Tarih Okulu Dergisi, Year 2025 Issue LXXVIII

THE INTERNET AS A NEW PUBLIC SPHERE: EUROPEAN UNION DISCUSSIONS ON EKŞİ SÖZLÜK

Onur ÖKSÜZMustafa Zeki ABUR — 2025-11-01

With the advent of the twenty-first century, digital platforms shaped by the influence of the internet have evolved from being alternative public spheres to becoming the most prominent public spheres and the content shared on these digital platforms contributes to the shaping of the public sphere. One of the digital platforms, collaborative hypertext dictionaries, are social platforms where individuals can express their thoughts. On these platforms, users share content related to significant events in the international arena and important phenomena on the country’s agenda. One of the key topics discussed on these platforms is the European Union. The European Union is a political union that Türkiye has long wanted to be a member of. Within the scope of this research, posts related to the European Union on a collaborative hypertext dictionary named Ekşi Sözlük, one of the digital platforms where users share their opinions, have been examined through content analysis. In this context, the posts about the European Union on this digital platform were analysed under six main categories: the language used in the posts, word count, content of the entry, opinions on EU integration processes, views on Türkiye’s EU membership, and posts intended to provide information. It has been determined that the most frequently discussed topics related to the European Union on the Ekşi Sözlük platform are political issues, economy, and security. It has also been found out that while there are more negative opinions regarding EU integration processes, there are more positive views on Türkiye’s EU membership process.

Binding Groups in Proverbs in Turkey Turkish

Yasemin ÇELİK — 2025-11-01

Proverbs are stereotypes that have many data on the vocabulary of Turkish from the past to the present. In these sayings, elements such as beliefs, traditions, good and bad wishes, warnings belonging to Turkish culture draw attention. Thus, with these sayings, Turkish people have the opportunity to learn and be aware of information about Turkish culture. In addition, these sayings also serve as warnings in terms of giving information about the elements in Turkish culture, reminding the rules that have sanction power on the Turkish people and that must be followed. Proverbs have long been among the most important materials used by researchers in both linguistic and cultural studies. In this study, proverbs in Turkey Turkish, standardized language, and binding groups in them are analyzed. In the study, it was observed that the proverbs in Turkey Turkish form binking groups with the conjunctions “bir…bir(de)”, “dA…dA”, “değil”, “hem…hem(de)”, “ile”, “ister/isterse…ister/isterse”, “kimi…kimi”, “mI/mU…mI/mU”, “ne…ne(de)”, “ve”, “ya…ya(da)”. In the study, firstly, these conjunctions are listed, information about the relevant conjunction is given under each heading, and then the binding groups formed with these conjunctions in Turkish proverbs are shown. Accordingly, it has been determined that the proverbs mostly consist of the conjunction “ile”, and least of the conjunctions “ister/isterse...ister/isterse”, “kimi...kimi”, “ve”. In addition, the types of words and word groups connected by these conjunctions in these proverbs were also evaluated. With this study, it is aimed to show the binding elements in Turkish proverbs and to determine the binding groups formed with these binding elements, to contribute to the studies on proverbs on the subject of binding groups and to fill the gap on this subject, which has not been addressed by researchers in terms of linguistic research.

Analysing the Factors Affecting the Instrument Studying Status of Students Experiencing the Earthquake Process: A Phenomenological Research

Tuna TAŞDEMİR — 2025-11-01

The aim of this study is to examine the factors affecting the instrument studying status of students who experienced the earthquake. In this context, the factors affecting the instrument studying status of music department students affected by the earthquake centered in Kahramanmaraş on 06.02.2023 were determined in the post-earthquake process. The research is a phenomenological study conducted using qualitative research methods to determine the situation. During the data collection process, interviews were conducted with 28 students who experienced the February 6 earthquake, are studying in music departments, and voluntarily participated. A structured interview form developed for the research was used as the data collection tool. Although it is a phenomenology research, the number of participants was ensured to be high in order to reach the maximum variety of data with purposive sampling. The data obtained were analyzed using content analysis. Three main themes were identified in the interview form: "Personal Needs," "Institutional Facilities," and "Psychological State," and sub-themes and codes were created based on the obtained data. The research results revealed that the majority of students who experienced the earthquake could not practice their instruments due to housing problems and could not attend online classes due to housing and internet issues. It was found that most participants did not receive support from institutions, and the most needed supports were the study environment and instruments. The number of students who stated that their psychological state negatively affected their instrument practice due to feelings of anxiety and fear was high, and it was concluded that the majority's motivation to practice their instruments was negatively affected due to feeling unmotivated and the inadequacy of their facilities.

The Importance of Students Yearbooks/Albums in the History Researchs and “Konya High Islam Institution” Example

Meral KAYABAŞI — 2025-11-01

Historical research is based on sources; it is not possible to write history without sources. Among the main sources of history are “yearbooks/albums”. However, “yearbooks/albums” are not taken into consideration by researchers. In the history of the Republic of Türkiye, Imam Hatip School graduates, like other vocational school graduates, could not go to university and there were no schools where they could receive higher education. For this purpose, during the Democrat Party period, the Istanbul Higher Islamic Institute was opened for education and training with a ceremony in 1959. Higher Islamic Institutes continued to function as an institution of higher education for Imam Hatip graduates until 1959-1983 and were replaced by Faculties of Theology. The number of Higher Islamic Institutes reached seven with the schools opened in Istanbul, Konya, Kayseri, Izmir, Erzurum, Bursa and Samsun. The second Higher Islamic Institute in Konya was opened in 1962. The limited availability of primary sources on the Higher Islamic Institutes has led researchers to turn to different sources on this subject. Higher Islamic Institutes were institutions with a tradition of preparing student graduation albums. This study focuses on the graduation yearbooks prepared by the students of Konya Higher Islamic Institute. The information about Konya Higher Islamic Institute in the yearbooks was evaluated.

The Relationship Between Teachers' Perceptions of Negative Classroom Discipline Climate and Their Job Stress

Yusuf Celal EROL — 2025-11-01

This study investigates the relationship between teachers’ perceptions of classroom disciplinary climate and the job stress they experience. The classroom environment plays a critical role in shaping students’ academic achievement and psychological well-being. Teaching is a profession that demands substantial emotional labor and involves multifaceted responsibilities. Among the primary sources of stress for teachers are classroom management and disciplinary issues. The disciplinary climate refers to the classroom atmosphere shaped by the implementation of rules, teacher-student interactions, and student behaviors. This climate can influence the classroom environment both positively and negatively, potentially causing stress for both teachers and students. In this context, data collected from 8,342 teachers working in Türkiye as part of the 2018 Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) were analyzed. The findings reveal that teachers generally do not perceive the classroom disciplinary climate as negative and do not report experiencing high levels of job stress. However, a low-level positive correlation (r = 0.256) was identified between the perception of a negative disciplinary climate and job stress. Furthermore, 6.58% of the variance in job stress can be explained by perceptions of a negative disciplinary climate. These findings underscore the importance of supporting teachers’ classroom management skills through ongoing professional development and promoting coping mechanisms to manage stress.

Local Civil Society Organisations’ Response to Earthquakes: Community Empowerment and Emergency Relief Activities

Hasan AKAYNevzat NARÇİÇEK — 2025-11-01

Earthquakes are serious threats that have major impacts on societies and local governments around the world. Earthquake management encompasses a series of measures and activities such as pre-disaster preparedness, response during disasters and post-disaster recovery. Effective implementation of these processes relies on the co-operation and participation of local stakeholders. Local civil society organisations play an important role in understanding/perceiving the needs of local people, providing emergency assistance and contributing to the development process of the local community. This study aims to highlight the importance of local stakeholders in earthquake management by examining the social impact of local civil society organisations in earthquakes. Preparedness for earthquakes is a critical process to mitigate their impacts and ensure public safety. Local civil society organisations can prepare communities by organising awareness campaigns, training programmes and implementing community-based early warning systems. By contributing to disaster risk analyses using local knowledge and experience, they can increase local risk perception and ability to respond to disasters. Timely and effective response is of great importance in earthquakes. Local civil society organisations play a critical role in earthquake response by providing emergency assistance and support to disaster victims. Mobilising local volunteers, providing shelter and basic needs to earthquake victims, providing health services and psychosocial support are some of the activities that demonstrate the impact of local civil society organisations. The post-earthquake recovery process is vital for the normalisation of communities and the reconstruction of damaged infrastructure. However, by effectively utilising local resources, they can fulfil their role in promoting local economic and social recovery. Using localisation strategies, civil society organisations can be strengthened, community participation can be encouraged and local knowledge and resources can be used effectively. It is argued that localisation can enhance and strengthen the effectiveness of community resilience to earthquakes.

