Tarih Okulu Dergisi, Year 2025 Issue LXXV

Japanese Ink Paıntıng; Sumı-E

Gülser AKTAN — 2025-05-07

The origins of Japanese ink painting are associated with the Kamakura period (1185-1333), when Zen Buddhism began to spread in Japan. During this period, Zen monks adopted the ink painting techniques brought from China as a form of spiritual exercise. The values of Zen and the samurai, such as discipline and focus, complemented each other, and the samurai applied Zen principles of meditation and spiritual awakening on the battlefield. In the Muromachi period (1333-1568), ink painting further developed, with artists like Sesshū Tōyō becoming prominent for their landscape paintings. In the Momoyama period (1573-1615), the art became more ambitious and grand, reflecting the rise of castles and large estates. During the Edo period (1615-1868), art reached its peak under the patronage of the samurai class, with various schools such as Ukiyo-e and Kano emerging. Ukiyo-e became famous for its colorful prints reflecting everyday life, while the Kano School stood out for its grand ink paintings that adorned palaces and temples. Art during this time embraced simplicity, void, and minimalism, embodying a spiritual aesthetic. The purpose of this research is to examine the historical development of Japanese ink painting, its connections with Zen Buddhism and samurai culture, and the influence of different art schools that emerged over time. In particular, the study explores how Zen Buddhism influenced the spiritual life and aesthetic values of the samurai class, playing a role in the evolution of Japanese painting. The research focuses on the techniques, stylistic characteristics, and key artists who contributed to Japanese ink painting. Data collection methods include art history literature, visual analyses of ink paintings, museum catalogs, and art critiques. Additionally, information obtained from academic sources is supported by aesthetic and technical analyses of the artworks.

The First Periodical Sports Publication in the Ottoman Empire: Futbol (Review and Index)

Metin KARABURUN — 2025-05-07

In the last periods of the Ottoman Empire, with the influence of Westernization movements, sports began to gain an important place in social life. During this period, sports such as football and gymnastics stood out as rapidly popular sports branches and attracted widespread attention, especially amongst young people. This rapid rise of sports also led to the emergence of the sports press in the Ottoman Empire. Football, the first periodical sports publication of the period, was published in 7 issues between 11 October 1910 and 30 November 1910 and went down in history as one of the first sports-focused newspapers. The aim of this study is to examine the Futbol newspaper in terms of form and content and to evaluate the innovations that the newspaper brought to the Ottoman sports press and its contributions to sports culture. In addition, it is to inform researchers who will conduct studies on this newspaper about its content and to create a chronological index in order to facilitate literature searches. For this purpose, all issues of the newspaper were examined using document analysis, which is one of the qualitative research methods. As a result of the examination, it was determined that the newspaper sheds light on the socio-cultural structure of the period, the early periods of sports periodicals, and provides important data on the rise of football and other sports in Ottoman society, both in terms of form and content.

A STUDY ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING TOOLS

Batuhan SELVİÜmit Ferit ALDIM ,Zelal ÇOBAN — 2025-05-07

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in language education has accelerated rapidly, creating new opportunities and challenges for learners and educators. This study aims to explore the pedagogical potential of AI-assisted tools in enhancing proficiency across the four core language skills: reading, listening, writing, and speaking. Using a qualitative document analysis method, forty AI-supported tools were identified and categorized based on their primary focus and functionality. Tools were selected through a systematic review of existing literature, digital platforms, and online applications, considering criteria such as accessibility, cost, free version features, and skill-specific contributions. Each tool was critically examined and grouped into thematic categories to highlight its instructional value. The findings indicate that while AI tools can support personalized learning, scaffolded feedback, and multimodal interaction, challenges such as inconsistent accuracy, limited skill integration, and ethical concerns persist. This study offers practical guidance for educators and learners, and recommends future research on skill-specific tool effectiveness, ethical use, and learner outcomes across different proficiency levels.

Impact of Internal Public Relations Practices on Corporate Image: Case Study on Cabin Service Department Students

Belis GÜLAY — 2025-05-07

According to literature, if excellent organizations are to be socially responsible, they need excellent public relations aimed at both internal and external target audiences in a two-way symmetrical manner that will help them do this. In this study, based on the existing literature, it is aimed to reveal the impact of in-house public relations practices on corporate image within the framework of cabin services department students. Within the scope of the research, Prof. Dr. Ahmet Tarhan, Assoc. Dr. An experimental research model for the aviation sector was developed based on the scale put forward by Salih Gürbüz in his study titled "Public Relations Variables Affecting Bank Choice: A Field Research on Corporate Image". This model was tested as a quantitative method with data obtained through an online survey. When we look at the frequency values of the research questions, it is observed that the highest values are 4.6 and the lowest are 4.5. Based on the data in question, it is possible to say that the effect of in-house public relations practices on the corporate image has spread in a coordinated manner with a high positive impact on Generation Z.

