Tarih Okulu Dergisi, Year 2025 Issue LXXVI

Global Map of School-Based Consultation Literature: A Bibliometric Study (1980–2025)

Abdullah Mücahit ASLAN — 2025-07-16

The aim of this study is to examine the academic literature on school-based consultation through bibliometric analysis and to reveal the field’s scientific development, key contributors, and conceptual trends. Based on 887 publications indexed on the Web of Science database between 1980 and 2025, the study visualizes the distribution of publications by year, most productive authors and journals, most cited papers, keyword clusters, and international collaboration networks. The findings show that the literature on school-based consultation has gained significant momentum since the early 2000s and is predominantly concentrated in Anglo-Saxon countries. Scholars such as Sheridan, Erchul, and Gutkin have played leading roles in shaping the field. Core concepts include “collaboration,” “parent involvement,” and “treatment integrity.” Despite the growing body of research, the literature still exhibits limited interdisciplinary integration and cultural diversity. This study offers a comprehensive mapping of current research patterns and provides valuable insights to guide future investigations in the field.

Al-Bire Niyabet and Its Administrative Function in the al-Bahrī Mamluk Period

Ali FIRATMurat ZENGİN — 2025-07-16

Located on the Euphrates River, al-Bire/Birecik has maintained its geo-strategic importance since ancient times. Due to this feature, it came under the domination of the Hittite, Assyrian, Persian, Macedonian, Roman, Eastern Roman (Byzantine), Umayyad, Abbasid, Great Seljuk, Artuqid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Turkish States, respectively. With the establishment of the Mamluk Turkish State, al-Bire became a place where many attempts and conflicts took place to dominate the geography of Bilād al-Sham/Syria. The incursions of the Mongols into the Middle East geography, which started with the Western campaigns, made Bire even more critical in this struggle for dominance. The crossing points on the Euphrates River are critical for reaching Syria and Egypt and creating a security corridor against attacks in these regions. In this context, al-Bire was a defense against possible attacks from the state's northern border after the Mamluk Turkish State was included in its area of dominance. It was turned into a military base during the expeditions to Anatolia. Considering its distance from Cairo, the center of the Mamluk Turkish State, Bire had strategic importance as it was the first defense point on the Anatolian side.

An Analysis of the Spatial History and Architectural Features of the Timurtaş Pasha Mosques in Bursa and Kütahya

Aras KAHRAMAN — 2025-07-16

From the mid-14th century onwards, Kara Timurtaş Pasha was one of the prominent statesmen of the Ottoman Empire, participating in major battles during the empire's rise, particularly under the reigns of Murad I and Bayezid I. He played a key role, especially during the first siege of Istanbul. In addition to his roles as beylerbeyi and vizier, Timurtaş Pasha engaged in construction activities and established charitable foundations (waqfs) according to historical records. Among these foundations, the mosques of the complexes (külliye) in Bursa and Kütahya have survived to the present day. This study provides information on the patrons, spatial history, and stylistic characteristics of the Timurtaş Pasha mosques in Bursa and Kütahya, based on previously published scholarly research and unpublished archival documents. While earlier studies indicated uncertainties regarding the patronage of the mosques in Kütahya and Bursa, archival research has confirmed that both mosques were built by Kara Timurtaş Pasha. These mosques exemplify the characteristics of "multi-functional structures" from the Early Ottoman Period. Despite sustaining significant damage in the 1855 earthquake, the Bursa Timurtaş Pasha Mosque has largely preserved its originality, while the Kütahya Timurtaş Pasha Mosque has retained its authenticity primarily in its interior space and structure due to various repairs and restorations over different periods.

Reflection of The Presidential Government System on Social Service Delivery: The Case of The Social Policies Council

Ayşe Mine İŞLERAykut BALCI ,Sedanur BALCI — 2025-07-16

On April 16, 2017, with the referendum and the subsequent presidential election, Turkey switched from a parliamentary system to a Presidential Government System. With the transition to the new government system, the Prime Ministry and the Council of Ministers were abolished and the double-headed structure of the executive was abandoned. In addition, policy councils and offices responsible for formulating, implementing and monitoring public policies were established. One of the nine policy councils is the Social Policies Council. The existence and activities of the Social Policy Council are important for the social work profession. Because there is a reciprocal relationship between the science and practice of social policy and the discipline and profession of social work, and the social policies produced shape social work practice and determine the boundaries of practice. In this context, the study, which was prepared using the literature review method, examines the policy councils created with the new government system and makes a unique and holistic evaluation of the reflection of social policies on social work practices in the Social Policies Council.

Analogical Reasoning and the Use of Ethnographic Data in Archaeology: Historical Development and Methodological Debates

Burak FALAY — 2025-07-16

This research aims to examine the historical development and theoretical-methodological foundations of the analogical approach and the use of ethnographic data in archaeological research. It addresses the methodological and theoretical challenges archaeologists face in applying ethnographic data to archaeological contexts to understand past societies and interpret archaeological evidence. The study examines the emergence and development of the analogical approach in archaeology from a historical perspective. Developments in Europe and North America are examined, and direct historical analogy and general analogical approaches are compared. The data were analyzed using content analysis to demonstrate the role of the analogical approach in archaeological interpretation and its advantages and limitations in using ethnographic data. The research shows that the analogical approach is an important tool in interpreting archaeological evidence, but it should be used carefully and critically. The direct historical analogy approach is found to be limited and misleading because it ignores temporal and cultural differences. General analogy and the hypothetico-deductive method have been found to make archaeological interpretations more scientific and systematic. The development of ethnoarchaeology has encouraged the systematic use of analogy, but methodological and ethical issues continue to be debated. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that analogical reasoning is a useful tool in archaeological interpretation, but that cultural contexts and historical particularities should not be overlooked.

