Tarih Okulu Dergisi, Year 2025 Issue LXXIX

Human, Society and Religion in Ibn Tufayl's Novel Hayy Bin Yaqzan

Kemal COŞKUN — 2026-01-01

This study is based on the novel Hayy bin Yaqzan, written in the allegory genre by Ibn Tufayl, one of the pioneers of the ishraqi school of philosophy. By reading the novel sociologically, an attempt was made to better understand the structure of Islamic society and Islamic civilization. It is a work that can shed light on our day in terms of the dichotomy of exoteric religion and esoteric religion, which was a theological debate of its time, and its effect on social grouping. The novel is a thesis work from a religious-sociological perspective, as it defends a philosophical thought and claims a social view. As a qualitative research, the document scanning technique was applied. The quotation technique was used in the explanations. In the findings section of the study, the issues that are considered important in terms of sociology are discussed under five subheadings. The first two headings can be considered within the phenomenon of social change, development, conflict or mentality transformation, which point to the dynamic aspect of society. The last three headings can be considered within the phenomenon of social unity and order, which point to the static aspect of society. In this study, the clear impact of ways of understanding religion on sociality was seen. The idea that the formation of the idea of religion, God and the creator in mankind is based on a scientific basis based on observation, experimentation and reasoning and that this equation is completed with intuition is one of the striking results of the study. In addition, the claim that very few people can reach the wisdom knowledge due to the cognitive and social weaknesses and ambitions of mankind constitutes another result of the study.

Turkish Language Teachers’ Questioning Practices: From Classroom Interaction to Written Exams

Efecan KARAGÖLEda IŞIR — 2026-01-01

This study aims to examine the use of questions as an in-class interaction and assessment tool in Turkish language lessons. In line with this objective, the questions generated by Turkish language teachers in both classroom settings and written exams, as well as their perspectives on the question-generation process, were analyzed comprehensively. The study was conducted using a qualitative research design, specifically a case study approach. The data for the research were obtained from the views of ten Turkish language teachers regarding their question preparation process, observations of pre-service teachers, 221 exam questions prepared by the participating teachers, and 1,042 verbal interaction questions. The collected data were analyzed using content analysis. The findings indicate that Turkish language teachers primarily rely on sample questions provided by the Ministry of National Education (MoNE) and academic sources in the question-generation process. Although they perceive their questions as original, they tend to adhere to textbook content. It was also determined that teachers most frequently use questions to attract attention, assess prior knowledge, encourage classroom participation, and evaluate learning. However, rather than employing questions to deepen the learning process, teachers mainly perceive them as an assessment tool. Additionally, classroom questions predominantly focus on reading and speaking skills, while listening and writing skills receive less emphasis. Despite teachers stating that they follow a strategy of progressing from easy to difficult questions, it was observed that they primarily start lessons with questions of moderate difficulty. Finally, while open-ended, short-answer, and yes/no questions are prevalent in classroom interactions, multiple-choice questions are predominantly used in written exams. Furthermore, while classroom questions generally target lower cognitive levels such as recall and comprehension, exam questions tend to assess higher cognitive levels. In conclusion, inconsistencies were identified between teachers' classroom practices and their stated perspectives, suggesting that their awareness of question originality, question difficulty levels, and their functional roles may be limited.

Analysis of the Opinions of the Public of Malazgirt Towards Malazgirt Battlefield, Historical and Archaeological Survey Project: The Example of the Battle of Malazgirt

Adnan ÇEVİKMustafa ALİCAN ,Salih GÜLEN ,Muhammet Kani ALTIN — 2026-01-01

The primary objective of this research is to determine public opinions regarding the Determination of the Malazgirt Battlefield, Historical and Archaeological Survey Project (Malazgirt (Manzikert) Battlefield Archaeology Project project), which has been carried out in Malazgirt since 2020. Qualitative research methods were employed in the study. The study was conducted in the Malazgirt district of Muş Province with the participation of 54 individuals. Data were collected using a fully structured interview form prepared online. Content analysis of the data obtained in the study was conducted using the code-category-theme trilogy. The findings suggest that the Malazgirt project is informative, useful, successful, and enlightening, and beneficial because it reveals the history of the region and creates a tourism area. Furthermore, it was determined that the public suggested that the project should be expanded in scope and extended in duration. It is recommended that the findings of similar studies be supported with quantitative data.

A RESEARCH ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AWARENESS AND ANXIETY LEVELS OF RELIGIOUS EDUCATION TEACHERS: THE CASE OF GERMANY

Abdulhalim İNAMAyşe Nur YİĞİTCE ,Şener ŞENTÜRK — 2026-01-01

This study was conducted to examine the levels of artificial intelligence anxiety and awareness of teachers who provide Islamic religious education in Germany, on the basis of various demographic and professional variables (gender, age, length of service, media usage, etc.), and to determine the relationship between awareness and anxiety levels. The sample of the study consists of 141 teachers, determined by convenience sampling method. Descriptive and correlational methods were preferred among quantitative research methods. The collection of data was facilitated by the utilisation of the Artificial Intelligence Awareness Level for Teachers and the Artificial Intelligence Anxiety Scales. The analysis of the collected data was conducted through the implementation of statistical tests, including the t-test, the ANOVA, and the Pearson correlation test. The study's findings revealed a negative and significant relationship between the AI awareness and anxiety levels of the teachers within the study group. The study revealed that variables such as gender, AI training status and length of service significantly influenced the participants' AI awareness and anxiety scores. The findings suggest that as teachers' awareness of AI increases, their anxiety towards AI may decrease, and AI technologies can be adapted by teachers through vocational training on the subject.