Determination and Relationships the Physical Activity and Digital Addiction Levels of University Students

Melih ÇALIŞIRİrem KAPTANGİL ÇALIŞIR — 2025-05-07

The purpose of this research is to determine the physical activity and digital addiction levels of university students and examine the relationship between them. The universe of the research consisted of Bitlis Eren University students. The sample group included a total of 381 students, 145 male and 236 female. Personal information form, International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form and Digital Addiction Scale were used as data collection tools in the research. Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H, Spearman Correlation tests were used to analyze the data. Although there is no significant difference when comparing digital addiction (DA) means according to gender, there is a statistically significant difference in the means of vigorous physical activity (VPA), moderate physical activity (MPA), sitting time (ST), body mass ındex (BMI). There is a statistically significant difference when physical activity (PA) and DA means are compared according to ST categories. There is a statistically significant difference when comparing the DA and sub-dimension means according to PA categories. In addition, a negative two-way significant relationship was determined between PA and DA and its sub-dimensions. In conclusion, male students have higher means in VPA, MPA, and BMI than female students, while their ST means are lower. Students with high sitting time have higher DA, PA and BMI means than students with medium and low sitting time. Inactive students' DA level is higher than minimally active and active students. Additionally, as the PA level increases, the DA level decreases or as the DA level increases, the PA level decreases. The research was approved by the BEU Ethical Principles and Ethics Committee with the decision numbered E.5281 and dated 29.03.2024.

A Study on Attitudes Towards Women Entrepreneurs in the Context of Gender: The Case of Ağrı Province

Ceren AVCİL Cemrenur ÇELİK ,Esra BAŞ — 2025-05-07

Entrepreneurship is an activity that includes social development along with economic development. One of the key indicators of socio-economic advancement is the equal participation of women and men in the workforce. Although there is an increase in the number of female entrepreneurs in the world and Türkiye, the positions of women in the field of entrepreneurship lag behind those of men. One of the barriers to female entrepreneurship in the literature is gender roles. The aim of the study in this context is to address the issues faced by women entrepreneurs operating in Ağrı province from a gender perspective. The research population consists of 20 female entrepreneurs operating in Ağrı and was selected using a purposive sampling method. Data obtained from interviews conducted through semi-structured interviews have been analyzed using the descriptive analysis method and the MAXQDA 2024 program. The findings of the study indicate that female entrepreneurs in Ağrı experience glass ceiling and queen bee syndrome within the framework of traditional stereotypes. The study is important in terms of understanding the gender roles that female entrepreneurs are exposed to and reviewing the policies and strategies related to this.

Madrasa and Mudarris in the Great Seljūqs According to the Official Documents of the Sultan Sandjar Era

Sinan TARİFCİ — 2025-05-07

It is known that information about madrasas, which were institutions of higher education in the medieval Islamic world in general and the Great Seljūks in particular, and the muderris who headed them can be obtained from many different types of period sources. However, official documents occupy an exceptional place among these sources. Among the official documents of the Sultan Sandjar era, there are four muderris appointment letters (manshūr). Three of these appointment letters were written by Muntajab al-Dīn Badī al-Juwaynī, the head of Sultan Sandjar’s dīwān al-inshā‘, and one by Rashīd al-Dīn Watwāt, the head of the dīwān al-inshā‘ of the Khāwārazmshāh ruler Atsiz, who actually ruled the region on behalf of the Great Seljūks. The muderris appointment letters, which are recorded in munshaāts (secretarial essays) named Atabat al-Kataba and Ahkāmu Sultān al-Māzī (Leningrad Munshaāt), provide first-hand, original and detailed information about the madrasas and muderrises the Great Seljūks. In this study, the importance and value given by the Great Seljūks to madrasas and muderrises; the fame and reputation of the muderrises; the qualifications and appointments of the muderrises; the duties and authorities and responsibilities of the muderrises (the unity of duties of the muderrises); and the relations of the muderrises with other administrators and notables will be determined and evaluated based on the muderris appointment letters that issued during the Sultan Sandjar era.

The Problem of Objectivity in Historiography: A Critical Perspective on E.H. Carr and the Positivist Approach to History

Feysel TAŞÇIER — 2025-05-07

The problem of objectivity in historiography is one of the most fundamental and controversial issues in the philosophy of history. This article examines the problem of objectivity within the framework of E.H. Carr’s understanding of historiography and critically analyzes the positivist approach to history. In his seminal work What is History?, Carr argues that the writing of history is an inherently subjective process, shaped by the historian's values and selective interpretations. On the other hand, positivist historiography aspires to adhere to scientific standards of objectivity and aims to comprehensively understand the past. This article evaluates Carr’s critiques of positivism and questions whether absolute objectivity in historiography is feasible. Moreover, the epistemological and methodological approaches of historians and their impact on historical writing are discussed. Ultimately, this study suggests that historiography is more about the construction of meaning than achieving objectivity, with the historian’s interpretations playing a crucial role in this process.

Investigation of Teacher Qualifications in Inclusive Education in Primary Schools

Necati ÇOBANOĞLUÖzlem YAĞCIOĞLU,HAS — 2025-05-07

Inclusion education is an application that allows students with special needs to receive education in a fair and equitable manner. Inclusion education opposes segregated education and enables individuals with special needs to learn alongside typically developing peers in general education settings. The teacher plays a significant role in the effective implementation and success of inclusion education practices. The purpose of this research is to determine the competency levels of primary school teachers in inclusion education. The research employed a survey model, which is one of the quantitative research methods. Data were collected using a scale of teacher competency in inclusion practices, and 668 classroom teachers participated in the study. The data obtained in the research were analyzed using statistical software. As a result of the research, it was found that classroom teachers felt more competent in the dimensions of collaboration (X= 4.31, Sd= .55) and instruction (X= 4.30, Sd= .57) regarding inclusion education. Teachers rated their competencies in classroom management, which involves balancing behavioral and academic needs in inclusion education, lower. It was determined that both female and male teachers had similar competency levels in collaboration and instructional skills.