The Effect of Customer and Employee Interaction on Service Success and Consumer Satisfaction in Hotels

Aynur GÜLENÇ BİRSEN — 2025-11-01

Tourism consumers frequently interact with hotel employees during their accommodation experience to make various requests, get information about hotel facilities or find solutions to problems they experience. While some of these interactions lead to satisfactory holiday experiences, some can lead to negative emotional effects and dissatisfaction. It is important for employees to manage this process well in terms of meeting consumer expectations and satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of hotel employees' interactions with guests on the quality of guests' accommodation experiences. In this context, the interaction experiences of guests with various hotel employees during their stay at the hotel were examined with a semi-structured interview technique. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the most negative situations of dissatisfaction experienced was during their accommodation period and that some of the experienced situations were not compensated.

A Grand Bazaar Shopkeeper in The Herald Newspaper: Soap Seller Ibrahim

Özden AYDIN — 2025-11-01

The Grand Bazaar, built by Fatih Sultan Mehmet, is an important part of the economic and social life of the Ottoman Empire. In addition to being a place where the pulse of commercial life is kept, it is a place where people from all strata coexist in the center of the payitah, where different languages and local dialects interact, fuse and collective actions take place. This feature enabled the Grand Bazaar to reflect the hierarchical structure and multicultural social fabric of the Ottoman Empire. In every period of history, the refreshing environment of the Ottoman “millet” system has created a climate of commercial and cultural motivation in the Grand Bazaar. The dominant pattern here is the formation of an association of artisans with different beliefs and values from various professional groups associated with the institutional aspect of the Ottoman Empire. This study aims to evaluate the letter of İbrahim, who ran a soap shop in the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul, which was reported in the news of The Herald Newspaper published in New York on May 11, 1838. İbrahim, who did not provide information about his education, wrote a letter in English, which he learned from his priest friend Antoine, who resided in Pera Palas. In his letter, İbrahim provided information about his family, especially his father, and his tradesman neighbors. He expressed in various lines that his father had a special position among the tradesmen of the bazaar and mentioned the Ottoman elite who visited him during his time. In the following lines of his letter, he explained the attitude of the Ottoman judge towards the tradesmen of the Grand Bazaar with an example he witnessed. This letter, which we will evaluate, provides some clues in terms of reflecting the political, social and economic atmosphere of the period from the perspective of an ordinary tradesman.

Diplomatic Relations Between the European Hunnic Empire and the Byzantine Empire: Peace Secured Through Economic Rescurces Versus Military Power

Sezgin GÜÇLÜAYMehmet Ertan BAMYACI — 2025-11-01

Diplomacy has undergone semantic changes over time and has varied in its application from society to society, yet it has always existed in the life of states. Throughout history, states have generally aimed to shape diplomacy around achieving gains through peaceful means. It is well-known that the Greek city-states and the Roman Empire, which drew from the Hellenistic heritage, made significant contributions to the development and institutionalization of diplomacy. Rather than introducing new institutions to diplomacy, the Roman Empire developed the concept and understanding of diplomatic privileges. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantium, continued the Roman understanding and traditions in diplomacy, as in many other fields. However, even when viewed solely through the lens of Byzantium, the fact that Byzantine diplomacy was largely shaped around its relations with the Turks highlights the extent of the contributions made by the Turks to the development of diplomacy. Throughout the Byzantine Empire's struggle for survival, there has always been the presence of the Turks. Byzantium considered diplomacy as one of the most powerful tools to maintain the continuity of the empire's existence. A political and diplomatic relationship spanning nearly a century existed between the European Hun Empire and Byzantium. The most intense and prolonged period of this relationship occurred during the reign of Byzantine Emperor II. Theodosius and Attila, the iconic leader of the Hunnic Empire. Byzantium and the European Huns utilized diplomacy as a tool in accordance with their cultural structures and strategies, and carried it out in various ways with different approaches. However, both empires adopted a shared understanding in recognizing the significance of diplomacy and approaching diplomatic relations with an institutional framework.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIGITAL COMPETENCY AND DIGITAL LEADERSHIP: A RESEARCH ON ACADEMICS

Alper Tunga ŞEN — 2025-11-01

The aim of the study can be expressed as determining the relationship between digital leadership perceptions and digital competence perceptions of academicians working at certain state universities (Kastamonu University, Düzce University, Sakarya University, Hacı Bayram Veli University, Karabük University, Bartın University, Zonguldak University, Kocaeli University). The scales of the study were applied to academicians working at the mentioned universities. The survey method, one of the most frequently preferred quantitative research methods, was applied in the study. Data were obtained from a total of 400 academicians in the study. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 24 package program. Cronbach's Alpha and KMO values were used to determine the reliability of the scales used in the study. The digital leadership scale developed by Büyükbeşe et al. (2022) and the digital competence scale developed by Tutar et al. (2024) were used in the study. The survey form consists of a total of 36 questions. T-test and Anova analyzes were used to understand whether the variables in the study differed from each other. Following the analyses, statistically significant differences were found between the participants' digital leadership perceptions and demographic variables such as age and income level. In addition, a statistically significant difference was found between the participants' digital competence perceptions and the participants' digital competence levels among demographic variables. On the other hand, a positive relationship of 0.343 was found between the participants' digital leadership perceptions and digital competence perceptions. In the conclusion of the study, suggestions were presented on how the participants' digital leadership perceptions and digital competence levels could be increased.

CULTURAL HERITAGE PROTECTION AT THE INTERSECTION OF CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES: A REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS

Mahmut ÖZDEMİRKOL — 2025-11-01

This study aims to examine the relationship between cultural heritage conservation and environmental values. It has been revealed that the protection of cultural heritage is not only the protection of historical and artistic values, but also a multidisciplinary field that includes environmental, economic and social dimensions. Cultural values have a direct relationship with phenomena such as environment, human rights, democracy, pluralism, freedom of expression, sustainable development, creativity and biodiversity. On this basis, the principles and values of cultural environmental protection gain importance. These principles, on the one hand, ensure the development of protection awareness and, on the other hand, form the framework of the legal infrastructure. Cultural values are recognized as the common heritage of all people. It is the responsibility of states to protect this heritage and pass it on to future generations. In order to strengthen this responsibility, there are many international documents adopted in the field of conservation. Based on these documents, it is important to identify the principles that conservation policies should bear. In this study, the principles and values of cultural environmental protection are determined based on international cultural environmental protection agreements. In the study, important documents in the field of cultural environmental protection are analyzed and the relationship between cultural values and the environment is discussed.

Aliya Izetbegovic's Ideal Religious Understanding

Hasan TOMAN — 2025-11-01

The existence of many understandings of Islam in the world and the multidimensional problems arising from this is an issue that Izetbegovic is concerned about. Within the scope of the study, his “ideal understanding of religion” is discussed and thus the approach that Islamic societies should adopt is evaluated. According to him, the path that Muslim societies should follow is not one based on an understanding of extremism or passivity, but rather a path in line with an extremely moderate understanding. He gives messages to Muslims with his views based on the Quran. In his words, the “golden mean” should be followed and thus it is possible for Muslims to be understood correctly and to be an example. In this context, his understanding of the “golden mean” and the “third way” is an important criterion in determining the ideal religion. Within the scope of the study, Izetbegović's ideas regarding ideal religion were considered through a thorough examination of his books and related documents. In this respect, a qualitative research method was employed. While Izetbegović's ideal religious understanding, which he defines as a middle ground, has been evaluated and interpreted in various ways, the sources and perspectives used in this study make this article interpretatively distinct.