Investigation of the Effect of Plyometric Trainings Adapted According to Tabata Protocol on Balance, Agility, Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance in Young Male Handball Players

Ahmet KOYUNLU — 2026-01-01

This study aimed to examine the effects of plyometric training adapted according to the Tabata protocol on balance, agility, aerobic and anaerobic performance in young male handball players. A total of 25 athletes who actively play handball voluntarily participated in the study. The athletes were randomly divided into two groups: study group (ÇG) n=13 (age 21.54±1.85) and control group (KG) n=12 (age 21.25±2.09). In addition to handball training, the study group implemented a plyometric training program consisting of squat jumps, split squat jumps, tuck lumps, skater and double leg line jumps (forward/backward) movements adapted to the Tabata protocol, three days a week, on non-consecutive days for 6 weeks. The control group did not apply any training program and continued handball training. Portable dynamic balance device (Togu Challenge Disc 2.0, Prien am Chiemsee, Rosenheim, Germany) to determine balance performance, Illinois agility test to determine agility performance, 20 meter shuttle running test to determine aerobic performance and "Running-based" to determine anaerobic performance. Anaerobic Sprint Test” RAST measurements were made. SPSS 21.0 program was used to analyze the data obtained. As a result of the statistical evaluation, a statistical significance was determined in favor of the post-test in the pre-test post-test evaluation of the study group in the bipedal balance index, agility, maximum power (W), minimum power (W) and maxVO₂ values (p < 0.050). In the control group values, it was determined that there was no significance between the pre-test and post-test values (p>0.050). No significance was detected when comparing the pre-test values of the groups. In comparing the post-test values of the groups, a significance was detected in favor of the study group in minimum power (W) performance. As a result; it can be said that plyometric training adapted according to the Tabata protocol positively affects balance, agility, aerobic and anaerobic performance in young male handball players.

Collective Memory and Migration: A Document Analysis of Media and Official Narratives on Migration Waves to Turkey

Aysun DOĞUTAŞ — 2026-01-01

This study examines how three different waves of migration to Turkey (the 1923 Turkish-Greek Population Exchange, the 1989 Bulgarian Migration, and the post-2011 Syrian Migration) have been represented through media and official documents within the framework of collective memory. Using document analysis, the research analyzes migration perceptions under three main themes: belonging and solidarity, threat and burden perceptions, and integration discourses. Findings reveal that while belonging and victimhood discourses dominate the 1923 and 1989 migrations, security and burden narratives prevail in the post-2011 Syrian migration collective memory. Media and official documents play parallel roles in shaping perceptions of migration, with the media increasingly disseminating negative discourses in recent years. The study demonstrates the dynamic reconstruction of migration perceptions within historical and political contexts, highlighting the importance of inclusive media and integration strategies for policymakers.

Bibliometric Analysis of the Concept of Perfectionism in the Field of Organizational Behavior

Esra AYDIN — 2026-01-01

This study aimed to conduct a bibliometric analysis to comprehensively evaluate the current status of the concept of perfectionism in organizational behavior and to identify potential research gaps. Using the Biblioshiny platform, a bibliometric analysis was carried out on 93 publications—including journal articles, books, and conference proceedings—published between 1997 and 2025 in the Web of Science (WoS) database. The analysis included descriptive findings, citation metrics, and keyword analyses related to the selected publications. The results indicate that, while perfectionism does not have a long-established history in organizational behavior literature, it has increasingly emerged as a significant research topic. The concept has been frequently studied alongside themes such as personality, burnout, stress, depression, and the workplace. However, based on the occurrence frequency metric, topics such as fit, impostor syndrome, psychological safety, self-compassion, self-determination, self-efficacy, shame, workplace bullying, abusive supervision, leader perfectionism, and leader-member exchange have been among the least addressed within this context. Finally, various suggestions have been presented to guide future research in this area.

DE-CENTERING EVENT-BASED POLITICAL NARRATIVE IN HISTORIOGRAPHY: A REAPPRAISAL OF TEMPORALITY, STRUCTURAL FORCES AND AGENCY IN FERNAND BRAUDEL’S MEDITERRANEAN

Faika ÇELİK — 2026-01-01

Fernand Braudel (1902–1985) is considered one of the most influential historians of the twentieth century and a leading figure of the second generation of the Annales School. Through his scholarship, Braudel advocated for a multidisciplinary approach to historical research and a multi-layered temporal analysis, emphasizing the role of long-term structural forces such as geography and economy rather than short-lived political events or the victories and diplomatic maneuvers of “great men” in shaping historical transformations. He also advanced a global vision of history in which local events are situated within broader, interconnected systems of historical development. Of all Braudel’s works, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II stands as the most comprehensive expression of his historical method and remains one of the most revolutionary works of twentieth-century historiography. This study offers a reappraisal of Fernand Braudel’s The Mediterranean as a foundational intervention in the practice of historical writing. Rather than approaching the work primarily as a regional history, it examines how Braudel’s reconceptualization of historical time, radical emphasis on structural forces, and decentering of political events reshaped the boundaries of modern historiography. While assessing the legacy of The Mediterranean, special attention is given to its transformative role in two subfields: political and diplomatic history, and Ottoman history. The article suggests that subsequent developments in these two fields can be partly explained by—or owe much to—Braudel’s sustained critique of the former and his close engagement with the latter. Methodologically, this study combines a close reading of The Mediterranean with a critical analysis of the academic debates that have developed around it to evaluate the work’s place in modern historiography. This study not only offers a recent analysis of this seminal text but also demonstrates its transformative role in modern historiography.