Mobbing in Education: Bibliometric Analysis of YÖK Thesis Centre Database

İslam DEVİREN — 2025-05-07

The aim of this study is to examine the trends of postgraduate theses on mobbing in educational institutions. In this study, bibliometric analysis technique, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. With the bibliometric analysis method, data corresponding to the research questions were obtained using Microsoft Excel program. The data obtained are expressed in the findings section by indicating frequency and percentage values as well as tabular representation. As a result, 44 graduate theses on mobbing published in YÖK Thesis Center between 2019 and 2024 were analyzed according to different criteria. It was determined that the majority of the theses were at master's level, while doctoral theses were limited. In the analysis by years, it was observed that awareness and academic interest in mobbing was high in 2019, but decreased in the following years, and increased again in 2022. Although it was seen that the theses were distributed among different universities, it was determined that they were concentrated in some universities such as Gazi University. It was found that quantitative methods and scales were generally preferred in the studies, but qualitative and mixed methods were used to a limited extent. While medium-sized samples were more commonly used, secondary school teachers constituted the most preferred sample group. In sample selection, simple random sampling method was frequently preferred to obtain generalizable results. In terms of variables, mobbing was generally handled as an independent issue, and related variables such as organizational commitment and cynicism were less focused on. This situation reveals that there is a need for an in-depth examination of the relationship between mobbing and organizational dynamics and individual effects. Mobbing needs to be examined not only as an individual phenomenon, but also in terms of its relationship with organizational factors.

Embassies in the Turkish Modernization Process: Twenty-Eight Mehmet Çelebi Examples

İsmail DURSUNOĞLUHakan AYDIN — 2025-05-07

The Ottoman Empire, which lost its superiority over the European States with the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) signed at the end of the 17th century, realized that it was lagging behind Europe militarily. In this situation, it has become necessary to carry out embassy activities in order to follow the developments in Europe. For this purpose, it was aimed to follow the developments in Europe by opening temporary embassies in various capitals of Europe. In this way, it is aimed to know and learn the developments that make Europe superior. The subject of this study is the assignment of Twenty-Eight Mehmed Çelebi, one of the first temporary ambassadors of the Ottoman Empire, to the Paris embassy in order to improve French-Turkish relations, to learn about the changes and innovations in Europe and to carry out studies on this subject. The aim of the study is to analyze the effects of Twenty-Eight Mehmet Çelebi's work as an ambassador on Ottoman modernization. In the study, the "Embassy Book" of Çelebi, who was the Paris Ambassador between 1720 and 1721, consisting of the events he experienced during his embassy, the events he encountered, his relations with the dignitaries, and his observations, impressions and analyzes during his embassy, were evaluated. By adding secondary sources to the portraits reflected in this work, the influence of France on the Ottoman state, institutions and understanding in the context of modernization was discussed.

Evaluation of Reading Activities in Turkish Textbooks (1929-2021) In The Context of Critical Reading

Kudret DERELİZeynep ÇETİNKAYA EDİZER — 2025-05-07

This research seeks to identify the situation of reading activities in 6th grade Turkish language course-workbooks between 1929-2021 according to critical reading criteria. The problem of the research is to identify how critical reading skills are included in the reading texts and activities related to these texts in the 6th grade Turkish course and workbooks of the Republican period. In the study, document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods, was employed and the data were analysed with a descriptive analysis approach within the framework of critical reading criteria. The research was limited to the reading activities in the 6th grade Turkish textbooks and two stories from the reading activities as it was thought that two stories from each book would be sufficient. Examining the reading-comprehension activities in the Turkish textbooks, it was identified that there were no Turkish textbooks that met all of the critical reading criteria, the activities in the Turkish textbooks were inadequate to meet the critical reading sub-criteria and the activities were not prepared in a qualified way when the items of the critical reading sub-criteria were considered. When the publication years of the books analysed are taken into consideration, it can be said that there are differences among Turkish textbooks in terms of meeting the critical reading sub-criteria items and the distribution is not balanced. In this context, it is recommended that activities that will develop critical reading skills in Turkish textbooks should be increased in a qualified way.

Refugee Sufis: Structual Transformations and Functional Changes in the Syrian Shaziliya Tariqa

Muhammed Nur KAPLANHamza EZZO — 2025-05-07

The research deals with “Syrian Sufism that immigrated to Türkiye” after the year (2011), as a result of the tragic events that Syria went through, it deals with the Shadhili way as a major component of Syrian society. It is one of the "migratory Sufis" from Aleppo city; to achieve the desired goal, the research was divided into two main sections. The first section deals with “The Structure of the Shadhili Order in the City of Aleppo” from its inception until its migration to Türkiye and it reviews the transformations that occurred in its basic structure in the diaspora country and the most prominent branches that emerged from it, as well as the changes that occurred in the “structure of the method and the relationship of its followers with their sheikhs” after defining the method’s hierarchy and the levels of disciples, and the research also shows some of the “effects of structural transformations on the overall rituals of the basic method.” While the second section deals with the most prominent roles played by the Shadhiliyya order in its new refuge, according to the needs and requirements of the refuge, the types of these three roles: (The advocacy role, the scientific and educational role, and the societal role), In addition to the extent of the “efficiency of the sheikhs of the order and its sons” in carrying out these roles.