The Birth, Development and Evolution of Disabled Sports and the Paralympic Movement

Mustafa HAN — 2025-11-01

In this research, the birth, development and historical developments of disability sports and its transformation into a global organization and Paralympic Movement are examined. The research aimed to examine the developments that paved the way for the birth of the Paralympic Games by addressing the relations of people with disabilities with sports within the framework of the historical process from ancient times to the present day. In the collection of data, articles, scientific books, scientific publications, valid and reliable internet sources were examined using the literature review method. The data obtained as a result of these examinations were systematically divided into periods and interpreted using the descriptive analysis method. The findings of the study showed that the participation of people with disabilities in sports activities was limited due to religious beliefs and cultural reasons in ancient and medieval times. However, with the Industrial Revolution, rehabilitation centers and sports clubs established for disabled people have increased their participation in sports activities. Dr. Ludwig Guttmann's sporting organizations for the rehabilitation of veteran soldiers after World War II laid the groundwork for today's Paralympic Games. The first Paralympic Games, where disabled individuals could compete at the international level, were organized in Rome in 1960. With this development, the way was paved for sports to become not only a rehabilitation tool but also a professional field for disabled athletes. In addition, the Seoul Paralympic Games were organized in the same city right after the 1988 Olympic Games, which paved the way for the Paralympics to become recognized worldwide. As a result, sports for people with disabilities has continuously developed and progressed in the historical process, transformed into major organizations and ultimately led to the birth of the Paralympic Games. The participation of people with disabilities in sports through these organizations has become an important rehabilitation area that supports their physical, psychological and social development. However, many negativities such as inaccessibility of sports facilities, financial inadequacies and infrastructure deficiencies continue to limit the participation of people with disabilities in sports. In the future, the participation of people with disabilities in sports can be further increased with artificial intelligence-supported training programs, political regulations and technological developments. In addition to all these, expanding training programs, increasing financial support and media support are critical for the sustainability of disabled sports.

UNIVERSAL DESIGN FOR LEARNING IN HIGH SCHOOL EFL CURRICULUM: A MIXED METHODS STUDY FROM TÜRKİYE

Duygu SAĞLAMÇetin SEMERCİ — 2025-11-01

This study aims to evaluate the high school English as a Foreign Language (EFL) curriculum in Türkiye based on the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework. An explanatory sequential mixed methods design was employed to examine how effective the curriculum and learning environments align with UDL principles. In the quantitative phase, data were collected using a survey model from 202 out of 267 EFL teachers (76%), providing a comprehensive overview of teacher perceptions. In the qualitative phase, a case study approach was adopted, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight high school EFL teachers selected through purposive sampling. Since the data obtained in the quantitative stage did not show a normal distribution, the Mann-Whitney U test was applied. Interview data were analyzed through descriptive analysis, and direct quotations were used to represent the participants’ views. The findings suggest that while some UDL principles are partially implemented, there are notable gaps in accessibility and learner engagement. This research offers valuable implications for curriculum developers and policymakers aiming to foster foreign language instruction.

Social Policies and Active Aging on the Basis of Elderly Population in Türkiye: Chaos or Transformation?

Tuğba GÜCENMEZ — 2025-11-01

It is very difficult to predict the consequences of changes that aging creates in individuals and society. The socio-economic and political impacts of population ageing are becoming increasingly evident. The increasing elderly population is putting significant pressure on health and social security systems. Reducing the negative aspects of ageing and promoting its positive aspects is the main activity area of social policy, which aims to increase the welfare of society. The study is an evaluation of a traditional literature review including social security legislation. An attempt has been made to make an analysis based on the current structure in Türkiye, without considering the effects of the radical technological changes and mass migration movements that have recently taken place in the world. The study also addresses the active aging approach, discusses whether social policies that need to respond more sensitively to the changing needs of this group for a "better"aging process today are bringing confusion or change. In summary, the answer to the question “Are aging population policies in Türkiye a harbinger of chaos or an opportunity for the social structure to be reorganized within the framework of social policies and evolve into a more sustainable future?” is sought.

The Relationship Between Professional Assertiveness and Individual Entrepreneurship Orientation in Internship Students: A Research on Aviation Management Department

Ahmet Selim SÜZER — 2025-11-01

This study examines the relationship between professional assertiveness and individual entrepreneurship orientations of university students studying in the aviation management department. In the research, the students' levels of these two concepts were determined by using the Vocational Assertiveness Scale and the Individual Entrepreneurship Orientation Scale. The findings show that there is a positive and significant relationship between professional assertiveness and individual entrepreneurial orientation (r=0.406, p<0.01). This reveals that professional assertiveness is an important factor in increasing individuals' entrepreneurial tendencies. Additionally, in gender-based analyses, it was determined that male students' individual entrepreneurship orientation scores were higher than female students (p<0.05). This shows that gender may be an effective variable on individual entrepreneurial orientation. As a result of structural model analyses, it was determined that professional assertiveness had a strong and significant effect on individual entrepreneurship orientation (β=0.460, p<0.001). These findings reveal that developing professional assertiveness skills can increase individuals' entrepreneurial tendencies and positively affect their success in the business world. As a result, this study draws attention to the strong relationship between professional assertiveness and individual entrepreneurial orientation and emphasizes the importance of strategies to develop these two skills in training programs. In particular, restructuring the curriculum at universities to strengthen these competencies can contribute to graduates standing out as more competitive and innovative individuals in the business world

Pedagogical Foundations of Creativity in Art and Design Education in Universities

Seyit Mehmet BUÇUKOĞLU — 2025-11-01

Art and design education is a multi-layered process that develops creative thinking, aesthetic perception, problem solving and original expression skills as well as technical skills. Creativity is a fundamental competence that is at the centre of this process and expresses the ability to produce innovative solutions. However, there are uncertainties in theoretical and practical approaches about how to structure creative competence at pedagogical level. The aim of this study is to examine the pedagogical foundations that support the development of creativity in art and design education at university level in a comprehensive and holistic manner. In this context, pedagogical approaches that support the development of creative thinking are analysed from a theoretical and critical perspective. In addition, pedagogical barriers to creative learning and examples of practices and educational policies that encourage this process were also investigated. Descriptive analysis, one of the qualitative research methods, was used, and literature review and document analysis were used for data collection. The population of the study consisted of institutions providing art and design education in higher education, teaching staff and students, while the sample was determined by purposive sampling method. The findings show that the pedagogical foundations of art education shape students' creativity processes. In the research, various topics such as pedagogical, developmental and educational dimensions of creativity, teaching methods, constructivist approach, multicultural and interdisciplinary approaches, multiple intelligence theory, supportive educational environments, social cooperation, social and cultural connections were discussed in detail. As a result, it has been revealed that the pedagogical foundations of creativity in art and design education are broad and diverse in both theoretical and practical terms.

The Representation of Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei’s Relationship in Bai Juyi’s The Song of Endless Sorrow

Nuray PAMUK ÖZTÜRK — 2025-11-01

The love, happiness, separation, sorrow, regret, and hope-filled story of Emperor Tang Xuanzong and his concubine Yang Guifei has been the subject of scholarly interest for centuries; it has been addressed in the works of many writers and artists. This study examines the relationship of the couple through the poem The Song of Endless Sorrow by Bai Juyi, one of the most well-known poets of the Tang period; it focuses on how Bai Juyi reflects the relationship of the emperor and his concubine in the poem and how the poem addresses certain historical events in terms of content. In the context of literature history, qualitative research design has been adopted in the study. The poem, consisting of one hundred and twenty couplets, which is the subject of the study, has been translated into Turkish by the author and analyzed using content analysis method. As a result of the examination, it has been observed that the poem can be divided into three distinct sections; each marked by specific emotional and narrative shifts; primarily conveyed through the figure of the emperor. Furthermore, Bai Juyi’s work is found to be rich in cultural and historical references, articulated through a lucid and evocative poetic style that remains accessible while retaining literary depth.