Alvin Plantinga and the Free Will Defence

Ferhat AKDEMİR — 2026-01-01

The problem of evil, which claims that the theistic belief in God cannot be reconciled with the evils of the world we live in because there is a contradiction between them on a logical or probabilistic level, is among the oldest and most fundamental problems that philosophy of religion and philosophical theology have tried to resolve. The free will defense, which was brought to the literature of philosophy of religion by Alvin Plantinga, is one of the defenses developed as a solution to this problem. The free will defense claims that there is neither a logical nor probabilistic contradiction between theistic belief in God and the existence of evil. For according to him, the cause of evil is not God, but free agents' misuse of their wills. This applies to moral evils as well as natural evils. Because natural evils, like Satan, are caused by non-human but free agents using their wills in the wrong direction according to Plantinga. However, Plantinga's proposed solution is not immune to criticism. These criticisms focus on two points. The first is based on the relationship between freedom and determinism. Critics argue that determinism and freedom are not incompatible. That is to say, it was open to God, as a possibility, to create agents who are both free and who exercise their will in the right direction at all times, and thus never commit wrong acts. That he did not use this possibility is incompatible with God's omnipotence, nor with his essence, which is wholly good. Therefore, the free will defense is insufficient to solve the problem of evil. The second criticism focuses on the free will defense's explanation of the cause of natural evils. According to critics, explaining the cause of natural evils with purely faith-based elements such as Satan does not serve to solve the problem; on the contrary, it makes the issue more complex and intractable. In this article, Plantinga's free will defense will be discussed together with the criticisms directed against it, and it’s consistency will be evaluated, validity and satisfactoriness critically. Ultimately, it will be argued that the free will defense succeeds in analyzing moral evils, if not natural evils.

Hadith as a Source of Religious Communication: A Study on al-Tirmidhi’s al-Shamaʾil

Hikmetullah ERTAŞ — 2026-01-01

Research should have analyzed hadith literature works, particularly Shamail literature, through various lenses, like Sunan, Muwatta, Musannaf, Jame', and Musnad, especially focusing on their religious communication aspects, based on authentic narrations concerning the Prophet's exemplary life within the framework of communication elements. Following this approach, the study focuses on the characteristics reflected in the sub-discipline of hadith science known as Shamail literature, emphasizing the qualities that the source person should embody based on the life of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). As an example for analyzing hadith literature from the perspective of religious communication, the seminal work in Shamail literature, "al-Shama'il al-Nabawiyyah" by Abu Isa al-Tirmidhi (d. 279), has been selected. In his work, Tirmidhi opens numerous topics about the Prophet's clothing, worship life, morals, daily life, demeanor, and behavior, transmitting over four thousand hadiths. Through these narrations, the study attempts to delineate the portrait of the Prophet drawn in hadith collections, focusing on qualities such as "reliability," "credibility," "justice," "lack of vested interest," "competence/expertise," "equality," "empathy," "closeness," "humor," and "attractiveness," which are essential in communication elements. This approach aims to explore how the Shamail literature, especially through Tirmidhi's work, provides insights into the Prophet's life that are relevant to religious communication, offering a comprehensive understanding of his exemplary communication traits.

Ottoman Turkish Tombstones With Headgear (Serpuş) Located in the Central City Cemetery (Ağa Cemetery) of Şarkikaraağaç

Keziban GÜNDÜZ — 2026-01-01

This study focuses on Ottoman-era tombstones with headgear (serpuş) located in the cemetery currently known as the “Central City Cemetery” in the district of Şarkikaraağaç, Isparta Province, formerly referred to as the “Ağa Cemetery.” The examined tombstones are evaluated in terms of headgear types, formal characteristics, materials used, calligraphic styles, decorative details, and inscriptions. The majority of the tombstones belong to men, with only a few thought to mark the graves of women. Most are single-piece monuments crafted from marble or locally sourced stone, though varying degrees of erosion and deterioration have been observed depending on the quality of the material. Structural damage is more pronounced in the lower parts of the stones that were directly embedded in the ground. These gravestones, which can be dated from the early 19th century to the second quarter of the 20th century, offer significant insights into the stone craftsmanship, as well as the cultural and social structures of the period. Although some previous studies on Şarkikaraağaç have included Ottoman Turkish tombstones, these works often focused on well-preserved examples or those belonging to notable individuals. Comparisons reveal that several of the tombstones identified in earlier studies no longer exist today. A total of 134 Ottoman Turkish tombstones currently located in the Ağa Cemetery were documented in this research, including photographic records and transcriptions of their inscriptions. However, due to the extensive number of examples, this article concentrates in detail on only 24 tombstones featuring headgear motifs. In this context, the study aims not only to contribute to the academic literature but also to support the documentation and preservation of these cultural assets, which are at risk of being lost, for future generations.

Preschool Education in Austria: General Structure and Pedagogical Practices

Lütfiye Ayça ÇELİKBAŞBuket ÜNDEMİR ,Murtaza AYKAÇ — 2026-01-01

Early childhood education plays a crucial role not only in supporting the physical, social, linguistic, and cognitive development of young children, but also in promoting equal opportunities in education and enhancing individuals' future success. This study examines the overall structure, educational programs, practices, and teacher training policies of the preschool education system in Austria. Early childhood education in Austria is structured with the aim of supporting children's development and preparing them for primary school. The education system is organized at both federal and state levels, and preschool education services are typically carried out through collaborations between local authorities and private organizations. The primary goal of the system is to foster cognitive, emotional, social, and physical development in early childhood through a play-based learning approach, thereby making the learning process more effective and lasting for children. Since the quality of teachers directly affects the quality of preschool education, it is widely acknowledged that training qualified educators contributes significantly to improving educational standards. This study provides a comprehensive overview of Austria’s early childhood education approach and, based on the findings, offers recommendations for future research and practical implementations.