Selim III in Turkish Music and a Forgotten Maqam: Maqam of Şevk-i Dil

Cüneyt ÖBEK — 2025-07-16

When we look at the historical development of Turkish Music, which is an ancient music, the influence and contribution of the Ottoman sultans plays an important role. In addition to their duties in state administration, many of them are interested in music, poetry, calligraphy, painting, in short, all branches of art, and they have trained themselves at a high level in these fields. Sultan Selim III, who had a special interest and skill in music among these branches of art. Selim Hân is one of the important artists of Turkish Music with his ney player, tambourine, composer and the modes he composed. Selim III was involved in music with important artists of Turkish Music during hrt lifetime and benefited from them. In this study, Sultan Selim III. The theoretical features of the "Şevk-i Dil" maqam, which is thought to be attributed to Selim and composed only a few times in Turkish Music, are explained, and it is aimed to reveal how composers used this maqam by musically examining 7 works composed in this maqam. Through musical analysis, the maqam features of the works were evaluated, taking into account their melodic structure.

Hologram as One of The New Language Teaching Tools in the World and Turkish Education

Elif ERMAĞAN — 2025-07-16

Designing, implementing and enriching learning processes is a field that requires expertise. Today, there is a tendency in language teaching to adapt traditional approaches to new developments and to use different theories, methods and tools. In this context, with the digital revolution and widespread use of the Internet, audio or video distance education has recently attracted attention as one of these methods. Holographic education systems have the potential for paradigm shifts in social sciences, education and language teaching. Within the scope of this article’s case study, the holographic process, which has just started to be used in Turkish language education, which is among the languages that are increasingly being learned worldwide, is examined. This study argues that – although the infrastructure costs, teacher-learner training, data privacy-security and other technological hardware challenges have not yet been overcome and erode ing large-scale language education – the holographic tools will positively affect language teaching capabilities over time. The data source of this research, which adopted a qualitative approach and used the document review method, consisted of academic books and articles, mostly in English and Turkish.

NATURE, RITUAL, AND SOCIAL ORDER IN MODERN HORROR CINEMA: AN ANALYSIS OF MIDSOMMAR

Elif Merve URGANCI — 2025-07-16

This study examines Ari Aster's Midsommar (2019) in the context of the sanctification of nature and rituals, the individual-society conflict, and aesthetic innovations in modern horror cinema. Inspired by Scandinavian mythology and pagan rituals, Midsommar explores the boundaries of social order and individual freedom. It contrasts the rituals of the Hårga community, rooted in nature’s cyclicality, with the loneliness and search for belonging of modern individuals. The study uses descriptive and content analysis to explore the film’s thematic and cinematographic elements, interpreting symbols and rituals through René Girard’s theory of ritualistic violence and Mircea Eliade’s understanding of cyclicality. The film intricately combines pagan rituals, natural cycles, and individual sacrifice, highlighting the tension between modern individualism and traditional collectivism. It critiques systems that prioritize social order at the expense of personal freedom. Blending horror with pastoral visuals and a perpetually bright atmosphere, the film challenges traditional folk horror aesthetics and expands the genre’s boundaries. While addressing the tension between individual freedom and collective belonging, Midsommar critiques the isolating nature of modern society, presenting a profound exploration of identity and community in contemporary times.

The Effect of Using Quizlet in Teaching Vocabulary to Learners of Turkish as a Foreign Language

Enes EYİBİLGökçen GÖÇEN — 2025-07-16

Quizlet is one of the preferred digital tools for teaching vocabulary in a foreign language. In this study, it is aimed to determine what and how the effect of Quizlet is on teaching vocabulary to learners of Turkish as a foreign language. Mixed research model was used in the study. A quasi-experimental research model was chosen for the quantitative part of the study. The experimental and control groups consisted of 40 Turkish learners at B1 level. The research data were collected as pre-test and post-test with a vocabulary knowledge test created by the researcher. The data obtained were analysed with the SPSS programme. Case study design was used in the qualitative part of the study. Data were collected from 20 learners in the experimental group through the activity evaluation form created by the researcher and focus group interviews with 4 learners in the experimental group. The data obtained were analysed by content analysis. As a result of the study, it was determined that the use of Quizlet in teaching vocabulary to learners of Turkish as a foreign language is effective in improving learners' vocabulary knowledge and this effect is positive.

Amazons, Themiscyra and Thermodon

Harun OY — 2025-07-16

The ancient name of the Terme River is Thermodon. The region and its surrounding area through which the Terme River flows are referred to as Themiscyra. In some sources, Themiscyra is expressed as a settlement or city name, while in most ancient sources, it is used to describe the area irrigated by the Thermodon River. Both the names Thermodon and Themiscyra appear in ancient texts in association with the Amazons and are described as the place where the Amazons lived. In line with the Amazons' way of life, the region surrounding the Terme River and Themiscyra is consistent with the descriptions provided by ancient sources. Thermodon and Themiscyra represent a fertile, lush, and forested area, abundant in plant life and wild animals, extending to the coastline. The geographical and environmental features that existed during the time of the Amazons still persist in the region today. Wetlands, fertile terrain, wild horses, and a rich diversity of plants and animals continue to preserve the region's ancient memories. However, despite the detailed descriptions of the area in ancient texts, no remnants related to the Amazons have yet been found. This could be interpreted as the possibility that these remains are buried beneath the soil.