The Investor Behaviors in Structural Breaks: The Case of Covıd-19

Muhammed BAYDEMİRVeysel KAYA — 2025-11-01

The covıd-19 pandemic, in addition to its effects on public health, has led to significant changes in individuals' investment habits. Numerous studies have examined the financial implications of the covıd-19 outbreak. However, to the best of our knowledge, no prior research in the literature has specifically focused on individuals who had never previously invested in financial instruments but turned to such investments following this structural break. This study aims to explore how individual investor behavior was shaped during the pandemic and how their orientation toward financial markets evolved during this period. To this end, a survey was conducted with 487 participants in the first half of 2022. The results were presented using percentages and frequencies, and group comparisons were made through chi-square tests. In order to examine the factors influencing individuals' investment behavior in a multivariate framework, logit and probit regression analyses were performed. The most striking finding is that participation in financial markets doubled after the pandemic. However, this may also indicate the existence of savings that did not translate into actual investments. Such uninvested savings may create pressure on economic growth and the functionality of the financial system. Therefore, encouraging the transformation of savings into investments without waiting for a structural break could enhance the efficiency of economic growth. Moreover, the findings suggest that individuals who entered financial markets after covıd-19 were less successful in achieving profits. To address this shortcoming, financial education programs targeting new investors could be developed. Additionally, differences were observed based on demographic factors such as age, education, and income level.

British Documents on the Origins of the War Vol-I (1898-1914): British Perceptions of the Ottoman Empire Within the Scope of These Documents

İbrahim YILMAZÇELİKAli Gökçen ÖZDEM ,Hakan KAYA — 2025-11-01

From the eighteenth century to the first quarter of the twentieth, the historical role of British foreign policy in shaping the global political and economic order, as well as in establishing the principles of diplomacy, is an undeniable fact. The foreign policy of the United Kingdom has consistently upheld its core principles: maritime supremacy, colonial expansion, trade-based strategic thinking, and the politics of balance of power. These principles formed the cornerstones of British foreign policy across a vast geography: from the European balance of power to the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, from the colonization of India to the imposition of trade concessions on China. Consequently, British archival documents have become primary sources in historical research concerning the diplomacy, foreign relations, internal affairs, and international trade policies of virtually every country. For the Ottoman Empire, which occupied a central position in British diplomatic calculations during this period, consultation of British diplomatic archives is not merely an option-it is a necessity. Prepared under the editorship of G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley and published by the British Foreign Office between 1926 and 1938 in 11 volumes with 2 supplementary volumes—a total of 13 volumes in all-British Documents on the Origins of the War, 1898–1914, stands as one of the most comprehensive primary source collections documenting British foreign policy. In the present study, we focus specifically on the first volume of this collection. This analysis will offer an overview of the structure and content of the selected volume, while also translating and critically analyzing the sections that pertain to the Ottoman Empire. In this respect, the research to be conducted here should not be regarded as a mere textual review, but rather as an in-depth source-based inquiry with significant implications for the study of Turkish history.

Evolution of Academic Discourse on the Taliban: A Bibliometric Mapping of the 1995–2023 Period

Yasemin Özüm ERCAN — 2025-11-01

This study offers a comprehensive examination of the conceptual and thematic evolution of international academic discourse on the Taliban between 1995 and 2023 through bibliometric analysis methods. Based on a dataset of 2.105 publications indexed in the Elsevier Scopus database, the study maps scholarly trends across three historical periods—the first Taliban regime (1995–2001), the insurgency period (2002–2021), and the second Taliban regime (2022–2023) —through a comparative framework. Using the bibliometrix package in R-Studio, the data were analyzed via advanced bibliometric techniques such as Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), keyword co-occurrence networks, clustering algorithms, and thematic evolution diagrams to trace the semantic and ideological building blocks of the discourse over time. The findings reveal that academic discourse on the Taliban has evolved in a manner synchronized not only with global political developments in content but also structurally, undergoing significant shifts in conceptual centrality and thematic cohesion. While the initial period was predominantly shaped by humanitarian-focused analyses centered on women's rights and public health, the post-2001 literature shifted toward framing the Taliban as a global security threat, with terrorism, insurgency, and regional security becoming dominant themes. After the group’s return to power in 2021, scholarly attention expanded to include psychosocial trauma, gender rights, humanitarian crises, and regional stability, with increased emphasis on the geopolitical involvement of actors such as China, Russia, and India. This study contributes a quantitatively grounded and methodologically integrated model to the traditionally qualitative discourse analysis frameworks in the social sciences. By empirically mapping the temporal, semantic, and ideological layers of academic discourse, the research demonstrates that such discourse serves not only as a site of knowledge production but also as a space where international norms and ideological structures are reproduced. In doing so, it offers a distinctive methodological and theoretical contribution to interdisciplinary social science research.

Mehmet Emin Yurdakul's Membership in the Chamber of Deputies

Osman YILDIZ — 2025-11-01

The Ottoman Empire started its activities under the umbrella of the Parliamentary Assembly for the first time on March 31, 1877. However, due to the Ottoman-Russian War, it was dissolved on February 14, 1878, after a short period. When the Constitutional Monarchy was reinstated for the second time on July 23, 1908, the Chamber reopened on December 17, 1908. From that date onward, it operated for four more terms, albeit with various interruptions. Within these periods, Yurdakul’s tenure as a deputy began on February 3, 1917, during the third year of the third term, representing Mosul. The election could not be held due to the war. Consequently, his membership in the Chamber of Deputies, which held its final session on December 21, 1918, was prolonged. During this time, Yurdakul participated in the voting and deliberations on numerous legal articles. His speeches, imbued with a literary style and emotional undertones, were rational and unifying. Even on the most heated issues, his words were listened to with respect and applause by the other deputies in the assembly. This study evaluates all of Yurdakul’s activities in the Chamber of Deputies within their respective contexts and historical background, based on primary sources such as parliamentary records. In this way, the author's representation in the Chamber of Deputies was revealed.

Arabic Language Instruction in the Preparatory Class of the Faculty of Theology in Terms of Opportunities and Limitations: The Case of Akdeniz University Faculty of Divinity

Encümen BAYRAM — 2025-11-01

The aim of this study is to examine the experiences, perceptions, and expectations of students receiving Arabic preparatory education at the Faculty of Theology, Akdeniz University, through a qualitative method. The research focuses on students' attitudes toward Arabic courses, course content, relationships with instructors, difficulties encountered during the learning process, and the role of Arabic in their personal and professional lives. In the study, a qualitative research method was employed, and data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings derived from student narratives were categorized under eight main themes: compulsory nature of Arabic education, physical conditions, course load and duration, teaching materials, instructors, available resources, difficulties in the learning process, and contributions of Arabic to personal and professional life. Most students emphasized the importance of Arabic in understanding the Qur’an, accessing classical religious texts, and achieving their career goals. However, issues such as the intensity of the courses, rapid progression of content, lack of methodological diversity, technological shortcomings, and communication problems with instructors were reported to negatively affect their motivation and engagement. Students suggested that Arabic instruction should be reorganized according to learner levels, incorporate varied teaching methods, simplify course materials, and emphasize more practice-based learning. Additionally, the presence of native Arabic-speaking instructors was seen as a highly beneficial factor for immersive language acquisition. As a result, Arabic language education is not merely the teaching of linguistic skills but a multifaceted process that contributes to the religious, professional, and intellectual formation of theology students. In this context, the instructional model should be restructured to be student-centered, level-sensitive, and pedagogically diverse. These findings contribute to the growing body of literature on Arabic language instruction in Faculties of Theology.