An Investigation of Pre-Service Teachers' Affective Tendencies Towards the Teaching of Socıoscientific Issues

Mustafa YADİGAROĞLUTahsin YILDIRIM ,Mustafa KIŞOĞLU — 2026-01-01

The aim of this study was to investigate the affective tendencies of pre-service teachers studying in 3 different programmes (science, social studies and classroom teaching) towards the teaching of social science topics. The survey method, one of the quantitative research methods, was used in the study. The sample of the study consisted of 360 pre-service teachers who were studying at the Faculty of Education of a state university in the Central Anatolian region and were selected using the convenience sampling method. The four-factor Affective Tendency Scale for Teaching Socioscientific Issues (SSI), which was taken from the literature and validity and reliability studies were conducted, was used as the data collection instrument for the study. The demo version of IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software was used to analyse the data obtained. In light of the data obtained, it was found that the affective dispositions of the pre-service teachers participating in the study towards SST teaching were high level. Based on the results, the researchers made some suggestions.

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FOR INDUSTRY 5.0

Nazmiye EKİNCİEnes KAYA — 2026-01-01

In today’s increasingly globalized and digital business world, "change," "flexibility," and "adaptation" have emerged as crucial elements. Among the disciplines most impacted by the nature and pace of this change is management. Within this context, it is critical for managers—those individuals responsible for directing others and who often ascend to their positions through appointments—to strategically manage their organizations with a long-term vision. This is especially important in the current era of digital transformation, as it directly affects the success and sustainability of the organization. Since the period starting around 2016–2017, we have witnessed a shift from the information society to a digital smart society, referred to as Industry 5.0, though its definition and scope remain subjects of debate. During this time, the importance of strategic management for organizations has significantly increased. Organizations are now required to develop strategies that will enable them to achieve their ultimate goals and objectives, execute these strategies effectively, and, in short, align with the principles of strategic management. In this respect, in this study, “Strategic Management for Industry 5.0” will be explained under various headings.

PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL STUDIES PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS TOWARDS THE CONCEPT OF NATIONALISM: A METAPHORICAL APPROACH

Osman SABANCIAli ALTIKULAÇ — 2026-01-01

The purpose of this study is to reveal the nationalism metaphors of social studies pre-service teachers who will teach the social studies course. The study group for the research consists of 395 pre-service social studies teachers enrolled in the undergraduate Social Studies teaching programs of three state universities. The basic qualitative research model was used as the research design. Within the scope of the research, a form was designed to explore the metaphorical perceptions of nationalism among social studies pre-service teachers. As a result of the research, the meanings that teacher candidates attributed to the concept of nationalism were determined, and the metaphors obtained were grouped under specific common themes. A total of 291 valid metaphors were produced by 395 teacher candidates for the concept of nationalism. According to the research results, the most frequently repeated metaphor is the "Tree" metaphor. This was followed by metaphors such as flag, heart, tree root, water, blood, soul, sun, river, fire, house, family, soil, mother, and identity. The categories in which these metaphors are concentrated are listed as Nature and Natural Elements, Social Values and Symbols, Family and Emotional Ties, Knowledge, Tools and Objects, Body and Life Sources, and Universal Concepts. It has been determined that social studies pre-service teachers, who are just at the beginning of their profession, generally view the concept of Nationalism as a natural element, an emotional bond, a symbolic value, a vital component, a learned concept, and a structure that provides social harmony. The fact that most of the metaphors used have positive connotations also shows that social studies pre-service teachers do not approach the concept of nationalism with a sufficiently questioning or critical perspective.

ANALYZING THE MIGRATION TRENDS OF LEVEL-2 REGIONS IN TÜRKİYE: A STUDY UTILIZING MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION-MAKING METHODS

Deniz ÖZYAKIŞIRÖmer ATALAY — 2026-01-01

This paper uses Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods to examine migration trends in Level-2 regions of Türkiye. Internal migration is an important phenomenon shaped by Türkiye's regional development disparities, employment opportunities, income levels, and social factors. Factors affecting migration decisions include unemployment rates, per capita income, education level, age dependency ratio, and income distribution. In this study, 26 Level-2 regions of Türkiye are ranked according to their migration trends using CRITIC, SAW, MOOSRA, COPRAS, ROV, and BORDA methods. In particular, the CRITIC method was used to determine the criteria weights and then the regional rankings were created using the other methods. The results show that the Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions have the highest tendency to emigrate, while the Marmara and Aegean regions stand out as migration-receiving centers. Central Anatolia and the Black Sea regions also tend to emigrate somewhat. The findings of the study provide an important framework for developing regional development policies and managing migration dynamics. In this context, using of MCDM methods allows for a more systematic and objective assessment of migration trends. As a result, the findings obtained in the study emphasize that the internal migration dynamics in Türkiye should be addressed with a multidimensional approach, providing valuable data for policymakers.