Analysis of Town Novels in terms of Conflict Theme

Havvaana KARADENİZ — 2025-07-16

The concept of space, which holds an ontological depth in human life, also occupies a significant place among the elements that constitute a narrative. In addition to providing a foundation for the narrative, space encompasses entities and objects, and carries symbolic meaning in reflecting and analyzing psychological states and perceptions. The small town, which began to appear more frequently in novels during the years of the National Struggle with its own identity, is considered as a bridge between the city and the village, serving as a center of harmony. By incorporating small towns as settings in novels, literature has, in a true sense, moved beyond Istanbul and fully reflected the reality of Anatolia. One of the realities reflected is conflicts. Depending on the circumstances, conflicts can develop at an individual level or occur between individuals and societies. This study examines the themes of individual and social conflicts portrayed in small-town novels such as Akşam Güneşi, Bir Kadın Düşmanı, Yeşil Gece, Acımak, Eski Hastalık, Kavak Yelleri, Vurun Kahpeye, Kuyucaklı Yusuf, Rahmet Yolları Kesti, Yediçınar Yaylası, Teneke, Zeliş, Aganta Burina Burinata and Karanlık Dünya. In this context, it has been observed that the conflict, arising from differences and oppositions, is related to various factors such as individual, social, cultural, socio-economic factors, and religion in the novels discussed.

TRACES OF SLAVERY IN COLLECTIVE MEMORY: COMMON THEMES IN TONI MORRISON'S BELOVED AND HARRIET BEECHER STOWE'S UNCLE TOM'S CABIN

Mahmut AKARSami BOZKONT — 2025-07-16

From the establishment of the United States of America to the mid-20th century, the institution of slavery significantly affected African American society, resulting in profound consequences related to marginalization, racism, racial discrimination, and, most notably, collective memory. In human experience, certain moments or events are sometimes impossible to forget, even when one wishes to do so. Nevertheless, certain events or experiences remain indelibly etched in memory; despite attempts to forget them, they persist in one's consciousness and prevail. Among these concepts, collective memory has been the one that came into prominence among black slaves, even after their freedom. The black society tried to ignore and forget their horrible memories. Two important American writers, Toni Morrison and Harriet Beecher Stowe, have tried to draw attention to the mental and physical damage caused by slavery through their novels. In the novels of both writers, slavery has been abolished, and the protagonists have attained freedom; however, readers' attention is directed by various narrators through flashbacks and recollections to the period during which they were enslaved. This study aims to examine the differences and similarities between these two antislavery literary works focusing on the treatment of collective memory.

Comparison of IFFAS 5 Standard and IAS 240 Standards in the Independent Audit of Financial Statements in the Context of the Concept of Error and Fraud

Mehtap BULUT DENİZMerve BAKAN ,Yusuf Cahit ÇUKACI — 2025-07-16

In this study, the concepts of error and fraud were compared in terms of Interest-Free Finance Auditing Standard (IFFAS) 5 and Independent Auditing Standard (IAS) 240, and in this context, evaluations were made on the independent audit activity and the responsibilities of the independent auditor. In the study, firstly, the concept of error and situations involving errors are mentioned, and the auditor's responsibilities regarding the prevention of errors and prevention methods are mentioned. Since the concept of error is mainly included in IFFAS 5, evaluations are included within the scope of this standard. The comparison between error and cheating is also made in the first section. Later in the study, the concept of fraud and situations involving fraud are mentioned and the responsibilities of the auditor regarding the prevention of fraud are mentioned. Since the concept of fraud is included in both standards, the concept of fraud is discussed in terms of both standards. Finally, the study includes a comparison of the concepts of error and fraud in terms of IFFAS 5 and IAS 240.

The Helenistic Period and The Marriage Alliance of Seleukos I. NicatorAnd Stratonice I.

Nimet SÖNMEZ OKULMUŞ — 2025-07-16

Alexander the Great became a ruler who made a name for himself for centuries thanks to his conquests and left his mark on the era. Alexander the Great, who gained entry to Anatolia through wars and strong policies, expanded his borders to very distant geographies after providing the necessary environment. Alexander the Great, who saw the transformation into an empire as a project and tried to exhibit a stance that would ensure this in many areas, went on to achieve his goal by making the science and knowledge of the East and the West in different fields interactive. This environment where differences merged was the beginning of a new era both politically and culturally. Thanks to Alexander the Great's policy, Greek culture left its own center and had the opportunity to meet the culture of the broad masses. Alexander the Great, who saw the institution of marriage as a means of support to ensure integration, resorted to this method in providing settlements. After the death of Alexander the Great, administrative structures with a monarchical structure and local government characteristics were replaced by kingdoms in the Hellenistic period. One of these kingdoms was the Seleucid Kingdom. In ancient history, marriages were of a political agreement nature and played an important role in legitimizing the power of the parties or gaining military support. Seleucus I Nicator (312-311 BC), one of Alexander the Great's effective commanders, married Stratonice I as one of the political alliances. The marriage diplomacy that was provided played an important role in the longevity of the kingdoms and in their effective political process.