Opinions of Turkish Teachers on The Creative Writing Course

Rabia Sena ESER — 2025-05-07

The aim of this study is to determine the opinions of prospective Turkish teachers about the "Creative Writing" course they took from the field elective course pool during their undergraduate education. Since the study aims to make a description by examining the experiences of the participants of the Creative Writing course, phenomenology design, one of the qualitative research designs, was used. The study group consisted of 17 pre-service teachers studying at Fırat University, Faculty of Education, Department of Turkish Education. The data were collected through the "Interview Form on Creative Writing Course" consisting of seven open-ended questions. The answers given by the pre-service teachers to the questions were analyzed by content analysis and presented in tables. Participant opinions were coded based on the themes of “evaluation, contribution, adequacy, necessity, expectation, transfer and suggestion”. Some of the findings obtained as a result of the research are as follows: All of the pre-service teachers stated that the Creative Writing course made many contributions to them. Again, in addition to the expectations that were met, there are also expectations that were not met regarding the practice. In addition, there are also pre-service teachers who stated that their prejudices about writing were broken at the end of the course, that the course period was active and instructive, and that their comprehension and expression skills improved. It was determined that the pre-service teachers who considered themselves competent in terms of creative writing skills after the course were more than those who considered themselves inadequate, and all of the suggestions about the course were related to the application dimension of the course. In order to make Creative Writing courses more effective, it is necessary for academicians to think about strategies related to the application dimension of the course.

Art Projects on Climate Crisis in the Anthropocene

Seniha Ünay SELÇUK — 2025-05-07

The “anthropocene”, which emphasizes that the negative effects of human beings on the planet have reached irreversible points, is on the agenda of many fields. The aim of this article is to reveal the climate crisis, one of the most palpable consequences of the anthropocene, through artworks. In this context, Future Island by Eva Pfannes, Sylvain Hartenberg and architect Marjetica Potrč and Standard Profile by Evren Selçuk are discussed. Both projects were found to be significant in that they reveal the multifaceted process of the climate crisis. While Future Island shows the consequences of the climate crisis through species, it draws attention to its process-oriented structure. Standard Profile, on the other hand, reveals the relationship of this crisis with society and capital. It has been observed that addressing the anthropocene and the climate crisis from social, economic and political points highlights the multifaceted side of the issue; the selected contemporary art works focus on raising awareness about the issue and the causes and consequences of the crisis without aestheticizing the crisis. The qualitative research method was used in the study; printed and electronic sources were utilized, and artworks were evaluated from different perspectives from complementary points of view.

Common Kindreship Terms Between Old Greek and Turkic

Fatih ŞENGÜL — 2025-05-07

The exchange of words and interaction between languages has occurred in every period of history and this process continues unabated even now and will continue in the future. There has also been an exchange of words between Indo-European languages and Turkic im every field, and it is witnessed that there are many common words between Greek, one of the main languages of the Indo-European language family, and Turkic as a result of cultural contact. The claim that the Turks could not have been on the western side of the Caspian Sea in the period before Christ is still prevailing in Western scientific circles today. However, the current scientific data has clearly shown us that the Turks were in Eastern European lands during the period before Christ. The linguistic interaction between the Greek and Turkic goes back to the Saka period, not the Ottoman period. One of the most striking examples of this linguistic interaction is the common kinship terms between Turkic and Greek, and we find the oldest examples of these terms in the work of Homer. In this study, the terms of kinship, which exist in the Ancient Greek language and have Turkic equivalents, are examined.

An Inventory of German Textbooks Published in Türkiye Between 1940 and 2023

Bora BAŞARAN — 2025-05-07

This study presents a comprehensive inventory of German language textbooks published in Türkiye between 1940 and 2023. Although educational resources are becoming increasingly digitalized, printed textbooks still play a significant role in language education. The research aims to track the evolution and changes in German language education materials in Türkiye over an 83-year period. The study utilized qualitative research methods, specifically document analysis, covering approximately 1,298 documents and totaling over 32,000 pages from the Ministry of National Education's "Tebliğler" journal. These documents were meticulously analyzed to compile a comprehensive list of German language textbooks, including details such as book titles, authors, publishers, and publication dates. The key findings of the study are as follows: A total of 810 different records, encompassing 127 unique German as a foreign language textbooks, were identified. These textbooks were prepared for various educational levels, with 213 for middle school, 501 for high school, and 96 for primary school. Additionally, five distinct periods with notable peaks in textbook publication were identified: 1940, 1960, 1980, 1999, and 2000. The study highlights the impact of socio-political changes and educational reforms on the production and content of textbooks over time. This inventory serves as a valuable resource for researchers, educators, and students interested in the history and development of German language teaching in Türkiye. It provides insights into the evolution of language teaching methodologies and reflects broader trends in educational policies and practices.