Areas of Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Relations Sector and Evaluations of Current Applications

Sinan AKSEKİ Turgay OYMAN — 2026-01-01

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the areas of application of artificial intelligence in the public relations sector and the effectiveness of current applications in this field. A qualitative research method was adopted in the study, and document review technique was used. Academic publications, industry reports, and current application examples related to the subject were analyzed. The findings reveal that artificial intelligence is most commonly used in areas such as social media monitoring, crisis management, content production, target audience analysis, and trend tracking in the public relations field. In addition, it was found that AI-supported applications accelerate strategic communication processes and enable organizations to interact more effectively with their target audiences. However, it was concluded that AI applications do not completely eliminate the human factor, but rather need to be supported by human intelligence. The study aims to contribute to practitioners and researchers in the field by providing an up-to-date framework on the interaction between artificial intelligence and public relations. It seeks to reveal how artificial intelligence technologies are integrated into public relations processes and to evaluate the contributions and problems brought about by this integration to the sector from a holistic perspective. Understanding the future of public relations in a digitalizing world is possible through a proper understanding of this technological transformation. In this context, the study aims to contribute to the field by providing both a theoretical framework and case analyses of current applications.

TRANSLANGUAGING PEDAGOGY PRACTICES AND PERCEPTIONS OF PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS IN A TURKISH EFL SETTING

Şeyma YEŞİL — 2026-01-01

Translanguaging, the practice of allowing the use of multiple languages within the classroom, has emerged as a prominent topic in education, widely recognized for its potential to enhance foreign language acquisition, including the learning of English as a foreign language. Given the advantages of translanguaging practices in fostering students' language learning competencies, translanguaging can be regarded as a pragmatic theoretical framework for language use, applicable within language classroom settings (Wei, 2018). This study aims to explore the translanguaging practices of ten pre-service EFL teachers taking the teaching practice course at a state school in a Turkish EFL context. In this study, a case study methodology was employed, as it seeks to address 'why' and 'how' questions (Yin, 2018). After the analysis of the field notes and audio recordings, the researcher conducted semi-structured interviews with participants in order to explore their beliefs and perceptions regarding translanguaging practices. With a purposive homogenous sampling design, the collected data were subjected to content analysis, guided by the identification of emerging patterns and themes. The qualitative data analysis indicated that pre-service English language teachers deem translanguaging to be an educational resource for promoting classroom concentration, clarification, and differentiated feedback. Additionally, the research data highlights the importance of translanguaging in boosting L2 students’ comprehension and fostering a more relaxed learning environment for them.

Analysis of Import and Export-Led Growth in the Croatian Economy in the Period of 1995-2023

Tuba AKPINARZülfükar Aytaç KİŞMAN ,Cem AYDEN — 2026-01-01

This study aims to assess the validity of the export-led and import-led growth hypotheses in the Croatian economy between 1995 and 2023. The analysis employed annual data on exports (IHR), imports (ITH), and gross domestic product (GDP) in U.S. dollars, with the data from the World Bank subjected to a battery of econometric tests. To circumvent the issue of heteroscedasticity, the natural logarithm of the variables was employed. The empirical analysis yielded no evidence of a short-run causal relationship between exports, imports, and GDP. Nevertheless, the import-led growth hypothesis is confirmed to be valid for the Croatian economy. In contrast, the long-run analysis lends support to both the export- and import-led growth hypotheses. This indicates that exports may exert a more pronounced influence on Croatia's economic growth in the future. The study further proposes that a growth model based on imports in the short run and both exports and imports in the long run will be applicable to the Croatian economy.

Analysis of 5th Grade Turkish Course Teachers’ Opinions in The Context of The Turkish Century Education Model (2024)

Ümmühan GÜZEL BAYDOĞANSerdar YAVUZ — 2026-01-01

With the renewal of the last implemented 2019 Turkish Course Curriculum (TÜDÖP), the 2024 Turkey Century Education Model was developed. It is seen that there are many changes and new applications in this model. In this direction, the main purpose of the study is to determine the opinions of 5th grade Turkish language teachers in the context of the Turkey Century Education Model (2024). The study was planned in a qualitative approach and phenomenological design. In the data collection process, semi-structured interview technique was used from interview techniques. The study group was created with typical case and maximum diversity sampling from purposeful sampling types. A data collection tool consisting of seven questions was directed to the study group consisting of 5th grade Turkish course teachers. The data was recorded and transferred to the MAXQDA program. The analysis of the data was carried out with content analysis. In order to ensure reliability in the study, rich and intensive description, expert review and external auditor were used. In the process of ensuring the validity of the study, expert review and researcher reflexivity were used. As a result of the analysis, it was seen that some of the participants did not have sufficient knowledge and the trainers who gave training in the seminars thought that they did not have sufficient knowledge about the subject. It was determined that they made negative evaluations about the Maarif Model, especially due to the increased lesson intensity, the existence of many repetitive activities, the excess amount of activities, the insufficient time in the workshops, the difficulty in understanding the instructions, and the fact that the subject of grammar was not asked in the exams. In addition, the inclusion of watching skills for listening / watching skills, the increase in writing skills activities and the positive effect of the diversity in speaking skills activities on the students were evaluated positively.