A Case of Integrated Plagiarism: Rejection of İlker Mutlu’s Article on the History of Turkish Cinema during the Yeşilçam Era

Tunç YILDIRIM — 2025-07-16

Although its main field is literature, Hece journal often publishes thematic issues and has just published a two-volume “Special Issue on Turkish Cinema” in 2024. With his article entitled “BİR SİS PERDESİ ARDINDAN… 50’ler ve Yeşilçam’ın Oluştuğu ilk On Yıla Bir Bakış Denemesi”, Hece, volume-1, n° 330/331/332, June/July/August 2024, pp. 184-195”, İlker Mutlu contributed to the first volume of this issue, a sort of critical amalgam that attempts to mix the points of view of experts and amateur researchers on Turkish cinema. In this study, it is first of all a question of making a critical, scientific and general evaluation of the special issue on Turkish cinema. Next, it will be shown how amateur film historian İlker Mutlu used the reference work of professional film historian Tunç Yıldırım (Türk Sinemasının Estetik Tarihi. Standart Türlere Giriş: 1948-1959; 2016) in his so-called compilation article but in fact “integrated plagiarism”. All of Mutlu’s (2024) detailed plagiarisms will be both identified and explained using the comparative method. Thus, it will be proven how Mutlu (2024), who never refers to Yıldırım (2016), which he used extensively from his footnotes to his problematics and even his statistical data based on primary sources, has created his plagiarist article. The disclosure, criticism and analysis of this case of plagiarism are able to answer the essential question regarding the Discipline of Cinema Studies: “How not to make an original, innovative and scientific work in the field of cinema history?”

An Analysis of the Hospital Financial Viability Index in Audited Health Institutions Applying TFRS and BOBI FRS

Vahap KARAÇADIR , — 2025-07-16

The strong financial performance of health institutions contributes to the sustainable continuation of operations, the acquisition of new opportunities in the market, and improved access to financial resources. This study aims to systematically examine the financial structure and performance of the hospital services sector and to evaluate sectoral dynamics through a comparative approach. For this purpose, the study analyzes the financial status of enterprises operating in the hospital services sector and applying TFRS and BOBİ FRS between 2018 and 2022, using balance sheets and income statements through the Hospital Financial Life Index method. The findings reveal that during the 2018–2022 period, the number of hospitals increased by 32.08% among those applying BOBİ FRS and by 15.69% among those applying TFRS. The Hospital Financial Life Index values for TFRS-applied hospitals remained below 1 throughout the period, indicating a generally strong financial life capacity. In contrast, BOBİ FRS-applied hospitals showed index values well above 1 from 2018 to 2021, suggesting serious financial issues; however, the value decreased to 0.99 in 2022, indicating a significant improvement in financial resilience.

Development of a Scale for Secondary School Students' Expectations from Teachers in Visual Arts Courses

Yahya HİÇYILMAZMahmut ALMALI — 2025-07-16

The primary aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to determine middle school students' expectations from their Visual Arts teachers. In this context, a draft scale consisting of 22 items and based on a 5-point Likert type was administered to a total of 402 students from 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th grades attending various schools in Van during the 2023-2024 spring term. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), a final scale with 15 items and two sub-dimensions was obtained. The first dimension, titled 'Expectations Regarding Teacher Behavior,' consisted of 7 items, with factor loadings ranging from .517 to .703. The second dimension, named 'Expectations Regarding the Teaching and Learning Process,' consisted of 8 items, with factor loadings ranging from .515 to .694. To test the validity of the factor structure, the data obtained from a different sample group (343 students) were tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The CFA results indicated that the fit indices of the scale were within acceptable limits and confirmed the structure obtained in the EFA. These findings validate the appropriateness of the factor structures identified in the EFA. The Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient of the scale measuring expectations from Visual Arts teachers was determined to be .841. These results support that the scale is a usable tool in the field of education. The scale may contribute to a deeper understanding of expectations towards Visual Arts teachers and to the development of new approaches for integrating these expectations into educational processes.

TEACHERS' PERCEPTIONS OF PERSONAL PERFORMANCE, ORGANISATIONAL RESILIENCE AND QUANTUM LEADERSHIP OF THEIR PRINCIPALS

Adem YURDUNKULUÇetin TERZİ — 2025-07-16

In this study, it is aimed to examine the relationship between teachers' perceptions of certain factors in the institution where they work, teachers' perceptions of their personal performance, their organisational resilience levels and the quantum leadership level of the school principal. The population of the study consists of 4702 teachers working in primary and secondary public schools in Düzce Province in the spring term of 2021-2022 academic year. The sample of the study consisted of 409 teachers selected from this population by stratified sampling method. As a result of the research, male teachers had higher perceptions of quantum leadership and organisational resilience than female teachers, teachers with bachelor's degree had higher perceptions of quantum leadership and organisational resilience than teachers with master's degree; teachers working in primary schools have higher perceptions of their personal performance than teachers working in secondary schools and high schools; teachers working with the current principal for 5 or more years have higher perceptions of their performance than teachers working with the current principal for 1-2 years and 3-4 years. In addition, it was determined that the independent variables (teachers' quantum leadership perceptions of school principals and organisational resilience perceptions) explained 62.9% of the effect on the dependent variable (teacher performance).

Examining The Relationship Between Toxic Leadership, Organizational Silence And Motivation

Aysel DELİKTAŞ DEMİRSinan YALÇIN — 2025-07-16

In this study, the relationship between teachers' perceptions of toxic leadership, organisational silence and motivation was examined. Relational survey model was used in the study. The sample of the study consists of 232 teachers selected by convenience sampling method among the teachers working in primary, secondary and high schools in Erzincan in the 2022-2023 academic year. Research data were collected with toxic leadership, organisational silence and motivation scales. The research data were analysed with SPSS software. SPSS package programme was used to analyse the data. Parametric tests were used in the research. According to the results of the study, teachers' perceptions of toxic leadership and organisational silence are at medium level, while their perceptions of motivation are at high level. There is no significant difference between these perceptions according to demographic variables. There is a significant positive relationship between teachers' perceptions of toxic leadership and organisational silence, and a significant negative relationship between toxic leadership and motivation. In addition, manipulation and selfishness sub-dimensions of toxic leadership have a significant effect on organisational silence. On the other hand, only self-interest sub-dimension of toxic leadership has an effect on motivation perceptions.