THE SOCIAL REASONS AND INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT OF PAN-ASIANISM IN JAPAN AND PAN-ISLAMISM IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DURING THE 19TH CENTURY AND THEIR REFLECTIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS THROUGH THE 20TH CENTURY

Bahar KARATAŞ — 2025-05-07

The late 19th and early 20th centuries were crucial periods for nationalist and ideological movements in Asia and the Middle East. As Western powers expanded their colonial ventures, two distinct but in some ways parallel ideologies emerged in Japan and the Ottoman Empire. While these ideologies, Pan-Asianism and Pan-Islamism, were rooted in a common anti-Western sentiment, they developed in very different geopolitical landscapes and influenced the historical and political developments of their respective regions. While both ideologies aimed to consolidate power and promote regional unity, their development and implementation were shaped by different historical and cultural contexts, leading to different outcomes. Intellectuals also played a crucial role in shaping, promoting, and sometimes challenging these ideologies. Over time, these ideologies were influenced by the intellectual debates within their societies, reflecting the changing contours of global politics and regional identities. This comparative analysis highlights the complex interplay between anti-colonial sentiment, cultural identity, and political strategy, showing how Pan-Asianism and Pan-Islamism adapted to changing geopolitical landscapes while continuing to shape regional and global politics.

Metaphorical Perceptions of the Concept of

Hale SAVCI — 2025-05-07

In this study, the metaphorical perceptions of individuals aged 66-78 regarding the concept of "happiness" were examined. The study consisted of 57 participants (30 women, 27 men) selected through a purposive sampling method. A phenomenological research design, one of the qualitative research approaches, was employed. Participants were asked to reflect on the concept of happiness and specify what happiness resembles and the reason for the resemblance. For this purpose, they were asked to complete the sentence: "Happiness is like ........... because ............". The collected data were subjected to content analysis. The findings revealed that the metaphors were categorized into five groups: (i) health and physical resilience, (ii) being difficult to attain and achieve, (iii) regulating and maintaining human relationships, (iv) a fundamental necessity, and (v) something everyone aspires to attain. Future studies may examine the effect of age on happiness by comparing individuals from different age groups. Additionally, conducting studies with larger sample groups supported by quantitative methods may enhance the generalizability of the findings. The results of the study were discussed in light of the existing literature.

The Reflections of Public Administration Practices on Sports Policies After the Presidential System of Governance

Hüseyin Çağdaş BATMAZOğuzhan ZİREK ,Haluk YAMAN — 2025-05-07

This study was conducted to examine the reflections of public administration practices on sports policies after the transition to the Presidential Government System in Türkiye. The Presidential Government System has undoubtedly led to numerous changes in various areas, including sports. Public administration is a significant element in shaping the relationship between sports and its social, economic, and many other aspects. It plays a very important role in the design of sports management and the formulation of sports policies. The research highlights the transformation caused by the Presidential Government System's impact on public administration, particularly within the context of sports policies. The study has gained a concrete characteristic in terms of data through its research questions. Sports policies are shaped by the goals and strategies set by governments in the field of sports. Therefore, public administration’s decision-making processes, resource allocation, and implementation mechanisms directly influence the quality and accessibility of sports. The importance of the study is further emphasized by the scarcity of research focusing on the effects of the transition to the Presidential Government System on public administration, particularly in relation to sports policy, which is expected to increase the significance of this research.

Women in Amasya Using Their Right to Complaint About Inheritance (According to the 19th Century Sivas Ahkâm Complaint Books)

Bilgen KELEŞSongül KEÇECİ KURT — 2025-05-07

The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of 19th century Ottoman women's right to complain about inheritance. The analysis was made on the example of Amasya district. The complaint books contain most records regarding women's inheritance cases. Since Amasya was part of the Sivas Province in the mentioned period, we can access the administrative records of the city in thirty-six notebooks belonging to the Sivas Province. The records are in the Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. Among the complaint records, there are three hundred and twenty-nine documents in the books numbered 20-36 belonging to the Amasya district. Thirty-two applications involving women regarding inheritance could be identified through these records covering the years 1802-1864. Especially in the books recorded towards the end of the period, women's applications regarding inheritance were not found. Through the documents obtained, women's rights-seeking processes and the difficulties they encountered were evaluated by giving examples. In addition, qualitative and quantitative analysis was carried out, and the study was supported with table, graph and figure. Women in Amasya first sought their rights by applying to the şer’i courts, and when they could not get the results they wanted or if the other party resisted implementing the decision, they appealed to the Divân-ı Hümâyun. Most of the time, they made these applications personally. Although the complainant sometimes proved his right in court, the complaining person continued to intervene by not complying with the court order. This situation prolonged the process of some cases, and the result could not be reached. According to the findings obtained from the data, it is seen that women in the Ottoman provinces in the 19th century played an active role in the legal, social and economic fields.