The Mediating Role of Green Hotel Knowledge in the Relationship Between Subjective Norm and Purchase Intention: A Study on Tourists Visiting Manavgat

Erkan Kadir ŞİMŞEK — 2026-01-01

In recent years, the environmental damage caused by tourism has increased the importance of sustainability. With the increasing importance of this concept, many different concepts have emerged. Two of these concepts that have come to the fore recently are green hotel and green hotel knowledge. This study examines the mediating role of green hotel knowledge in the relationship between subjective norm and purchase intention. In this quantitative study, 3 different scales including questions about green hotel knowledge, subjective norm and purchase intention were applied to guests staying in 2 different 5-star hotels operating in Manavgat, which accepts guests from all nationalities, in the winter season of 2024 (December). The scales that were marked incorrectly or incompletely were removed, and analyzes were carried out on the remaining 413 scales from the 440 scales collected. According to the results obtained with PROCESS Model 4; green hotel knowledge has a mediating role between subjective norm and purchase intention. That is, subjective norm indirectly affects tourists' purchase intentions through green hotel knowledge. As a matter of fact, since the Bootstrap confidence interval value obtained as a result of the Bootstrap test analysis does not include zero (0), the mediating role can be mentioned. This finding suggests that information sharing and environmental awareness-raising practices are critical in shaping tourists' behavior. The findings have both theoretical contributions and practical implications.

Understanding Poverty From A Gender Perspective: A Study Of Critical Pedagogy

Halime ÜNALDI GÖKALPLatif GÖKALP — 2026-01-01

Poverty is a global and multidimensional problem. One of the important factors that differentiate the impact of poverty on individuals is gender. Women are disadvantaged compared to men in access to education, employment and social rights, and face deeper experiences of poverty, which is described by the concept of ‘feminisation of poverty’. The study evaluates how poverty is addressed from a gender perspective in social studies textbooks in the context of critical pedagogical principles. In the study, case study, one of the qualitative research designs, was adopted and structured approaches were applied to document analyses. 5th, 6th and 7th grade social studies textbooks were evaluated in line with the determined themes and how poverty is represented in terms of gender was analysed within the framework of critical pedagogy principles. It is observed that the treatment of poverty from a gender perspective in textbooks is limited and superficial. It was found that the content related to women's economic participation, equal educational opportunities and social roles reinforced traditional models. It has been determined that women are generally identified with housework, their economic independence is not emphasised and gender-specific dynamics of poverty are not sufficiently taken into account. The neglect of the gender gap in access to education and child labour renders invisible the structural problems that deepen women's poverty. It is recommended that textbooks should be updated in a way to support gender equality, activities should be included to improve students' questioning skills in line with the principles of critical pedagogy, the gender dimension of poverty should be addressed more holistically, and educational policies that encourage women's economic participation and support gender equality should be developed

Modern Trends in Arabic Language Education

Hüseyin SAMANCIAhmet Cihan BULUNDU — 2026-01-01

The aim of this study is to examine modern trends in Arabic language education by exploring different approaches related to the techniques and methods used in teaching this language, and to provide a conceptual framework for researchers in this field. To this end, a literature review on modern trends in Arabic language education was conducted, and articles and books by prominent researchers in this field were examined to identify and evaluate differing viewpoints on the subject. Since the beginning of Islam, the teaching of Arabic has mostly been considered as the teaching of a religious language. In the 1990s, this understanding began to change, and teaching Arabic ceased to be a method for understanding religious texts and began to be used for different purposes. However, Arabic was generally taught to every student with the same purpose and method, regardless of the nature of the subject and the needs of the student. Materials prepared without considering the interests and needs of students have failed to achieve their goals with traditional and ineffective methods. For this reason, the need for new teaching methods in teaching Arabic has emerged. Thus, Arabic was moved away from being considered solely as a religious language due to its nature, and modern methods that could also be used in foreign language teaching were developed. In this context, it is necessary to prepare interesting and functional materials that are appropriate to the students' goals and expectations. Presenting these materials via electronic means, including audio, visual and readable elements, makes teaching more effective. Using fun, attention-grabbing and psychologically supportive strategies also contributes significantly to students’ self-directed learning. Identifying and measuring instructional objectives helps develop tools and methods for assessing students' knowledge of Arabic grammar. These tools and methods clearly demonstrate the results students achieve.

Examining the Role of University Students' Multidimensional Burnout Levels and Hope Levels in Life as a Predictor of Academic Achievement

Mine DOĞANTuba ŞEKERCİ ,Sümeyye LEVENT ,Nurhan HALİSDEMİR ,Mehmet GÜRCAN — 2026-01-01

University students face academic pressures, uncertain future expectations, and increasing responsibilities throughout their higher education; this can lead to burnout symptoms and increased levels of hopelessness. This study examines the psychosocial status of Fırat University students using data from the Multidimensional Burnout Scale and the Hope for Life Scale. Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the effects of sub-dimensions of burnout on well-being, and the mediating role of grade point average and monthly expenditure levels was evaluated. Within the scope of the research, the Multidimensional Burnout Scale and the Hope for Life Scale were adapted into Turkish to assess the consistency of university students' future life projects and to measure the multidimensional burnout phenomenon. Furthermore, burnout levels were considered in the context of demographic variables such as gender, faculty, class level, and weekly course load. The findings indicate that burnout has significant relationships with academic achievement and economic status.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COGNITIVE EMOTION REGULATION AND RESILIENCE: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF MINDFULNESS

Muhammet Cevat ACAR — 2026-01-01

Psychological resilience has an important place in the positive psychology approach. At the same time, the relationship between emotional regulation strategies and mindfulness, which is an important indicator of mental health in daily life, has been investigated in many studies. The aim of this study is to attempt to determine whether mindfulness has a mediating role in the effect of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on resilience. Structural equation modelling was used to test the mediation effect. Participants were selected from different age and occupational groups in Turkey. Of the sample group consisting of 409 participants, 40.6% were male and 59.4% were female. According to the results of the study, there was a positive and significant relationship between cognitive emotion regulation, resilience, and mindfulness. Another finding of the study is that mindfulness has a mediating role on the effect of emotion regulation strategies on psychological resilience. The relationship between the variables and the results related to the model are discussed in light of the findings reported in the literature.