The Phenomenon of Slavery in the Qur’anic Exegeses of the Mamluk Period

Ayşe UZUN — 2025-07-16

The Mamluks were a Turkish state ruled by emancipated emirs. This rule, notable for the presence of people of slave origin in the government, lasted for nearly three hundred years in Egypt, Syria, and the Hejaz. The cultural environment fostered by political stability enabled the training of scholars and the production of works. During this period, characterized by a vibrant cultural atmosphere, numerous works were produced in various fields of Islamic sciences. Amongst these, Qur’anic exegeses authored during this time stand out as authoritative texts in the literature. There are references to slavery in the Qur’anic verses. Mamluk-era exegetes interpreted these verses. This article examines the phenomenon of slavery in the Qur’anic exegeses, written during the period when slaves changed their status and became part of the state administration. This study, which questions how the political understanding that allowed for the status change of slaves is reflected in the cultural literature, especially in Qur’anic exegeses, focuses on these exegeses. The aim of this article is to investigate the influence of politics on exegetical texts as well as to determine whether these texts are sensitive to the period in which they were written. This research, unique in its aim to reveal the main lines of Mamluk-era exegesis concerning slavery, was prepared using the method of textual analysis.

Semiotic Analysis on Science Communication

Çiçek TOMRUKÇUSena SENGİR AYDIN ,Adem YÜCEL — 2025-07-16

The main purpose of science communication is to arouse interest in scientific issues in society, to encourage scientific thinking and to ensure that academic knowledge as well as innovations in the field of science and technology are conveyed to large masses. Social media platforms, which are increasingly used in this transfer, serve as an important bridge in making scientific knowledge accessible and understandable by everyone. Social media, which has created a new channel that does not need an intermediary for scientists to communicate with large masses of people, has led to the critical role of visual content in content production. Social media visuals can evoke emotional reactions, carry multi-layered meanings and present complex ideas in a simple and understandable way. For this reason, visuals create a powerful effect that enables scientific content to reach wider audiences in the environment of social media that allows interaction, information sharing and participation. The visuals used in social media contents, which have a role in the dissemination of science, and the measurement of the effectiveness of these visuals were the subject of our study. Semiotic analysis method was used to examine the visuals and analyse their codes.

Cultural Evaluation of the Tombstones and Inscriptions Found in the Adana Grand Mosque

Mehibe ŞAHBAZAytül KAPLAN ,Nurcan ÖREN — 2025-07-16

In Turkish-Islamic culture, grave structures and inscriptions are important documents for not only reflecting the culture of the period in which they were built, but they also bring in some valuable nuances from the past. The grave structures and inscriptions in the cemetery of Adana Grand Mosque, on the one hand, provide important information about the history and culture of the period they belong to while on the other hand, they are the values that reveal the social, economic and aesthetic side of the city. Some gravestone inscriptions on the side have not been translated up to this day, while some other attempted works remain incomplete. This study is an attempt to read and translate the whole inscriptions in this respect. Additionally, this work aims to interpret the symbols and motifs that embellished the grave structures. Furthermore, this study found out verse works written in a highly literary language in the inscriptions. It also discovered the dates written with the abjad calculation within these works. This finding confirms how highly the state officials of the period, Adana’s gentry and their family members were interested in aesthetics and art. At the same time, the attention paid to the tomb structures belonging to the women of the important families of the period present in June is a proof of the value given to women throughout Adana. The symbols on the grave structures without inscriptions also reflect the social power and status of those in the cemetery.

Ways and Strategies to Achieve Deep Structure in 2024 Turkish Course Curriculum: Activity Examples

Mehmet ÇAYIRDilek ÜNVEREN — 2025-07-16

The first aim of this study is to determine ways that will lead to the deep structure of a text and to present an example, based on the studies in literature and the analysis of these studies. The second aim is to design activities that will enable students to reach the deep structure of the texts readed, based on two learning outcomes in the 2024 Secondary School Turkish Course Curriculum, through the developed methods and strategies. Strategies have been identified through studies on deep structure in literature. By scanning the literature, it was determined that the ways to reach the deep structure were inferences, repetitive structures and text type, and activity examples were designed based on these findings. It was concluded that using auxiliary strategies could be beneficial. It is thought that this study will support teachers in developing the deep structure achievement of the new 2024 Turkish Course Curriculum.