The Role and Classification of Hardware-Based Digital Tools in Religious Education

Bülent KOÇOĞLU — 2025-11-01

Digital transformation is reshaping daily life, sociocultural structure and economic activities in its own pot. As digital tools are used in all units of the education system, they have become indispensable products with value-added features such as speed, efficiency, participation, easy accessibility, sustainability, and instant access to a wide audience. While the general security systems of schools are digitalized, administrator desks, activity and IT rooms, libraries, prayer rooms and classrooms are reorganized with these products. Increasingly diverse digital tools continue to be at the center of daily life as a mobile phone in the hand and a computer with internet connection at home, regardless of time and place in non-school environments. The IT sector consists of three main pillars. These are hardware, software, communication and media-based digital tools. In the field of religious education, the issue of what are the digital products that have the qualities that are most supported or can be supported, by whom, with which environment and components they are used or can be used is becoming more and more important. The aim of this study is to emphasize the role of hardware-based digital tools in religious education and to examine the level of their contribution. In the research, the data were subjected to evaluation in line with the document analysis method, which is one of the screening models, by choosing the qualitative research technique. In the selection of the products included in the research, attention was paid to the fact that they are the most well-known and widely used. As a result of the research, it was concluded that in today's world, all educational components use hardware-based digital tools in all stages of learning-teaching processes. At the same time, it was also evaluated that this situation supports the learning process and increases retention and efficiency.

The Role of Educational Theories in Enhancing the Quality of Art Instruction in Distance Education: A Proposal for a Theory-Based Instructional Model

Tahir BÜYÜKKARAGÖZ — 2025-11-01

The 21st century stands out as an era in which technological advancements are profoundly transforming individual and societal life. This transformation is directly impacting educational processes; particularly with the pandemic, the integration of digitalization into education is becoming imperative. However, maintaining and enhancing the quality of instructional processes in distance education environments, especially within practice-based disciplines like the arts, is presenting significant challenges. In this context, there is emerging a need for a new instructional model adaptable to distance education for teaching Visual Arts, which also encompasses traditional approaches. This study aims to propose a theory-based instructional model to enhance the quality of Visual Arts education within distance teaching contexts. The model's development is grounded in several key theories: Wedemeyer's Theory of Independent Study, Moore's Theory of Transactional Distance, Holmberg's Theory of Guided Didactic Conversation, Knowles's Theory of Andragogy, and Peters's Industrialization Metaphor for Distance Education. The proposed model seeks to integrate principles such as interaction, self-directed learning, and modular structure within a holistic framework, specifically for online art instruction. At the beginning of the instructional process, students will be tasked with analyzing elements such as color, form, mass, texture, and linearity in a landscape photograph—either one they have taken themselves or selected from various platforms. Based on these analyses, they will then be expected to create a painting that reflects their individual style, executed using either traditional media or digital methods. Throughout the process, the instructor plans to evaluate each student's work using digital drawing applications via screen-sharing, provide corrections for any identified errors or deficiencies, and offer real-time feedback to all students simultaneously. This proposal-based research adopts a qualitative case study design. Its primary objective is to gather in-depth data on the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed instructional model. The research outcomes are expected to provide both a theoretical and practical foundation for the effective sustainability of art education within distance learning environments.

A Step in Women’s Organization ‘‘Turkish Housewives Association’’

Gülden ÖZSOY ALKANRahmi DOĞANAY — 2025-11-01

This study aims to examine women's organizing efforts in civil society in Türkiye. In this context, the historical development of civil society activities aimed at empowering women in social and economic life is examined, and the founding process, objectives, and areas of activity of the “Turkish Housewives Association” are examined in detail. We evaluate how women gained public visibility through the association, what contributions they made through social responsibility projects, and how they laid the groundwork for women's solidarity. This study is significant in demonstrating how women's organized struggles were institutionalized through civil society. Consequently, the role of women's organizations in social development and transformation is emphasized, and the dynamics of this process are revealed through the example of the Turkish Housewives Association.

Examining Social Studies Education in the Light of 21st Century Skills: A Bridge Between Pisa and the Maarif Century Program

Leyla DÖNMEZ BAYRAKCI — 2025-11-01

The aim of this study is to develop teaching activities in line with the learning outcomes included in the 2024 Maarif Century Social Studies Teaching Program that are appropriate for the problem-solving skills measured in PISA tests. Considering the potential of the Social Studies course to develop skills such as democratic awareness, social responsibility, critical thinking, and communication in individuals, the aim is to create sample activities that are compatible with the real-life, collaborative, and multidimensional problem-solving scenarios highlighted in PISA. In this study, which was designed as a qualitative research, data were collected using the document review technique. First, the extent to which the learning outcomes within the social studies course curriculum are compatible with the problem-solving skill questions in PISA was analyzed through document review. Then, scenarios and questions were produced for those that were compatible with these learning outcomes. The findings of the study indicate that the social studies curriculum of the century of education is consistent with PISA and OECD reports, and that there are appropriate learning outcomes for which activities and scenarios can be created. Six learning outcomes from the four learning areas in the curriculum were found to be suitable for these activities. The research findings suggest that teachers should move beyond traditional knowledge-transfer approaches in social studies lessons and use inquiry-based, scenario-supported, and problem-based learning methods more frequently.

The Evolution of German-Iranian Relations from the Aftermath of World War I to the Allied Occupation of Iran (1933–1942)

Yunus BOR — 2025-11-01

Germany, having been defeated in the First World War, entered a period of recovery in an effort to regain dominance and expand its influence in the post-war era. The rise to power of Adolf Hitler in 1933 marked a sharp shift in the country’s foreign policy. One of the first actions undertaken by the new regime was the implementation of a four-year economic development plan. This new policy had far-reaching effects not only in Europe but also in other regions. Germany’s renewed efforts to assert itself in international politics resonated beyond its immediate neighbors and found a response in Iran, a country of considerable strategic importance. In shaping Germany's policy toward Turkey and Iran, not only the geopolitical positions of these countries but also their relations with Britain and the Soviet Union played significant roles. This study examines the multifaceted commercial, political, and ideological relations between Germany and Iran from 1933 to 1942. It will highlight Germany’s growing influence in Iran from the early 1930s onward and emphasize the volume of trade between the two countries. Moreover, the German influence in Iran prior to the Second World War caused concern for both Britain and the Soviet Union. Consequently, the German presence in Iran was presented as a justification for the occupation of the country.

Kazakh-Nogai Struggles in The XVIth Century

Muhittin KAVIK — 2025-11-01

The fertile lands of the Volga and Yaik regions are one of the regions that Turkish peoples have tried to dominate throughout history. The struggle between the Nogais and the Kazakhs, who are Turkish peoples whose economy is based on nomadic animal husbandry, to dominate the fertile lands of the Yaik region began from the moment they separated from the Uzbeks. Abulkhayr Khan, who tried to establish a new khanate under the Uzbek roof in Eastern Deshti Kipchak, suffered a heavy defeat from the Oirats in 1447, and his khanate was dissolved and the process of formation of the Kazakh people began. The Nogais were formed during the reign of Emir Edige, who left his mark on the last period of the Golden Horde State. After the Uzbek rule, the Kazakhs, who gained strength with Kasim Khan, managed to keep the Nogais under pressure. From the death of Kasim Khan until the re-empowerment of his son, Haknazar Khan, the Nogais managed to defeat the Kazakhs one after another under the leadership of Sheikh Mamai Mirza. The Nogais were weakened in the struggle for dominance between Ismail and Yusuf Mirza and could not hold on against the Kazakhs and began to disperse. Finally, the Nogais were forced to migrate completely from their lands under the pressure of the Kalmyks. Regarding the sources of the research, the works of Posol’skiye Knigi, which are archival documents, the period sources Tarih-i Raşidi and Baburname ‘Babur’s Memoirs’, and the works of V. Trepavlov, A. Isin and M. Alpargu, which are modern research works, are important. In addition, much research works on Nogais and Kazakhs were used. The purpose of the research is to reveal the reasons and course of the struggles between the Nogais and Kazakhs, two neighboring and related Turkish peoples. The article examines the Kazakh-Nogai struggles that took place in the 16th century to dominate the Yaik lands that constitute the western part of modern Kazakhstan. As a result, an attempt was made to present the struggles by dividing them into three periods.