THE IMPACT OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF LONELINESS ON THEIR MOTIVATIONS TO PARTICIPATE IN VOLUNTARY TOURISM ACTIVITIES

Münevver ÇİÇEKDAĞIAbdullah KARAMAN — 2026-01-01

The aim of the study is to reveal whether university students' perception of loneliness affects their motivation to participate in volunteer tourism. Another aim of the study is to reveal whether students' perceptions of loneliness differ according to their demographic information. In this context, a quantitative research design was used. Data was collected from 821 students using the survey technique and analyzed using the statistical analysis program SPSS 26. According to the findings, no relationship was found between loneliness and motivation to participate in volunteer tourism. According to demographic data, it was determined that only students with doctoral education had different perceptions of loneliness. The study differs from similar studies in that it measures the relationship between participation in volunteer tourism and loneliness. In addition, the study is important in that it draws attention to students' doctoral period in terms of loneliness. The study's recommendations include investigating the relationship between the current education system and loneliness periodically and providing support to young people throughout their education, employment and career management. Considering that healthy young people will create healthy societies, the study draws attention to directing the young generation to alternative tourism types in coping with loneliness. It is hoped that this aspect of the study will contribute to the field.

THE APPROACHES OF RELIGIOUS OFFICIALS TO SUFISM AND ORDERS: THE EXAMPLE OF AĞRI

Ersin SAVAŞMikail DUMLU — 2026-01-01

Sufi thought, one of the fundamental elements of Islamic culture and civilization, and the orders that represent its institutional aspect, have always been the focus of attention throughout history, with many ideas being put forward for and against them by people from all walks of life. The tendencies of religious officials, who are directly involved with the practical aspects of Islam, towards Sufism are valuable both in terms of their mission and the lifestyle they offer to their society. Today, religious officials are often compelled to express their opinions about Sufism and the orders either directly or indirectly. In this context, it is important to determine the approaches and knowledge levels of religious officials regarding Sufism and the orders. Our study is a result of these considerations. The research was conducted with the participation of 59 religious officials using the 'Semi-Structured In-Depth Interview', one of the data collection techniques of qualitative research methods. The answers given to the questions posed to the sample were analyzed with Weber's understanding/explanatory approach and compared with their counterparts in Sufi sources. As a result of the study, it was concluded that regardless of whether religious officials have positive or negative attitudes towards Sufism, they agree that Sufism is a significant social phenomenon.

Traces of the Westernization Process in Turkish Painting in the Novel My Name is Red

Kemal ŞAMLIOĞLU — 2026-01-01

Orhan Pamuk’s novel My Name Is Red explores the Westernization process in Turkish painting through historical, cultural, and aesthetic dimensions. Beginning in the 18th century, the increasing interaction between the Ottoman society and the West brought about the adoption of new techniques and perspectives in painting. This process represents a profound transformation from the two-dimensional and symbolic world of classical Ottoman miniature art to the three-dimensional, realistic, and individual expression-focused approach of Western painting. The novel demonstrates that this transformation was not merely a technical change but also encompassed deep ruptures in intercivilizational differences, ethical and aesthetic conflicts, human perception, and modes of representation. The tension between the classical art’s emphasis on social cohesion and transcendence and the modern Western art’s focus on individual freedom and realism gains metaphysical and social dimensions through the characters’ debates. Thus, the novel uniquely presents the multi-layered transformation of Westernization in Turkish painting shaped by hybridity and opposition. In this regard, My Name Is Red can be considered an important resource not only for art history but also for cultural identity and intercivilizational dialogue.

An Analysis And Evaluation of Cultural Transmission Process In Teaching Turkish As A Foreign Language: 'Turkish Textbook For Foreigners In Istanbul'

Feride KAVAKMesut GÜN ,Dilek ÜNVEREN — 2026-01-01

This study aims to analyze the importance of cultural transmission in teaching Turkish to foreigners and how this process takes place through the "Istanbul Turkish for Foreigners Coursebook" series. Language is one of the basic elements of culture and also plays a central role in cultural transfer. In the process of learning a foreign language, individuals acquire cultural elements as well as vocabulary and grammar rules in the target language. In this context, culture and language form an inseparable whole. In this context, this study investigates the cultural elements in the texts in the "Istanbul Turkish for Foreigners" coursebooks and how these elements are transferred. In the study, the "Istanbul Turkish for Foreigners Coursebook" was selected for examination due to its comprehensive content, up-to-date methods and techniques, and its potential to effectively transfer cultural elements. Based on this, it was aimed to determine the cultural elements in the "Istanbul Turkish for Foreigners" coursebooks, examine the texts in terms of content, and reveal how cultural transfer occurs and how cultural elements are transferred together with the richness of our language. In the study, the textbooks at the levels of A1, A2, B1, B2 and C1 in the "Istanbul Turkish Coursebook for Foreigners" series were examined in terms of basic-life-experience, subject areas, text types and visual elements through document review, one of the qualitative research methods. In this process, the criteria were developed by examining how the expression of personal feelings and the visual elements used shape cultural perception. This study reveals the importance of cultural transfer in teaching Turkish with the "Istanbul Turkish Coursebook for Foreigners" series; it shows that the books in question present cultural elements effectively but do not provide sufficient diversity. It was concluded that the content that will facilitate students' cultural ties is limited and that the content and activities aimed at intercultural comparisons should be enriched. In addition, it is recommended that the elements of Turkish culture be presented in a balanced manner in the "Istanbul Turkish Coursebook for Foreigners" series and that global dynamics be emphasized more.