Description of Preschool Teachers’ Creative Thinking, Critical Thinking, Scientific Process Skills and Evaluation of the Relationship Among Them

Etem YEŞİLYURTMehmet Yılmaz KESKİN — 2025-07-16

There are important skills that teachers should have. Considering today's conditions and 21st century skills, teachers are expected to have creative thinking, critical thinking and scientific process skills. Various studies have been conducted on teachers related to these skills. Generally, most of the researches have focused on teachers and teacher candidates as the research group. While researches on the subject have mostly focused on these variables separately or in pairs, there is almost no research that describes preschool teachers’ creative thinking, critical thinking and scientific process skills altogether and investigates the relationship among them. This research aims to describe preschool teachers’ creative thinking, critical thinking and scientific process skills and to investigate the relationship among them. The research used the “general survey model”. In the general survey model, either a singular or relational survey can be done. The study group of this study consists of 255 preschool teachers working in kindergartens in Eyyübiye, Haliliye and Karaköprü districts affiliated with Şanlıurfa Provincial Directorate of National Education in the second semester of the 2023-2024 academic year. Data were collected with Marmara Creative Thinking Tendencies, Critical Thinking Tendency scales and Scientific Process Skills Test. Data were analyzed with SPSS and AMOS software packages using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, arithmetic mean, standard deviation and Pearson correlation. As a result of the research, it was found that preschool teachers' levels of creative and critical thinking skills, as well as their scientific process skill levels, were above average. Additionally, a moderately positive and statistically significant relationship was found between preschool teachers' creative and critical thinking skills. On the other hand, a weak but statistically significant positive relationship was found between preschool teachers' creative thinking and scientific process skills, and between critical thinking and scientific process skills. Based on the results obtained from the research, some suggestions were developed.

EVOLUTION OF MORAL EDUCATION IN THE ENGLISH EDUCATION POLICIES: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

Mukaddes Zikra TANRIVERDİ GÖKÇELİ — 2025-07-16

Moral education has been a part of the curriculum in England for centuries, with the goal of teaching students’ values, morals, ethical behaviours, and character traits. The specific policies and approaches -philosophical and psychological- to the moral development of the students have evolved over time, influenced by various social, cultural, and political factors. Initially, moral education was seen as part of religious education with the aim of teaching Christian values. Subsequently, following the conclusion of World War II, the restructuring of English society led to a shift in the focus of education towards a more secular and inclusive approach to moral education, emphasizing the promotion of values such as tolerance, respect, and an appreciation for the diversity of cultures, races, and religions, which are still among the aims of current policies in the British agenda. Upon consideration of the historical evolution of policies, it is discovered that the following policies remain valid in present times: Spiritual, Moral, Social, Cultural, Mental and Physical Education (SMSC), Personal, Social, Health, and Economics Education (PSHE), Citizenship Education, Fundamental British Values (FBVs), Relationships, Sex, and Health Education (RHSE), and Character Education; and these policies will be referred to as moral education policies in this study. This study offers a comprehensive historical overview of moral education theories, including moral, values, and character education movements, and their impact on the political agenda in the English Education System.

A Little Known Mosque with Wooden Pillar and Overlapping Ceiling in Anatolia: Malum Seyyit Tekke Köyü Mosque

Sadakat Safiyye MUMCUOĞLU TÜRKER — 2025-07-16

Tokat, one of the oldest cities of Anatolia, has been one of the cities that attracted attention in every period because of its cultural features. One of the most important building types of the city, which stands out especially for its architectural heritage, is the historical mosques. One of these mosques, Malum Seyyit Tekke Köyü Mosque, has a wooden cover system with a rare overlapping ceiling. There is no information in the literature about the architectural features of the building with its original cover system with overlapping ceilings. Registered in 1995, the mosque has no epigraph, and different documents in the archives of the Directorate General of Foundations record that it was built on various dates. For this reason, there is no clear information about the exact construction date of the building. This study aims to identify the prominent architectural features of the Malum Seyyit Tekke Village Mosque and to bring it to the literature and to make a dating proposal for this building, whose construction date is unknown, by comparing it with other wooden-pillared mosques in Anatolia. The building was surveyed and compared with the Afyon Ulu Mosque, Arslanhane Mosque, Eşrefoğlu Mosque, Mahmut Bey Mosque, Sivrihisar Mosque and Sivrihisar Mosque, which have similar features, especially in terms of the plan and covering system and were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2023, as well as the other wooden pillared overlapping ceiling Üzümören Ulu Mosque and Erbaa Silahtar Ömer Paşha Mosque in Tokat. In the research, a comparison table was created using the typological analysis method of wooden mosques with lap ceilings, and the structures were analyzed through this table. According to the findings of the research, it is thought that the Malum Seyyit Tekke Village Mosque underwent various interventions in different periods and that the building took its wooden pillared overlapping ceiling form between the XVII-XVIII centuries.

THE FUSION OF CULTURES IN LITERATURE: REFLECTION OF METAPHORS IN CEVAT ÇAPAN’S RENDERING OF WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS' POETRY

Rabia AKSOY ARIKAN — 2025-07-16

W. B. Yeats (1865–1939) was an Irish poet and playwright, one of the leading figures of the Irish Literary Renaissance. He was one of the founders of the Abbey Theatre. Yeats received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923 (Yeats 2014, Int.). Cevat Çapan (1933) is a Turkish academic, writer, poet, and translator. He is known for his publications, including poetry books, translations, theatre reviews, and anthologies. The subject of this study is translating poetry, one of the key elements of literary translation, which involves recreating the text and experiencing the flavour of two different languages. In poetry, there is a profound meaning that transcends sounds and words, allowing it to pass from person to person, language to language, and cultures to merge. In an interview, Cevat Çapan stated, “The best way to read a poem is to translate it.” Indeed, the question of whether poetry can be translated or not has always been a topic of discussion. Although there are always different opinions on this matter, the standard view is that translation depends on the nature of the poem. The present study aims to examine the metaphors in William Butler Yeats’ poems, as translated by Cevat Çapan, using Peter Newmark’s strategies and to concretise the effect of emotions conveyed through poetry translation on the fusion of cultures in literature. In light of the translation difficulties arising from the poetic language, it was observed that it is not possible to fully reflect the imagery and metaphors related to cultural transfer in the source language in the target language, starting from the premise that not every poem can be translated. Moreover, even if the special meanings of person and place names, historical events, or expressions related to daily life in the source language are conveyed, they can’t be understood in the target language since the target language reader is foreign. However, to maintain rhyme and rhythm, there is a risk of deviating from the meaning when transferring syllabic and verbal patterns, rhyme, and meter to the target language. The inability to translate even a single word focused on meaning in poetry significantly affects the integrity of the poem’s meaning. Therefore, it is emphasised that more attention should be paid to translating metaphors that are effective in cultural fusion. As a result of the study, it is concluded that the most appropriate approach is to select poems that will reflect the problems arising from the characteristics of poetic language and are reflected in the translation process minimally.

