the circadian rhythms of VI individuals, affects their physical performance. It emphasizes the necessity of personalized exercise programs to maximize the benefits of physical activities for VI individuals.

Administrative, Social and Economic Structure of Sivas in the Oriental Commerce Annals (1883- 1932)

Olcay KAHRAMANHamza KUZUCU — 2025-03-03

Due to the Industrial Revolution and the international depression in the Ottoman Empire, the privileges granted to foreigners in customs duties made the Ottoman Empire a center of attraction as an open market and raw material source for Europe. This attractive feature caused foreign merchants to turn to Ottoman geography. Periodicals were needed to guide merchants and to develop international trade and to direct trade. Since the Tanzimat Period, many newspapers, magazines or annals with commercial content have emerged. One of them is the Oriental Commerce Annals, which are the basis of our subject. The Oriental Trade Annals, which continued their existence for a long time, from 1868 to 1945, provide important administrative, social and economic data on the last period of the Ottoman Empire and the first years of the Republic of Türkiye. The annals, which were published under the name Annuaire Oriental for a long time, changed hands over time. The content of the annals, which first shared economic data on İstanbul, was expanded over time to include the entire Ottoman geography and subsequently Russia and the Balkan countries. The Eastern Trade Annals contain important data on the administrative-social and economic structure of Sivas, which has been an important trade center for centuries. It has been determined that Sivas is included in 17 of the annals. Since the last quarter of the 19^th century and the first half of the 20^th century witnessed great differences in terms of Turkish political, social and economic history, this study evaluates the economic activities of the Sivas central district in three different periods, the structure of crafts, and the changes over time and the emergence of new lines of business, based on the data from one yearbook selected from the periods of Abdulhamid II, the Second Constitutional Monarchy and the Republic. In addition, the reflections of the transformation in the demographic structure of the city on its economic structure are also discussed in a historical context.

THE TRANSFORMATION THE IRANIAN ECONOMY FROM OIL-LED GROWTH TO CONSTRAINED EQUILIBRIUM: AN ANALYSIS OF MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES UNDER SANCTIONS (1959-2023)

Nermin Ceren TÜRKMEN — 2025-03-03

This study investigates the structural transformation and macroeconomic performance of the Iranian economy under international sanctions. Through qualitative analysis methodology, the research explores how sanctions have reshaped Iran’s economic structure and affected policy effectiveness. The findings reveal that while sanctions have severely impacted oil revenues and foreign exchange markets, their effects on different sectors of the economy have been asymmetric. Based on recent empirical evidence, the non-oil sectors have demonstrated unexpected resilience, though overall economic growth remains constrained by external pressures. The monetary and fiscal policy effectiveness has been limited by structural bottlenecks, leading to persistent inflation and exchange rate instability. Despite the government’s efforts in subsidy reforms and social programs, income inequality has increased, and youth unemployment continues to be a significant challenge. The energy sector, historically the backbone of Iran’s economy, has experienced significant transformation through domestic capacity building and efficiency enhancements. This analysis contributes to understanding how economies adapt to severe external constraints and highlights the limitations of conventional macroeconomic policies under sustained sanctions. The findings suggest that Iran’s experience offers important lessons about economic resilience and policy adaptation under restricted international economic engagement.

Bibliometric Analysis of Green Management and Lean Management Studies in Healthcare