SHIGERU YOSHIDA AND THE SAN FRANCISCO PEACE TREATY: ARCHITECT OF POST-WAR JAPAN

Ali Nazmi ÇORA — 2025-11-01

This study delves into the significant role Shigeru Yoshida played in shaping Japan's post-World War II diplomatic path, with a particular focus on his contributions to the drafting and signing of the 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty. It explores Yoshida’s strategic efforts to restore Japan’s sovereignty while forging a close partnership with the United States to drive economic recovery and ensure national security during the tense Cold War era. The analysis highlights his skill in balancing domestic challenges with international diplomacy, including managing U.S. expectations and addressing the concerns of the Japanese public. The study underscores Yoshida’s enduring legacy, from embedding pacifism into Japan’s postwar constitution to cultivating a U.S.-Japan alliance that remains central to East Asian geopolitics. Ultimately, it emphasizes Yoshida’s pivotal role in guiding Japan back into the global community under conditions that supported its economic revival and diplomatic stability.

From Virtual Space to Public Space: Digital Response Practices and Feminist Politicisation in Response to Femicide

Hediye Şirin AK — 2025-11-01

Femicide is a universal problem for women. In the literature, ‘femicide’ refers to the killing of women by men because they are women. For centuries, women have been viewed as second-class citizens compared to men, and their murder as the ultimate form of violence associated with patriarchy being killed as the ultimate form of violence, has given feminist literature a political dimension. The rising trend of femicide in Türkiye is not only an individual tragedy for women but also a social tragedy. Femicide is a result of social and structural issues arising from gender inequality. The daily increase in femicide and their emergence in the public sphere through developing mass communication channels have made this issue more visible to society. Feminist activists have long resorted to various means to create a social reaction against violence against women and femicide. However, to date, no effort has been as effective as the avalanche of reactions in the digital age. With technological advancements and digitalisation, reactions against femicide have increasingly shifted towards digital activism in an increasingly digital world. Feminist reactions organised on social media platforms have formed a strong public opinion and have moved into the public sphere. Organised digital reaction practices have gradually begun to influence policies. Digital organisation has enabled feminist politicisation while also incorporating collective organisation. Within the scope of this study, the hashtags launched on the X social media platform following the murder of Emine Bulut (#EmineBulut, #AnneLütfenÖlme, #ölmekistemiyorum) launched on the X platform following the murder of Emine Bulut, the evolution of people's digital mourning, anger, empathy, solidarity, and demands for justice into political subjectivity through social media.

Examination of Philosophy for Children (P4C) Education According to the Opinions of High School Students

Zehra Betül ŞİŞMANİhsan ÜNLÜ ,Alper KAŞKAYA — 2025-11-01

This study, conducted using a phenomenological approach, aimed to understand the experiences of high school students with P4C (Philosophy for Children) activities. The research was carried out with a group of 10th-grade students from different types of high schools in Malatya, Şırnak, and Antalya during the 2024-2025 academic year. Over a 10-week period, students participated in weekly online P4C sessions. Data was collected through a demographic information form, observation forms, and semi-structured interviews, and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings were grouped into four main themes: Cognitive Development, Socio-Emotional Development, Tendencies, and Aesthetic Awareness. Significant improvements were observed in students' philosophical inquiry, metacognitive awareness, and problem-solving skills. Additionally, progress was made in socio-emotional skills such as self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy, collaboration, and social awareness. In terms of tendencies, there was an increase in students' self-confidence, open-mindedness, and analytical thinking. Regarding aesthetic awareness, students showed heightened sensitivity to art and developed deeper skills in evaluating artistic works. In conclusion, P4C activities support students' cognitive, emotional, social, and aesthetic development in a multifaceted way, making learning more meaningful. These findings suggest that P4C can be a valuable educational tool for enhancing various dimensions of student growth.

On Divan Prefaces-II: Kalam And Its Allusions in Necati’s Divan

Sibel ÜST ERDEM — 2025-11-01

In classical Turkish literature, dîbâce (preface) sections placed at the beginning of divans are not only traditional formalities but also texts that reflect the poet’s understanding of poetry, artistic vision, and literary legitimacy. This study aims to examine the poetic structure built around the concept of kelâm (divine speech) in dîbâces and how poets use it to legitimize their poetry. Focusing on the dîbâce in Necâtî’s Divan, it is shown that the poet regards kelâm not merely as “speech,” but as a divine truth. Supported by Qur'anic verses and hadiths, the poet argues that poetry is not only permissible in religious terms but also valuable. Necâtî elaborates on God's creative power through the attribute of kelâm, emphasizing that humanity is distinguished from other beings by speech, and that this divine attribute is most perfectly manifested in prophets and subsequently in poets. The inclusion of figures such as Adam, Jesus, Muhammad, and Joseph strengthens the connection between kelâm, revelation, inspiration, and wisdom. Asserting that poetry gains its worth only when laden with wisdom, Necâtî positions kelâm as the origin of both creation and expression. Ultimately, Necâtî’s dîbâce presents a unique poetics in which poetry is legitimized through divine references and speech is portrayed as a value embedded in both faith and aesthetics.

A Poet on the Path of Tradition: Halil Soyuer

Şeyma BÜYÜKKAVAS KURAN — 2025-11-01

Halil Soyuer (1921-2004) is mentioned in literary communities and histories among the poets gathered around Hisar magazine in the Turkish poetry of the Republican period, and he has also gained a place in the art world as a songwriter. When all his poems are analyzed in the context of tradition, the poet's approach that continues the tradition of folk and divan poetry in modern Turkish poetry and utilizes this tradition draws attention. In his prose, Soyuer also expresses his thoughts that reveal his connection with tradition. The poet's first book of poetry, Liman, was published in 1950, and the period in which he wrote coincides with the period when the line of national literature changed its direction with the Garips. In this process, which was dominated by the conflict between tradition, resistance and resistance to tradition, Soyuer opposes the poetics of the Garips, who are against tradition. His poems are examples that continue the resistance of tradition. In particular, the poet keeps the folk poetry style alive in modern Turkish poetry in terms of form, meaning and style, and continues the divan poetry in terms of aruz, metaphors, style and conception of love. In his poems, Soyuer mostly prefers the poem form of the koşma. In these poems, in which rhymes direct the meaning, there are similarities and commonalities with the style, vocabulary, emotions and thought world of folk poets such as Yunus Emre, Karacaoğlan, Emrah, Seyranî, Sümmânî. Themes such as love, farawayness, and affection; words and phrases chosen from colloquial language; humorous style; and genres such as güzelleme, şathiye, and muamma link these poems to the folk poetry tradition. The perception of poetry and poet based on inspiration and prioritizing lyricism is also in line with the tradition. The intertextual relations he establishes with folk tales such as Leyla and Mecnun, Aslı and Kerem also show the source of the poet's nourishment and the style he adopts. He becomes a link in the tradition not with his dark, gloomy and incomprehensible poetry, but with his poetry that seems to be easily spoken but contains the perception of human and life filtered through the centuries, while making the reader smile and be surprised with its lively, rhythmic structure and humorous language games.

A Woman Portrait From Bucak, Burdur

Yaşar ARLI — 2025-11-01

The woman portrait, recorded in the museum register with inventory number 2125, was forcibly brought to Burdur Archaeology Museum in 1965. Presented to the scientific world for the first time through this study, the woman portrait was sculpted from coarse-grained white marble. The hair style observed in the woman portrait, with large wavy tresses parted from the center of the forehead and combed sideways, is similar to that of woman dynasty members during the Antonine Dynasty. In addition to this similarity, the fact that the physiognomical features of the woman’s head were idealized (beautified) and the use of the drill was limited only to the workmanship in the eye plastic made it possible to date the evaluated woman’s head to a more specific period within the dynasty. These stylistic features suggest that the work was sculpted during the Early Antonine Dynasty (Antoninus Pius), inspired by the emperor’s wife, Faustina the Elder. The museum register also lists Bucak district of Burdur as the artifact’s findspot. This strengthens the possibility that the woman head was recovered from the territory of Kremna ancient city, located within the boundaries of Bucak, where numerous sculptural works of exceptional quality and craftsmanship have been unearthed. Finally, the study explores the hypothesis that this distinctive woman portrait, with its marble quality and skilled craftsmanship, may have been produced by masters of Dokimeion origin in Kremna.