Dera V Derya in The Context of English Common Law: Assessing The Applicability of Deviation and Time - Bar Provisions

Bilge Mehtap KARA — 2025-07-16

This article examines the judgment of the England and Wales High Court (Commercial Court) in Dera Commercial Estate v Derya Inc (2018) (Dera v Derya), which addresses a legal conflict between the consequences of deviation in maritime transport and the one-year time-bar provision under the Hague Rules. The decision explores the validity of the time-bar defence under the Hague Rules in cases involving deviation, as well as the legal consequences of excessive delay in arbitration proceedings. The judgment discusses the meaning of the term “in any event” within the Hague Rules, evaluates the binding nature of the Hain Steamship decision—an important precedent in English case law—and reconsiders the influence of the fundamental breach doctrine under English law. Within this framework, the case highlights a significant normative tension between case law and the provisions of international conventions. This article analyses the outcome of the decision from the perspective of deviation, while also examining its reasoning in relation to the time-bar provisions under the Hague Rules, along with the legal arguments raised by the parties throughout the litigation. The method adopted in the article involves identifying the normative framework underlying the judgment through paragraph-based references to the court’s reasoning.

The Effect of Gems Approach on Mıddle School Students' Cognitive Structures on Force and Energy

Seda NASIRLIELHanife Gamze HASTÜRK — 2025-07-16

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the GEMS (Great Exploration in Math and Science) approach on the mental structures of students in the "Force and Energy" unit of the seventh grade science course of secondary school. In the study, descriptive research was used in the screening model. The study group of the study consists of 32 seventh grade students. The application studies lasted a total of 4 weeks. In the experimental group (N=16), the GEMS-based learning program was processed, and in the control group (N=16), the courses were taught according to the 2018 science curriculum. As a data collection tool, the word association test consisting of seven key concepts (force, mass, weight, kinetic energy, potential energy, water resistance and air resistance) belonging to the Force and Energy unit was used before and after the application. Students were asked to write down words that seven key concepts evoke in their minds. The findings were obtained by concept network maps by looking at the word type and frequency obtained from the word association test of the groups. Concept network maps are created with the breakpoint technique. As a result of the analyzes, when the concept network maps were examined, it was concluded that in the experimental group where the courses based on the GEMS approach were conducted, the 2018 science curriculum-based courses were taught more significantly in terms of the number and type of words they wrote than the control group students. In line with the findings obtained from the study, in-service training should be provided to teachers in order to use the GEMS-based learning program more effectively, and it may be recommended to prepare guidebooks for GEMS approach for science teachers.

Introduction and Summary of the Transcription of the Harput Shari'a Court Register No. 181 (Hijri 1041-1042 / Gregorian 1632-1633)

Adem ERZENGİN — 2025-07-16

The Ottoman Empire had its own unique Shari'a court registers. These registers were not only legal records but also invaluable sources for understanding the social structure, administrative organization, and daily life of the period. For example, many topics such as how justice was administered, the norms in people's social relations, economic activities, and even the names and demographic structures of small settlements can be found in these registers. At this point, the example of the 181st Harput Shari'a court register offers a comprehensive window not only as a document but also for understanding the social fabric of the period. This register the system of governance, understanding of justice, and the daily issues faced by the people unknown. Therefore, such registers allow for a deep analysis of Ottoman history, not merely as the history of sultans and wars, but through a multidimensional understanding of the lives of the people. This study has revealed many previously sheds light on not only the data contributing to academic research of the time but also issues regarding the history of Harput during this period. In the 181st Harput Shari'a court register, the majority of the cases recorded concern matters such as sales contracts, debts and receivables, inheritance distribution, alimony, donations, etc.

UNDERSTANDING GENERATION Z’S eWOM PERCEIVE IN THE TOURISM

Ayşe ŞENGÖZ — 2025-07-16

Electronic word of mouth through digital platforms has become one of the communication methods that consumers frequently use to learn about a product before purchasing it. This study aims to contribute to developing digital marketing strategies by examining the effects of electronic word of mouth (eWOM) on the purchase intention of Generation Z consumers in the accommodation sector. The quantitative method was used in the study, and data were collected with a survey technique. 399 usable surveys were collected from Generation Z domestic tourists visiting Ankara, and the data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). A source identity indicator, one of the components of eWOM, was used as a stimulus on the scale. It aimed to fill the literature gaps by emphasizing Generation Z's sensitivity to information sharing on digital platforms and the role of source identity indicators in this process. The findings of the study show that the perception of the information provided by the source as credibility, of high quality, valuable, and usefulness has a positive and significant effect on the reliability of the source itself, and that the elements of trust, usefulness and value shape eWOM behaviors. Additionally, while the perception of information as credibility, high-quality, and the source as credibilty has a positive effect on eWOM, perceived value has a negative effect on eWOM. The consumption habits of Generation Z. reveal that they are less sensitive to unhelpful content due to their value-oriented nature. The research's most important contribution is that it provides a new understanding of Generation Z's trust and perception mechanisms. In addition, the research results offer strategic suggestions to the accommodation sector establishments to help them reach their target audiences and gain a competitive advantage.