Faculty of Education Students’ Perceptions of Science Ethics (SCET) Scale: A Validity and Reliability Study

Faruk POLATCANOnur ER ,Hakan SARITİKEN — 2025-05-07

The aim of this study is to conduct a validity and reliability study of the Faculty of Education Students' Perceptions of Science Ethics (SCET) Scale developed to determine the perceptions of faculty of education students towards science ethics. The sample of the study consists of Düzce University Faculty of Education students. Expert opinion was taken to determine the content validity of the scale. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis studies were conducted to determine the construct validity of the scale. The results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed that the scale explained a total variance of 74.83% in four factors. The model fit of this four-factor structure was tested by confirmatory factor analysis and it was seen that the fit indices of the model were at a good level (χ2 / sd= 2.59, RMSEA= 0.72, CFI= 0.95, GFI= 0.90, NFI= 0.92). These factors are adaptation, awareness, access to information and responsibility. The internal consistency coefficients calculated to determine the reliability of the scale were 0.92 for the overall scale, 0.89 for the first factor, 0.82 for the second factor, 0.92 for the third factor and 0.92 for the fourth factor. The findings obtained from the research data show that the Faculty of Education Students' Perceptions of Science Ethics (SCET) Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

The First Development Initiatives of the Republic: Türkiye's Quest for Economic Independence (1923-1945)

Muhammet YILDIZMuhammet YILDIZ — 2025-05-07

In the early years of the Republic, Türkiye initiated a comprehensive industrialization process in line with its goals of economic independence and modernization. Factors such as the agriculture-based economic structure inherited from the Ottoman Empire, lack of capital accumulation and technical know-how made it difficult for Türkiye to realize rapid industrial development. However, the development goals set by the Izmir Economic Congress of 1923 and the Law on Incentives for Industry, which came into force in 1927, formed the cornerstones of the industrialization move. During this period, various industrial investments were realized under the leadership of the state through strategic institutions such as Sümerbank, Etibank and Karabük Iron and Steel Factory. Moreover, the First Five-Year Industrial Plan, which was implemented between 1934 and 1938, provided a more systematic structure to Türkiye’s industrialization process. However, the outbreak of World War II interrupted industrial policies and led Türkiye to an economic structure based on imports. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Türkiye's industrialization policies, state-private sector cooperation and development plans in the early Republican period. The effects of the statist economic model on industry, efforts to increase domestic production, and Türkiye's efforts to achieve economic independence are analyzed in a historical perspective.

Examination of the Children’s Magazine

Samet KARAKUŞFatmagül TOSUN ,Burak KUVVET — 2025-05-07

The aim of this study is to examine the children's magazine "Sevgi Bir Kuş" (Love is a Bird) in terms of the values in the 2018 social studies curriculum (SCCP). For this purpose, the frequency of the 18 values in the social studies curriculum, the distribution of the determined values according to the numbers of the magazine and the distribution of the values according to subcategories were investigated. Document analysis method was used in the study. In the study, the texts in a total of 8 issues of the relevant children's magazine were analysed. The data were collected with the "Value Analysis Form". The data obtained were analysed through content analysis. According to the results obtained from the study, it was determined that the values of love, giving importance to family unity and patriotism were mostly included in the magazine. The values of independence, justice and honesty were emphasised the least. When the issues of the magazine were analysed, value expressions were mostly included in the seventh issue. It was determined that the value of love, which was the most common value in the magazine, had subcategories such as loving family members, loving people, and loving from within. In the light of the results obtained from the research, it was suggested that it would be useful to use the children's magazine named "Love is a Bird" within the scope of values education in social studies teaching.

Evaluation of Disabled Employment and Social Justice Within The Framework of John Rawls’ Justice Apporach: EKPSS Example

Sinem YILDIRANMehmet Zafer DANIŞ — 2025-05-07

Disability is a reality that has been present in almost all social structures from the past to the present. Although individuals may be born healthy, they can experience illnesses, accidents, etc., throughout their lives and become disabled. Due to this risk, individuals should acknowledge the reality of disability and make an effort to understand disabled individuals. Furthermore, it is essential to ensure that legal regulations are made to implement the fundamental rights and freedoms necessary for disabled individuals to integrate into society. One way to ensure that disabled individuals become more visible in society and lead more humane lives is by providing them with job opportunities and enabling them to work. The inclusion of disabled individuals in the workforce helps them act more independently and prevents prejudice against them in society. Disabled individuals, like non-disabled individuals, can find employment in the public sector as well as the private sector. One of the existing practices that offer job opportunities to disabled individuals in the public sector is the EKPSS (Disabled Public Personnel Selection Examination). EKPSS, which offers disabled individuals the opportunity to become civil servants, appears to be a fair process in terms of the questions asked, which are based on the disability rate and type. This research was conducted using a phenomenological design within the scope of qualitative research methods. Fifteen individuals participated in the study, and they were selected using the snowball sampling technique. Care was taken to ensure that all participants had a disability rate of 40% or higher and had previously taken the EKPSS exam. The aim of this research is to examine EKPSS, one of the exams offering employment opportunities to disabled individuals, within the framework of John Rawls’ theory of justice and social justice. As a result of the research, it was determined that 12 out of 15 participants found the EKPSS exam unfair. They argued that individuals with different levels of disability were required to take the same exam, which created disadvantages for some disability groups.