Özgür YEŞİLYURT — 2025-03-03

Abstract

Green and lean management, which play a crucial role in sustainable management approaches, are increasingly used in management activities, particularly to protect nature and prevent waste. This study aims to perform a bibliometric analysis of the studies in the literature concerning the concepts of green management and lean management within the field of education, utilizing visual mapping and graphing techniques. Additionally, the study examines conformity with Bradford's Law, Lotka's Law, and Pareto's Law. It includes an analysis of the number of publications by year and the distribution of publications by country, university, and author. Furthermore, the study includes the number of citations by countries and the concepts frequently used in studies. The study utilized VOSviewer and RStudio for its analyses and visualizations. A keyword search was conducted in the Web of Science (WoS) database, and the keywords "green management" or "lean management," "green hospital" or "lean hospital," and "health" or "healthcare management" or "hospital" were written in the topic section as specified. 464 articles published between 2000 and 2024 were evaluated from the database. There is an increasing distribution by year concerning the number of publications. The year 2021 recorded the highest number of publications utilizing related concepts. While the United States ranks first in citation counts among countries, Turkey holds the 21st position. The most frequently used terms include healthcare service, practice, quality, management, thinking, and performance. Change management and sustainability concepts are among the new trends. The studies were found to be compatible with Bradford's Law and Lotka's Law but not with Pareto's Law. The non-conformity with Pareto's Law can be attributed to the high number of journals with a small number of articles.

A Study on The Development of an Achievement Test for Listening Skills for Turkish Children Living Abroad

Mehmet ÇELİK Özcan BAYRAK — 2025-03-03

This research is a study to develop a validated and reliable achievement test for listening skills of Turkish children living abroad. The research model is a survey design used in quantitative studies. While the population of the study consists of Turkish children living abroad, the sample size of the study consists of Turkish children in the Stuttgart education region. Four different stages were followed in the development of the test. These stages included text selection and the stage of obtaining content validity of the texts, the stage where the test was created including item writing and content validity, pilot application and main application. The data obtained in this process were statistically analyzed. The normality of the tests was checked and the Pearson correlation coefficient between the tests was found to be positive and significant (r=0.662). The content validity of the test was taken in the analyzes. For the reliability of the test, the KR-20 value, which is used in cases where the items of the measurement tool are heterogeneous and applied for 1 and 0 true and false tests, was found to be KR-20= ,73. In this way, this achievement test consisting of 21 items for listening skills was developed for Turkish children living abroad.

Students' Perceptions and Experiences of Theology/Islamic Sciences Arabic Programs (The Case of MAU Faculty of Islamic Sciences)

Sabahattin BALA — 2025-03-03

This study focuses on the perceptions and experiences of students studying in Arabic programs of theology/Islamic Sciences in the context of receiving education in Arabic language, and the problems that students experience. The main purpose of the research is to identify the experiences of students studying in Arabic programs of Theology/Islamic Sciences. The research was designed according to the “explanatory sequential mixed method” design, one of the qualitative research methods. In this framework, a questionnaire prepared by the researcher was applied to 219 students and focus group interviews were conducted with 16 of the students who participated in the questionnaire. According to the main results of the study, most of the students stated that they encountered serious educational inadequacies in their Arabic program experience and that their expectations were not met. Students felt that they were not able to learn both the Arabic language and religious sciences at an adequate level in the Arabic program

Agile Management Model in Sports Clubs

Sebahattin DEVECİOĞLUMehmet Fatih KARAHÜSEYİNOĞLU ,Ayberk KIRDEMİR — 2025-03-03

Sport is an element that interacts with various social institutions today, including the economy, family, education, religion, and more. These interactions contribute to the increased interest in and participation in sports. In countries with high levels of welfare, sports are given more prominence in their policies, and the public's inclination toward sports is growing day by day. One of the most significant institutions facilitating the spread of sports to the masses is sports clubs. Furthermore, sports clubs encompass educational, artistic, cultural, and scientific activities in addition to sports competitions and training programs that help young people utilize their leisure time in accordance with their interests and skills. Sports clubs have a structure where sports can be observed both professionally and amateurly. To ensure that sports can be practiced in suitable environments, promoted effectively, and sustained, sports clubs need to be managed in the most appropriate manner. This study aims to propose a model for the management of sports clubs using the document analysis method. The Agile Management Model can be fundamentally described as a model aimed at quickly adapting to changing conditions and managing tasks efficiently and effectively. The Agile Management Model is applicable to the management of sports clubs.