An Assessment of Abdulhamid II's Shipyard Project and Exploration Works in Jeddah

Cengiz KESKİN — 2025-07-16

Jeddah, along with Mecca and Medina, is one of the sanjaks of the Hejaz Province of the Ottoman Empire. Considering the spiritual value of Mecca and Medina in the Islamic world, it can be assumed that Jeddah is at an unimportant point among these sanjaks. However, Jeddah's location at a strategic point has always made this region valuable. It can be said that the city's importance increased especially with the opening of the Suez Canal to world maritime trade in 1869. The port of Jeddah, which became an important connection point between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, began to have a much greater say in maritime trade. However, the fact that Egypt and the Suez Canal came under British control in 1882 forced the Ottoman Government to take some measures in the region. One of the measures considered was the construction of a large shipyard in Jeddah. This situation paved the way for some repair and renovation works in Jeddah and its surroundings, and exploration works were carried out on how, where and in what way this work could be done. Three different regions were focused on for the shipyard construction, and comprehensive studies were carried out on these regions. If the shipyard is completed, significant progress will be made in ensuring the security of the region. In addition, significant income would be obtained from taxes collected from ships and passengers docking at the port. However, financial difficulties did not allow this work to be done, and exploration works could not be utilized.

A Study on Social and Academic Adjustment Levels of Students Who Changed Universities Due to Earthquake

Ayşe ALBAYMustafa YILMAZ — 2025-07-16

The earthquake, which we have encountered quite frequently among the natural disasters in our country in recent years, brings serious destruction with it. Earthquakes do not only bring physical destruction but can also cause serious psychological destruction. Especially after the recent earthquake disaster in our country, the epicenter of which was Kahramanmaraş and affected 11 provinces, psychological consequences occurred both in people who experienced the earthquake themselves and in people who were exposed to the balance sheets of the earthquake through mass media and social media. Psychological devastation after earthquakes can affect people's daily life activities and adaptation. For this reason, this study aimed to measure whether the social and academic adjustment levels of students who transferred to X University due to the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes were affected after the earthquake trauma. Within the scope of the study, 73 students were reached. SPSS package program was used to analyze the data. In the study, it was determined that there was no differentiation in terms of social and academic adaptation in terms of the variables of the province where the student came from, the place where the student stayed, the duration at the university, the number of departments, satisfaction with the university, whether there is a relative in the province, whether there is a desire to transfer to another university, whether there was a loss of relatives in the earthquake, if there was a loss, the degree of closeness of the loss, psychological support and whether the psychological support continues, while social adaptation was similar in the variables of being satisfied with the department and the department they prefer, but there was a difference in academic adaptation.

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY OF THE TURKISH VERSION OF THE MEASURE OF ONLINE DISINHIBITION (MOD)

Mustafa SAVCIMustafa SAVCI ,Yahya ŞAHİN ,Mark GRIFFITHS ,Nihat KÖSE — 2025-07-16

The present study examined the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Measure of Online Disinhibition (MOD), originally developed by Stuart and Scott (2021). Data were collected from Turkish university students from four different samples (Total N = 663; 74% female) comprising a (i) pilot study (Sample 1; N=35) to test the translation of the MOD, (ii) a study to test the factor structure of the Turkish MOD (Sample 2; N=284), (iii) study to assess the criterion validity of the Turkish MOD (Sample 3; N=289), and (iv) study to assess the test-retest reliability of the Turkish MOD (Sample N=55). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the unidimensional factor structure (χ2/df=3.803, CFI=.91, RMSEA=.10, SRMR=.06). MOD scores were significantly positively associated with scale scores assessing online bullying (r = .19, p < .01), internet addiction (r = .38, p < .01), Machiavellianism (r = .29, p < .01), psychopathy (r = .21, p < .01), online histrionic personality (r = .54, p < .01), frequency of checking the internet (r = .19, p < .01), and frequency of checking social media (r = .12, p < .05). MOD scores were significantly negatively associated with life satisfaction (r = -.21, p < .01). Both alpha and omega coefficients of the MOD in Studies 2 and 3 were very good to excellent (ranging between .89 and .91). The test-retest reliability coefficient of the MOD was .78 (Study 4). Based on the findings, the MOD is a valid and reliable scale for assessing online disinhibition among Turkish-speaking individuals.

A Bibliometric Review of Health Communication Research: Mapping The Literature

Abdülbeşir CEYLAN — 2025-07-16

This study employs bibliometric analysis to examine trends, thematic clusters, and citation relationships in the field of health communication. A dataset comprising 1.796 articles was retrieved from the Web of Science database using the keyword "health communication," and the top 500 articles ranked by citation count were analyzed. During the data collection phase, information such as article titles, abstracts, keywords, and citation counts was downloaded in CSV format. The data were processed to meet the requirements of VOSviewer software and subsequently analyzed. A co-occurrence network of keywords was visualized, and thematic clusters were identified, along with a detailed review of the most highly cited studies. The findings highlight key themes in the literature, such as digitalization, the use of visual materials, and the impact of social media on health communication. This study underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and innovative approaches in advancing health communication strategies.