Loss and Grief in Elderly Individuals: Empowering Elderly Individuals With a Social Work Perspective

Nurullah YELBOĞA — 2025-11-01

Old age is a period in which individuals experience challenging processes in many ways. As a disadvantaged group, elderly individuals struggle with different and complex problems and may face the phenomenon of loss and grief more as a natural consequence of their advanced age. Experiencing loss (especially loss of spouse) in this process where physical, psychological, mental and social regressions are experienced and problems such as poverty, depression, loneliness and fear of death are experienced, weakens the elderly and may reduce their quality of life. In essence, bereavement is a challenging journey that is accompanied by difficulties in adapting to life, severe pain of loss and physical, mental, emotional and behavioural changes. Therefore, when the negative vital risks of old age and the challenging effects of grief are combined, elderly individuals may experience health risks and mental problems such as depression more deeply. For this reason, this study aims to evaluate the loss and grief experiences of elderly individuals from a social work perspective, to go a long way towards empowering elderly individuals in the grief process and to provide social workers with a perspective in working with loss and grief.

Teachers' Opinions on the Use of Traditional Performing Arts in the Transfer of the Learning Outcomes of the Social Studies Course Journey in Turkish History Unit

Rümeysa Zeynep DEMİR Recep DÜNDAR — 2025-11-01

Traditional performing arts serve as an important resource for gaining a deep understanding of the social and cultural structure of past periods. Integrating these art forms into educational settings not only supports the transmission of cultural heritage to future generations but also significantly contributes to the qualitative enrichment of learning environments. From this perspective, the main objective of this study is to analyze teachers' views on the use of traditional performing arts, such as Karagöz and Hacivat, Meddah, Pişekar and Kavuklu, Puppets, and Village Spectacles, as teaching methods in the context of the “Journey Through Turkish History” unit of the social studies course within a scientific framework. In this research, where the case study was preferred from among qualitative research designs, the study group consisted of 21 social studies teachers working in official institutions affiliated with the Ministry of National Education in the 2023-2024 academic year. Data obtained using a semi-structured interview form prepared by the researchers as a data collection tool were analyzed using content analysis. According to the findings of the research, social studies teachers have a positive attitude towards the use of traditional performing arts in educational settings. However, teachers emphasize that they do not use these art forms frequently enough in learning environments due to a number of problems they encounter during the implementation process, such as technical difficulties, the intensive structure of the curriculum, and insufficient class hours.

ART NOUVEAU INTERIORS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: THE CASE OF PERA PALACE HOTEL

Derya KARADAĞEda EROL — 2025-11-01

Art Nouveau, an influential art movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, shaped architectural and interior design across Europe and beyond. Focusing on the Ottoman Empire, this study explores the distinctive adaptation of Art Nouveau in Istanbul’s Pera and Galata districts, shaped by European influence and the integration of local cultural aesthetics. Through on-site observations, the research analyses the interior design of the Pera Palas Hotel, built in the late 19th century, classifying its features into interior materials and finishes, ornamental details, and furnishings. The findings reveal how Ottoman Art Nouveau harmonized global Art Nouveau motifs with Neo-Classical features and local aesthetic sensibilities, resulting in a distinctive hybrid style. This study contributes to understanding the cultural and architectural synthesis in Ottoman Art Nouveau, offering insights into its significance within global design trends and its legacy in Istanbul’s architectural history.

Substitution in Chagatai Turkish Texts: An Essay on the Textuality of Contests

B. Erdem DAĞISTANLIOĞLU — 2025-11-01

In text analyses, the structural and semantic connections of the linguistic units that compose it are examined. As a result of the units forming structural and semantic integrity, the textual meaning encoded by the formation of linguistic unions is reached. The codes formed by the connections of words, phrases, and sentences are analyzed using cohesion and coherence criteria. To describe the textual meaning, which is stated to be determined according to its communicative value in the literature, as a corpus, two fundamental criteria that form it should be considered: cohesion and coherence. Coherence, which expresses the semantic and logical integrity of the text, has also been evaluated in two categories in the literature as text-centered and reader-centered. On the other hand, cohesion is related to intra-textual connections and encompasses all the linguistic features that make a communication product a text, and as such, it is oriented towards the coherence of the text. Cohesion is generally addressed in two groups: grammatical and lexical. The substitution category is also considered a subcategory of this concept; substitution elements are classified according to how they replace a noun, verb, or judgment in the text. The aim of this research is to determine the usage patterns of the substitution category for the cohesion of prose texts written in Chagatai Turkish. This qualitative research, where data was collected through document analysis, was designed as a case study. Considering the presence of narrative expression and dialogues, contests written in Chagatai Turkish were selected as documents within the scope of the study. Four works reflecting the linguistic features of pre-classical and late period Chagatai are the documents to be examined in the research: Yakînî's Ok Yaynın͡g Münazarası (Contest of Arrow and Bow), Ahmedî's Telli Sazlar Münazarası (Contest of Stringed Instruments), Yusuf Emiri’s Beng u Chagir Münazarası (Contest of Drugs and Drink) and the anonymous Mive Ceng Kitab-Meyveler Münazarası (Contest of Fruits). These three works were chosen to compare the discourse style in similar text types written in different periods of Chagatai. Additionally, the contest genre was preferred as it provides texts constructed on the basis of dialogue, offering the closest fictional text to natural communication.

The Position of the Republican Reliance Party in Turkish Politics in the Context of the Cold War and International Security Dynamics

Murat DERİN — 2025-11-01

The Republican Reliance Party (CGP), which played a brief yet notable role in Turkish political life between 1967 and 1968, was founded by dissident deputies under the leadership of Turhan Feyzioğlu in response to the Republican People’s Party’s (CHP) adoption of a “left of center” political stance. While the CHP aimed to adapt social democracy to Türkiye’s political, social, and economic conditions, the CGP viewed this shift as a deviation from the party’s founding principles and redefined its identity along a conservative, nationalist, and statist line. This ideological rupture was shaped not only by domestic political dynamics but also by the international security order of the Cold War era. This study analyzes the CGP’s position in Turkish politics within its historical and ideological context and examines how the party’s discourse and political stance interacted with the Cold War–oriented international security environment.

Development and Evaluation of Realistic Mathematics Education Activities for Early Childhood Mathematics Education

Filiz ELMALISongül YÖŞ — 2025-11-01

This study aimed to determine the components of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) activities designed to support children's counting skills in early childhood mathematics education, to develop RME activities within the framework of the determined components, and to evaluate these activities. The Hannafin-Peck design model, one of the design-based research methods, was used in the study. This study consists of a three-stage process in line with the Hannafin-Peck design model. In the first stage, the needs analysis stage, a literature review was conducted on RME in early childhood. In addition, a focus group interview was conducted with five preschool teachers to examine their perspectives on mathematics education in general and RME activities in particular, to determine the issues to be considered when designing RME activities and the components of the activities. In the second stage, in line with the data obtained in the needs analysis stage, the components, materials, and contexts of the RME activities were decided. The last stage was the development and implementation stage. In this stage, scenarios were written by the researcher in line with the components, materials, and contexts decided on and applied to eighteen 60-72 months old children. All stages included comprehensive evaluation and revision. In this study, the stages of the Hannafin-Peck design model are explained in detail and finally, suggestions for future research are made to the practitioners of RME activities.

SEPARATE WORLDS IN THE CONTEXT OF INDOCTRINATION, COMMUNICATING AND PERCEPTION: SOCIAL MEDIA AND RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

İsmail DEMİR — 2025-11-01

This study examines the influence of social media, which has become an integral part of our lives, on the transformation of religious education through perceptual suggestion and communication. It begins by analyzing how religious education has changed in the age of communication and social media, followed by a discussion on shifts in religious beliefs and perceptions influenced by social media. As technology has evolved, media and social media have emerged as the most prominent tools in our daily lives, surpassing traditional media such as radio, newspapers, and television. In this context, the study focuses on social media as a medium for perception, suggestion, and communication. Globalization has allowed individuals worldwide to access news through various media platforms, including social media. The findings of the study indicate that, in our visually dominated society, people are increasingly influenced by social media- which relies heavily on visual content- rather than traditional influences such as schools and families. Consequently, individuals are more likely to turn to informal educational resources instead of formal educational systems. Thus, it can be concluded that social media has become one of the most popular educational tools today.