The Mediating Role of Collegial Leadership in the Relationship between School Organisational Structure and Teachers' Emotional Commitment

Mehmet Nezir ÇEVİKMurat Gürkan GÜLCAN — 2025-03-03

This relational survey model research aims to examine the mediating role of collegial leadership in the relationship between the organisational structures of schools and teachers' emotional commitment according to the perceptions of administrators and teachers working in secondary schools in the central district of Siirt province. The population of the study consists of 105 administrators and 510 teachers in 27 secondary education institutions in Siirt city centre in the 2020-2021 academic year. No sampling selection was made in the study and the entire population was reached. ‘Organisational Structure Scale-School Version, Organisational Commitment Scale and Colleague Leadership Subscale of School Climate Scale’ were used as measurement tools in the study. The data of the study were analysed with arithmetic mean, standard deviation and Pearson correlation analyses as well as path analysis techniques. The study revealed that the organisational structure of schools is more like a mechanistic organisational structure. In addition, significant and moderately positive relationships were found between organisational structure, school climate and organisational commitment. In the study, it was determined that collegial leadership had a partial mediating role in the effect of centralisation and stratification sub-dimensions on affective commitment, and collegial leadership had a full mediating role in the effect of formalisation sub-dimension on affective commitment. Accordingly, the study concluded that the organisational structure of schools is one of the important variables in the formation of teachers' affective commitment through collegial leadership. Therefore, it can be suggested that school administrators should increase and encourage practices related to collegial leadership in order to increase teachers' affective commitment.

Effect of Teachers' Psychological Ownership Level on Their Proactive Behaviors

Adem BEYHANSeher ERDOĞAN — 2025-03-03

The aim of this study is to determine the views of secondary school teachers regarding the impact of their psychological ownership levels on their proactive behaviors. A descriptive study was conducted using quantitative research methods, combining “relational survey” and “causal comparative” designs for data analysis. The population consisted of 18,140 teachers serving in public secondary schools in central districts of Ankara during the 2021-2022 academic year. Stratified sampling was used to select a sample, and the study was conducted with 378 participants representing the population. The data collection instruments included the "Psychological Ownership Scale" (POS), developed by Avey, Avolio, Crossley & Luthans (2009) and adapted into Turkish by Ekinci (2018), and the "Proactive Behaviors Scale" (PBS), compiled and adapted into Turkish by Kanten (2012). Descriptive analyses such as frequency, percentage, standard deviation, and arithmetic mean were used for data analysis. The Pearson Correlation test was applied to determine the relationship between teachers' perceptions of psychological ownership and their levels of proactive behavior. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the contribution of teachers' perceptions of psychological ownership to predicting proactive behavior levels. According to the analysis results, teachers' perceptions of psychological ownership were generally at the "agree" level, while their levels of proactive behavior were mostly at the "partially agree" level. There was a positive and moderately significant relationship between teachers' perceptions of psychological ownership and their levels of proactive behavior, with psychological ownership predicting approximately 30% of proactive behavior variance. Findings from the study were compared and evaluated with other research results in the field, and recommendations were provided for researchers and practitioners based on the findings.

Forgetting as an Organizational Concept: A Systematic Literature Review

Aslıhan UZUNİbrahim KOCABAŞ — 2025-03-03

Organizations consist of people and interact with their members over time. Interaction leads to the use of some human characteristics such as memory and learning in the organizational context. As a complement to learning, organizational forgetting is defined as a mechanism to eliminate the incompatibility between old and new knowledge and to eliminate outdated information from memory. When the literature was examined, limited studies were found. For this reason, the research was conducted by systematic review method. The systematic review was conducted by searching for keywords in various databases. As a result of the screening, a total of 200 studies were reached and studies without access and language barriers were examined. The variables include innovation, organizational agility, learning, leadership, effectiveness, quality performance and absorptive capacity. Another finding of the study shows organizational forgetting is mostly discussed conceptually. When studies are grouped according to research methods, it is seen that there is an imbalance between quantitative and qualitative studies. Quantitative studies are mainly used in survey and structural equation models. It is recommended that researchers conduct longitudinal studies to reveal the role of school administrators in organizational forgetting and which forgetting strategies will be meaningful in the change process.