Self-Regulated Strategy Development Model for the Development of Writing Skills: An Action Research

Tuğba DEMİRTAŞ TOLAMANMehmet ÖZDEMİR — 2025-05-07

In this study Self-Regulated Strategy Development Model was applied to develop writing skills of 7th grade students in secondary school for persuasive texts and their views about the application. The study was discussed with a method in which researching and applying a new model were intertwined. Thus, out of qualitative research methods, this one was designed as an action research in subject and natüre. The application of the research was made in a school in Hendek, Sakarya within 15 weeks. In the application process, it was benefited from student and researcher diaries, student work sheets, observation notes, video and audio records, interviews with students as data collection tools. These data collected were analysed with content analysis and descriptive analysis. At the end of the application, it was detected that most of the students in class employed writing skills for texts well and partially at a good level, and half of class used self-regulation strategies well and partially at a good level. This application performed depending on the views obtained from the students, removed their negative emotions for writing, made the lessons entertaining, became useful in Turkish and other lessons and daily life as well, enabled the students to write longer texts and do planning when writing.

Atatürk’s Meetings With Foreign Ministers of Middle Eastern Countries During the Republican Era

İncilay ÇAKIL — 2025-05-07

The national struggle, which is the basis of the independence struggle of the Turkish nation, is an example and support not only for the Turkish nation but also for the Arabs. At that time, the independence struggle of the two nations damaged the interests of the imperialist states. However, Türkiye continued to support the struggle for independence of the Middle Eastern nations through political and diplomatic relations at every opportunity. In addition, the bilateral relations with the Middle Eastern countries were given importance, official visits were made and agreements were signed. To this end, both heads of state and foreign ministers of the Middle Eastern states have made official visits. Among the Middle Eastern countries, Afghanistan, Iran and Iraq have been at the forefront of official visits by foreign ministers to Türkiye. These three countries have tried to find solutions to the problems between the countries by improving their political relations with Türkiye through their foreign ministers. The efforts of Türkiye, the most important country in the Middle East, to solve the problems of the region through peaceful means have forced many Middle Eastern countries to establish political relations with Türkiye. In this study, the political and diplomatic relations with Afghanistan, Iran and Iraq, which paid official visits to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Türkiye, are briefly mentioned. In addition, the impressions of the foreign ministers of these three countries during their official visits to Türkiye in different periods are also included.

Determining the Mathematic Literacy Self-Efficiency Levels and Opinions of Classroom Teacher Candidates Abstract

Zeynep KÖRKUYU ÖZDEMİRÜmit İZGİ ONBAŞILI — 2025-05-07

This study aims to determine the self-efficacy levels of primary school teacher candidates in mathematical literacy and to analyze these levels in relation to various variables. For this purpose, a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was employed, where quantitative and qualitative data were collected sequentially. For the quantitative phase, a study group consisting of 129 pre-service teachers enrolled in the Department of Primary Teacher Education at Mersin University’s Faculty of Education during the 2022–2023 academic year (first, second, third, and fourth-year students) was formed. To collect qualitative data, semi-structured interview forms were utilized, and interviews were conducted with nine pre-service teachers. The Mathematical Literacy Self-Efficacy Scale developed by Özgen and Bindak (2008) was used to collect quantitative data, which were analyzed using the SPSS program. The normality of the scale scores was tested using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, while differences based on demographic variables were examined using the Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis H tests. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the content analysis method. The reliability of the coding process was calculated as 91% based on the formula proposed by Miles and Huberman (1994). The findings indicate that teacher candidates generally have a self-efficacy level above the average in mathematical literacy. Additionally, the participants perceive mathematical literacy as a skill that can be developed and emphasize that this competency is influenced by the content and instructional methods of mathematics courses during their university education. Based on these findings, it is recommended that teacher education programs enhance their mathematics instruction to further support teacher candidates' competencies in this field.

The Effect of Career Construction Theory-Based Psycoeducation Program on High School Students’ Career Constructions, Career Decision-Making Difficulties and Career Anxieties

Şeyma MIZRAKMustafa KUTLU — 2025-05-07

The study aimed to explore the effect of a career construction theory-based psychoeducation program on career constructions, career decision-making difficulties and career anxieties of high school students. The study employed a true experimental design. The study was carried out in a high school randomly selected among high schools in Gaziantep. A total of 20 students, 10 in the experimental group and 10 in the control group, participated in the study. Before the program, two pre-interviews were held with the members of the experimental group of the study and the psychoeducation program consisting of eight sessions was implemented. In the study, the "Student Career Construction Inventory" was used to measure the coping behaviors of the experimental and control groups in their career choices, the "Career Decision-Making Difficulties Scale" to measure the participants’ career decision-making difficulty levels, and the "Career Anxiety Scale" to measure their career anxiety levels. Normality, extreme values, and homogeneity of variance assumptions were examined for data analysis, and two-way analysis of variance was used for mixed measurements. The study results showed that the psychoeducation program developed decreased students’ career decision-making difficulty levels and career anxiety.