A STUDY ON AXEL SCHEFFLER'S ANTHROPOMORPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS

Seçil ERMİŞ İPEK — 2025-11-01

The use of anthropomorphism in children's books and visual storytelling dates back thousands of years. Anthropomorphic illustrations in children's books are highly effective in establishing an emotional tie with children. Axel Scheffler, an internationally renowned illustrator, is an outstanding illustrator who continues his illustrations with analog methods in today's digital world. This study aims to analyze the anthropomorphic illustrations in the stories of Axel Scheffler, who is known for his popular children's storybooks, in terms of graphic design. The illustrations produced by the illustrator from 1999 to 2024 were analyzed for this purpose. The sample of the study consists of 15 children's books containing anthropomorphic illustrations. The sample was selected among the illustrations that would provide data for the study in terms of both technical diversity and thematic density. The study utilized qualitative research methods. Following the establishment of the conceptual framework via a literature review, the artist's anthropomorphic illustrations underwent assessment using descriptive analysis. The study is considered to make a contribution to the literature as an innovative and original research that examines the artist within the field of graphic design.

Andırın Dialect: Vowels (Dialects of Kahramanmaraş -V)

Esra KİRİK — 2025-11-01

The Turkish language has a rich and deep-rooted history, bearing the traces of millions of people from past to present. This history manifests itself not only in the standard written language but also in the dialects of daily life. Turkish dialects in Türkiye are living linguistic elements that reflect the historical development and regional diversity of Turkish, while also carrying cultural memory. These dialects provide important data sources not only for linguistic analysis but also for many disciplines such as folklore, sociology, anthropology, and history. Systematic examination of dialects provides important insights into not only the phonetic and morphological characteristics of Turkish, but also the lifestyle, values, and cultural continuity of societies. This study examines the dialect characteristics of the Andırın region, particularly in terms of the use of vowels, using oral data collected from speakers living in five neighborhoods (Akçakoyunlu, Boğazören, Hacıveliuşağı, Kargaçayırı and Orhaniye) in the Andırın district of Kahramanmaraş province. The results should be considered in light of these limitations. This study, based on field research, interviewed speakers believed to have preserved their dialect characteristics, the majority of whom were over fifty years old, illiterate or had only a primary school education, and had not been away from their home communities for extended periods. The recordings were recorded with a voice recorder; the compiled data was transcribed using the Turkish Studies transcription font and analyzed phonetically. Systematic documentation of dialects is crucial both for documenting the surviving variants of a language and for preventing their extinction over time. In this respect, the study aims to contribute to linguistics as well as to interdisciplinary research.

Youth Suicide in Türkiye: The Roles of Internet Usage, First Marriage Age and Gender

Ayşe Mahinur TEZCAN — 2025-11-01

Suicide, which is the conscious decision of an individual to end his/her life, is an individual as well as a social action. As a living being in society, the decisions of an individual are not independent of social influences. There are various factors affecting suicidal behavior. Age, gender and marital status are demographic factors affecting the decision to commit suicide. Socioeconomic level, education, unemployment, social changes and developments are also social factors affecting the decision to commit suicide. According to TUIK data, it was determined that the age-specific suicide rate was the highest in men aged 25-29 after 2020. Youth suicides are also increasing worldwide. The increase in internet usage increases the visibility of suicide incidents and contributes to the prevalence of suicide. The increase in the age of marriage and the increase in divorces are the social changes that have marked the recent period. In this study, the relationship between the age-specific suicide rate and the number of suicides in the young population in Türkiye between 2009-2023 and the internet usage rate, age at first marriage, divorce rate and gender variables were examined. The analyses using the multiple linear regression method were performed using JAMOVI software version 2.5.4. The analysis found that the Internet usage rate among young people, age at first marriage, and gender variables had significant effects on suicide outcomes. However, the divorce rate had no significant effect. It was found that young men committed suicide approximately 4.5 times more than young women. The regression analysis showed that the Internet usage rate among young people and the increase in age at first marriage had a significant effect on the increase in suicides.

Chronology of Turkish Military Education from the Ottoman Classical Period to Today

Songül YILMAZ DERİN — 2025-11-01

When the literature is scanned, it is seen that chronological studies have been conducted in many areas of history, but no diachronic study has been found in the field of Turkish military education history. Therefore, a chronological study was needed in the field of military education history. In this study, the developments in the history of Turkish military education were written in chronological order by making comparisons between sources. The chronological order was kept broad enough to start with the establishment of Enderun schools and cover the establishment and operation processes of the National Defense University. Although there was a problem with accessing the sources used in the research, first-hand sources were used in a significant part of the study. However, when primary sources could not be accessed, the data in secondary sources were compared with each other, verified and included in the study. The study, which theoretically follows the stages of source scanning, classification, analysis, criticism and synthesis, was designed to extend from the Ottoman Empire to the Republican period and from the Republican period to the present day. The changes experienced in military education in the Ottoman Empire, the transformation of modernization efforts into state policy and the reflection of these developments on military education in Istanbul and the provinces made it possible to conduct a chronological analysis. In the study, the developments, practices, schools opened, curricula, works, legal decisions, laws and instructions from the Republican period to the present were examined in detail. Thus, it was tried to show the reflection of the management, education, financial and socio-economic practices of the relevant period on military education. This study, which will shed light on scientists who want to conduct research, will also make important contributions to the field.

A Stylistical Analysis of the Tile Decorations on the Window Pediments of Tekeli Mehmet Pasha Mosque

Züleyha ZOR — 2025-11-01

It is about the artistic analysis of the tile decorations on the interior and exterior of the window pediments of Tekeli Mehmed Pasha Mosque, which is located in the historical Kaleiçi district of Antalya and is one of the important architectural works of the Ottoman period. Although the exact date is not known, it is thought to have been built in the 1610s by Tekeli Mehmed Pasha, who held important administrative positions during the reign of Murad III. The most unique and striking feature of the mosque is the Münferice Qasida written in talik script on the tile panels on the interior and exterior window pediments. In this respect, Tekeli Mehmed Pasha Mosque stands out as the only known example in the world with a Qasida instead of a verse or Hadith on the window pediments. Tiles decorated with the underglaze technique of 17th century İznik tiles were used together with stonework in the decoration of the mosque. The tiles decorated with white, navy blue, turquoise, green and red colors feature classic Ottoman motifs such as hatai, penç, bud, leaf, tulip and rumi. After briefly introducing the architectural features of the mosque in question, the writing technique of the Münferice Qasida on the tile panels, which are of great importance in terms of originality, especially the composition and ornamentation concept consisting of motifs used in the ornamental style, will be examined in detail in terms of tile art. The aim of the study is to reveal the importance of this architectural work built during the Ottoman period in terms of both art history and Ottoman calligraphy and tile art.

Applications for the Development of Sports Activities in Community Centers: Report of Istanbul Sports Committee

Canan SARIYAR SEZAN — 2025-11-01

The Community Centers were opened on February 19, 1932, which shows that Mustafa Kemal Pasha was an eminent thinker in addition to his military and political talents. The Community Centers, established under the roof of the Republican People's Party, pioneered the reflection of the Republican revolutions to the public and made significant contributions to the cultural development of the period. The Community Centers carried out their responsibilities through Language and Literature, Fine Arts, Performance, Sports, Social Aid, Community Preparatory Schools and Courses, Library and Publication, Village Affairs, History and Museum Branches. The sports branches of the community centers aimed to give Turkish youth the habit of doing sports, to improve their physical health and to reinforce national unity and solidarity. These branches saw sports not only as a physical activity but also as a national duty. In this research study, reports prepared to develop sports activities in community centers were examined specifically for Istanbul Community Centers. The report in question was written by the sports committees of Eminönü, Beyoğlu and Kadıköy Community Center branches and contains important suggestions. The study was conducted using the archive scanning technique, which is one of the qualitative research methods, and its source is the Republic Archive of the Presidency of State Archives.