Current Situation and Future Projections of Alzheimer's Disease in Türkiye

Bülent ŞEN — 2025-03-03

The world population is aging rapidly. Alzheimer's is a type of dementia and is an old-age disease. There is no valid treatment for Alzheimer's disease yet. The care method is adopted to delay the disease process and improve quality of life. The care of an Alzheimer's patient is long-term and the care burden is much higher than other diseases. Care for Alzheimer's patients is usually provided by female family members and causes biopsychosocial problems. The aim of this research is to determine the incidence and prevalence of the disease in Türkiye, to determine the current situation in practice, and to create recommendations to take the necessary measures from today to tomorrow. In this study, the method of examining written documents, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. Documents such as national and international reports, books, research, articles and statistics related to the research subject were systematically analyzed by checking their originality. According to the findings of the research, Türkiye is in the category of elderly countries compared to the world average, according to the TÜİK aging research, more than one million elderly people live alone, diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, obesity and diabetes, which are risk factors for Alzheimer's, are prevalent among the elderly, and the education level of the elderly is low. It has been determined that the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer's disease are not reflected in statistics in a healthy way. It seems that the number of day living centers is not sufficient for the early stage of the disease, and the number of nursing homes and elderly care centers for the middle and late stages of the disease. It has been determined that accessing home care services is difficult and expensive. It seems that there is no reliable statistical information about the prevalence, incidence and mortality rates of Alzheimer's patients in Türkiye. It has been determined that the public, local and private sectors in Türkiye are unprepared for the Alzheimer's care model, considering both current and future projections. There is a need to establish and operate effective Alzheimer's specialized institutions for the future, under the coordination of the Ministry of Family and Social Services, together with local governments, private sector and non-governmental organizations, and to inform and train the public on this subject.

Determination of Online Learning Attitudes and Academic Motivation of Athletes and Sedentary University Students

Ender ÖZBEKMehmet AYDOĞAN ,Muhsin DURAN ,Neşet ALTINOK — 2025-03-03

The aim of this study is to examine the online learning attitudes and academic motivations of university students who do and do not engage in sports, in terms of age, gender, department, and class. In the research, a survey model from quantitative research methods was used. The population of the study consists of students studying at Dicle University, while the sample was made up of 1496 students selected using the convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included a Personal Information Form, an Online Learning Attitude Scale, and an Academic Motivation Scale. For data analysis, calculations for frequency distributions, arithmetic means, and standard deviations were performed, and Independent Samples t-test and one-way ANOVA tests were used. As a result of the analyses, it was found that the online learning attitudes of female students were significantly higher than those of male students. It was observed that the age ranges, departments, and class variables of the students did not affect their attitudes towards online learning. It was also found that the academic motivation levels of female students were significantly higher than those of male students. Furthermore, it was discovered that the academic motivation levels of students aged 22-25 were significantly higher than those of students aged 18-21. The academic motivations of students based on their sports participation did not differ according to class level and department variables.

Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomilerinde Ekonomik Karmaşıklık, CO2 Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi

Gülferah ERTÜRKMEN — 2025-03-03

Çalışmanın amacı, kalkınma göstergesi olarak ele alınan büyüme rakamlarının, çevresel bozulma göstergesi olarak karbondioksit emisyonu miktarı ve iktisadi gösterge olarak ekonomik karmaşıklık endeksi ile arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisini belirlemektir. Bu kapsamda, 1995-2022 döneminde 14 gelişmekte olan ülke ekonomilerine yönelik bir analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, panel veri setleri üzerinde nedensellik ilişkilerini analiz etmek amacıyla Kónya (2006) nedensellik testi, Emirmahmutoğlu ve Köse (2011) nedensellik testi ve Dumitrescu ve Hurlin (2012) nedensellik testleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları, ekonomik karmaşıklık endeksinin büyüme üzerinde tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisinin bulunduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu durum, ekonomik karmaşıklık endeksinin artmasının büyümeyi pozitif yönde etkilediğini, ancak büyümenin ekonomik karmaşıklık üzerinde doğrudan bir etkisinin olmadığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca, büyüme ile karbondioksit emisyonları arasında çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgu, ekonomik büyümenin artmasının karbondioksit emisyonlarını artırdığı gibi, aynı zamanda artan karbondioksit emisyonlarının da ekonomik büyümeyi etkilediğini göstermektedir. Bu sonuçlar, çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ve ekonomik karmaşıklık politikalarının, gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki büyüme stratejileri üzerinde önemli etkileri olabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Strategies and Motivations Developed by Local Media Employees Against Disinformation

Harun Furkan YAĞBASAN — 2025-03-03

Undoubtedly, access to news is one of the most fundamental rights of individuals, and media organizations have undertaken the responsibility of informing the public accordingly. There is a widespread presumption that the media often fails to fulfill its essential functions delivering accurate information to its audience in a timely, impartial, and objective manner within the context of public benefit. It can be argued that many news platforms, particularly those that purport to disseminate information on behalf of the public under an institutional identity, contribute to or pave the way for these negative outcomes by producing content that lacks editorial oversight and raises skepticism about objectivity. The dromology introduced to mass communication by new media technologies has been imposed on institutions and users as a prerequisite for existence. In this context, the pursuit of being "the fastest" or "the best" has fostered practices that can erode trust in impartial journalism. In the face of internet technologies that effectively allow every user to act as a media mogul or journalist, the role of professional media practitioners has become increasingly significant. Therefore, it is crucial to examine the reflexes and motivations of professionals and assess their awareness in the face of digital media transformations that are shaping the future of mass communication. This research, conducted within this framework, is designed using the phenomenological approach, one of the qualitative research models. Since media outlets serve heterogeneous audiences, it is considered feasible to generalize the findings obtained from any particular media outlet to the broader Turkish context. Accordingly, Gaziantep media was selected as the sample, and the research was limited to this province. Based on the phenomenological research methodology, which suggests a participant range between two and 25, a pilot (pre-test) study was conducted with ten randomly selected volunteer media workers after obtaining approval from Gaziantep University's Ethics Committee. The research findings, derived from the central hypothesis that "media employees have low levels of awareness and motivation regarding disinformation, misinformation, and malinformation" reveal both positive and negative aspects. On the positive side, participants were found to be familiar with the concept of disinformation, possess newswriting skills, seek feedback from news subjects, and verify popular news content. On the negative side, however, participants demonstrated tendencies toward producing false or fake news in the face of financial gain, ideological concerns, or news scarcity, as well as a reluctance to implement editorial processes. While they were aware of legal responsibilities and sanctions, their motivation was observed to be negatively oriented, which was identified as a critical drawback.