The Accepted Prayer Of Hz. Ibrahım: Hıkmet

Abdurrahim KAPLAN — 2025-05-07

While many nations are mentioned in the Qur'an, it is reported that Prophet Abraham was an ummah alone because of his submission, loyalty and sincerity. Prophet Abraham is the person to whom Allah Almighty gave the ability to find the right path. He is a prophet who successfully passed the test of his Lord and was made a leader to people. His submission, loyalty and loyalty to Allah made him known as Halilullah. Hz. Ibrahim is a prophet who prayed to his Lord to send prophets from his descendants who would recite the verses of Allah and teach the book and wisdom, and his prayer was accepted. Prophet Abraham's prayer for prophets full of wisdom was accepted with Ismail and Isaac while he was still alive, and the blessing of this prayer lasted until the Prophet was sent. Thus, the Prophet, who was given the book and wisdom, became the fulfilment of the prayer. Both the use of the concept of wisdom, which is the accepted prayer of Prophet Abraham, in the Qur'an and the prophet sent from the descendants of Prophet Abraham as a result of the acceptance of the prayer constituted the basis of our study. With this study, we will understand that all prophets, including Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), were equipped with books and wisdom as a result of the prayer of Prophet Abraham.

Montreux Convention in Opinion Columns of Yunus Nadi

Cansu Yiğit KELEŞCengiz ŞAVKILI — 2025-05-07

For centuries, the Bosphorus and Dardanelles Straits have played a major strategic, political and economic role in uniting the continents of Asia and Europe. This situation became a factor in the political independence of the Ottoman Empire and later the Republic of Turkey. In the Lausanne Peace Treaty, Turkey could not achieve the desired success in the Straits. In the face of the changing world situation, Turkey has made some political breakthroughs in the Straits that will affect its national independence. Undoubtedly, the media has always been a tool for shaping society's perspective on events. The Montreux Convention has been widely reported in the press of all countries interested in the Straits. The aim of this study is to present the views of Yunus Nadi, who had an effective power over Turkish public opinion on the Montreux Convention. In this context, the study tries to evaluate Yunus Nadi's columns within the framework of the conditions on the day of the signing of the Montreux Convention. The main purpose of the study is to present the Montreux Straits Convention, which has an important place in the Turkish media, through the eyes of Yunus Nadi, based on Yunus Nadi's columns. The study analyses Yunus Nadi's columns in the Cumhuriyet newspaper, the national press and research works.

A Province Newspaper in the Republic Period: Voice of Elazığ-Harput

Handan HAYKIR — 2025-05-07

Voice of Elazığ-Harput Newspaper that started publication life on January 1, 1958, was published by the Special Administration of Elazığ City with the encouragement of the Elazığ Governor of the era, Vefik Kitapçıgil. The owner of the newspaper was Elazığ City Accounting Directorate, and the editor-in-chief was Hıdır Selek Bey. The daily newspaper was being printed in Elazığ Bingol Printing House. Voice of Elazig-Harput Newspaper was thought to have contribute to the development of Elazığ that was considered to be one of the cultural centers of the period, and in addition to the social, administrative, political and economic news in Elazığ, cultural activities were also given wide coverage in its columns. Moreover, in order to help the readers embrace the newspaper and express their opinions, they were asked to contribute their non-political articles which to be not targeting any person. During the period of its publication, the newspaper, which included news on many subjects such as laws, by-laws and regulations, economic investments made by the state, groundbreaking ceremonies, openings, invitations, official visits, Turkish foreign policy, public works, judicial cases, meteorological events, shared developments both in Elazig, in the country and in the world with its readers. Again, in many issues of the newspaper, the cultural activities of the city were included, and the content of the newspaper was enriched with literary pieces such as articles, stories, poems and anecdotes. In the newspaper, many news and articles about artistic activities, conferences, scientific and literary meetings, and programs of cultural associations throughout Elazığ were included. In this study, besides the aim of providing an effective communication between the citizen and the administration, the contribution of Voice of Elazığ-Harput Newspaper to the cultural and social development of the city will be revealed by giving information about.

Evaluations of Those Providing Care Services to Individuals With Autism Within the Scope of Home Care Fee on Home Care Assistance

Yücel TUNCER , — 2025-05-07

This research aims to evaluate home care assistance service from various aspects in the context of the experiences of those who provide home care services to individuals with autism within the scope of home care fee, to draw attention to the difficulties that may be encountered during the process of benefiting from the service and to offer solution suggestions regarding these. The study group of the research consists of 10 caregivers who provide home care assistance services to individuals with autism within the scope of home care assistance in Tuzla District of Istanbul. In this research, where a qualitative research method was used as the method, data were collected with semi-structured interview form and the analysis of the data was conducted with a descriptive analysis method. Some of the prominent findings of the research are that the process of receiving the committee report takes a long time during the process of benefiting from home care assistance service, the difficulties encountered in document bureaucracy and making appointments, and the lack of training, counseling and reinforcement activities within the scope of home care assistance for all home care service providers. In addition, the lack of social security, not being able to spare time for oneself, expenses not being taken into account in income calculation, and payment not being made according to disability rate are other important findings that emerged as deficiencies/negative aspects of home care assistance service. In our research, it has been determined that there is a need to improve and develop home care assistance services for individuals with autism and their families in the context of the difficulties encountered in the process of benefiting from the service, the lack of training, counseling and reinforcement activities, and the deficiencies/negative aspects of this service model in terms of care providers.