Addictions and Exercise

Semra KUVATFatih Mehmet UĞURLU , — 2025-03-03

In this study, the definition of addiction, the effects of addiction, substance addictions and other addictions were discussed within the framework of the factors that follow addictive behavior. In addition, strategies that can be used to reduce addiction by exercise were also included. The research was conducted by scanning the literature on the factors that follow addiction and exercise, that is, using the screening model. Today, there are many types of addictions. Some of these are substance addictions, some are psychological addictions and some are behavioral addictions. These addictions are situations that reduce the quality of life of the person and make them lose interest in life. If we were to further explain these types of addictions; substance addiction, digital game addiction, alcohol addiction, marijuana and similar addictions, cocaine addiction, nicotine addiction, caffeine addiction, ecstasy addiction, opiates, hallucinogens, volatile substance addiction, technology use addiction, compulsive buying addiction, smartphone addiction, food addiction, digital addiction, internet addiction, social media addiction, mobile device addiction, computer addiction, internet shopping addiction, information addiction. Although there are many ways to cope with these, one of them is exercise. The types of exercise approaches generally used in addictions are; Aerobic exercise approach, anaerobic exercise approach, resistance exercise approach, balance exercise approach, group exercise approach and other exercise approaches. Since exercise also affects brain functions, it has been revealed that it is also effective in terms of addictions. Many studies have been conducted to shed light on this situation regarding exercise and addictions. In this review, studies related to addictions and exercise are summarized.

An Investigation of Peer Bullying in Foreign Students in Primary Schools According to Various Variables

Sümeyra GEÇERSabahattin ÇİFTÇİ — 2025-03-03

Peer bullying is an important situation that prevents children from receiving a safe education at school and causes many problems. In this study, the tendency levels of peer bullying in foreign students in primary schools in terms of gender, family structure, number of siblings, mother and father's education level, mother and father's being alive, Turkish language proficiency levels and witnessing violence at home were investigated. The method of the research is a survey research. In the study, quantitative and qualitative data were collected through data triangulation. The study group in which quantitative data were collected was 235 foreign students studying in primary schools. The data of the study were collected with the ‘Peer Bullying Scale Child Form’ developed by Pişkin and Ayas (2011). Qualitative data were collected from teachers by applying a semi-structured interview questionnaire developed by the researcher. The quantitative data obtained were analysed in SPSS software. Manny-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis for dependent and independent samples were used to analyse the data. Qualitative data were analysed by content analysis. According to the results obtained from the research; boys tend to be bullies and victims more than girls and children with a low parental education level tend to be bullies and victims more than children with a high parental education level. In addition, it was determined that the tendency of children to be bullies and victims increased as the number of siblings increased. Children who witness violence at home have a higher tendency to be bullies compared to children who do not witness violence at home. No significant difference was found between the family structures of foreign students, the survival status of their parents and their level of Turkish language skills and their bully and victim tendencies. In the analysis of qualitative data, the teachers stated that foreign students mostly applied physical bullying and the reasons for this were that they did not know the language, their parents were uneducated and indifferent, they had crowded families, and they normalised social and cultural violence. These findings were discussed in the light of the literature and suggestions for future researchers and practitioners were presented.

A Study on the Elements of Fear Used in the Stories in the Ateş Child Newspaper

Şaziye DURUKAN — 2025-03-03

There are many factors that shape the development of the concept of fear as an emotion in the human psyche. At this point, childhood is of great importance. Because the feeding of fear begins with the family and continues with the environment. In addition, accessible reading resources are another trigger of fear. For this reason, when creating literary texts with horror content for children, attention should be paid to whether the text complies with the principle of being “suitable for children”. Since children's way of seeing, feeling and thinking about an event or situation is different from that of adults, the writer must be aware that he is writing his text for children. In this respect, the element of fear used in children's stories and the extent to which this fear reaches are important. The aim of this study is to identify the elements of fear in children's stories from the Republican period and to determine the source of the elements of fear in that period. In this context, the stories in the Ateş child newspaper, which was published in 52 issues between 1936 and 1938, were examined and it was determined that 47 of the 70 stories in the newspaper contained elements of fear. In 17 of these stories, fear elements originating from demons, ghosts, ghouls, etc. were identified; in 30, fear elements originating from the unknown, death, corpses, skeletons, and murder were identified. In 24 of the 47 stories, it is seen that elements of horror are used to keep the reader's curiosity, tension and fear alive within the scope of fiction, that it is not possible to encounter such elements of horror in real life, and even if some of them are encountered, clues are given on how to deal with them. In the remaining 23 stories, it was determined that the fear element could continue in real life and thus could add anxiety to the feeling of fear in children.