An Assessment of the Impact of Irregular Migration to Turkiye on Internal Security

Gürkan GÜNDÜZ — 2026-01-01
Irregular migration is emerging as a significant problem both regionally and globally. In recent years, the significant problems experienced in Middle Eastern and African countries have led to massive irregular and illegal migration. Among these, since 2011, there has been a surge of irregular migration from the Middle East, particularly Syria and Iraq, Afghanistan, and African countries to Western countries. This poses a significant risk to the internal security of Turkiye and other countries located along migration hotspots. Furthermore, Turkiye's geographical and strategic location, along with its location on irregular migration routes, and the fact that many migrants remain in Turkiye, engage in business, and live and work in unfavorable conditions, create significant security challenges. This, naturally, poses a significant threat to the country's internal security. In recent years, Turkiye has faced numerous security challenges stemming from the millions of migrants who have entered Turkiye illegally. The primary objective of the study titled “An Assessment of the Impact of Irregular Migration to Turkiye on Internal Security” is to evaluate the negative effects of irregular migration on Turkiye's internal security and to provide a general assessment of these effects. It also aims to reveal what kind of studies have been conducted on irregular migration. The information and findings obtained throughout this study have been explained chronologically and analytically using the document analysis technique. The findings of the study show that irregular migration has multiple effects on Turkiye's internal security, ranging from border security to social integration, economic balance, and crime dynamics. In this context, it has been concluded that Turkiye needs to develop strategic capacity in terms of both border security and integration policies. The study also reveals that strengthening diplomatic cooperation, data-driven migration management, and social integration processes in the management of irregular migration is critical for internal security.

A 100-YEAR ADVENTURE FROM 1924 TO 2024 PARIS, AN OVERVIEW OF TÜRKİYE'S OLYMPIC JOURNEY

Tayfun KARA — 2026-01-01

This article aims to evaluate Türkiye’s Olympic experience from a historical perspective, starting with its participation in the 1924 Paris Olympics and extending to the 2024 Paris Olympics. The research focuses on the evolution of Türkiye’s Olympic journey, the challenges encountered, the transformation of sports policies, infrastructure investments, and changes in the country’s level of international success. Using a qualitative research approach, the study analyzes historical documents, archival sources, and relevant literature to assess the structural transformation of Turkish sports within the Olympic context. The findings indicate that while Türkiye has made significant progress in certain disciplines through improved infrastructure and institutionalization, the overall sustainability and scientific grounding of sports policies remain limited. In the 2024 Paris Olympics, Türkiye competed with 101 athletes across 18 disciplines and won a total of 8 medals (3 silver and 5 bronze), ranking 64th overall. These results highlight Türkiye’s growing presence in the Olympics, though the lack of gold medals signals the need for strategic improvements. The study concludes that inclusive, evidence-based, and data-driven policies are necessary to ensure long-term success in the international sports arena. This research is a compilation study prepared to evaluate Türkiye's Olympic experiences in a historical context over the 100-year period, starting with its participation in the 1924 Paris Olympics and extending to the 2024 Paris Olympics.

Assessing Peer Bullying and Perpetration Among Inclusive Students

Elif TOSUNSalih Zeki GENÇ — 2026-01-01

Children with special needs experience more social problems compared to their typically developing peers. These individuals; It is more difficult for them to adapt to social life, to be accepted by the individuals around them, and to feel a sense of belonging to their environment. These also cause problems in peer relationships. In this study, the exposure to peer bullying and bullying of children with special needs attending inclusive education were examined in the way of various variables. For this aim, data was collected from 176 mainstreaming students attending primary schools in the Merkez, Lapseki, Ezine and Biga districts of Çanakkale province in the 2022-2023 academic year. The "Peer Bullying Scale (Child Form)" developed by Pişkin and Ayas and the "Personal Information Form" prepared by the researcher were used to collect the data of the research designed in the relational scanning model. The collected data were entered into the IBM SPSS 21 program and analyzed with parametric tests. As a result, it was observed that the rate of peer bullying among integrated students was higher than the rate of bullying their peers. It was observed that the rate of peer bullying and bullying among integrated students did not differ depending on gender and age variables, but it differed depending on the variables of the mother and father's union, the parents' education level, and the economic situation. It was determined that students whose parents were separated, whose parents' education level was low, and whose economic situation was poor were more likely to be exposed to peer bullying and to bully. Family and school cooperation was recommended to prevent peer bullying.

The Safavids’ Relations with Tsarist Russia: The Period of Decline (1694-1736)

Adem ERZENGİN — 2026-01-01

The Safavids emerged on the stage of history in the early sixteenth century as a Turkic-Islamic state centered on a Shiʿi belief system within the Azerbaijan-Iran basin, and over time became a significant power in the region. By the late seventeenth century, however-particularly with the accession of Shah Sultan Husayn (1694-1722) the Safavid state entered a profound period of political and social disintegration. Shah Husayn, who exhibited the traits of a weak ruler, failed to prevent the decline of central authority; increasing provincial rebellions, palace intrigues, and the growing disorder and inefficiency within the state bureaucracy gradually undermined Safavid stability from within. During this period, Russia, under the leadership of Tsar Peter I, was undergoing a process of Westernization and modernization. Through the reforms he enacted, Peter I strengthened his military and directed his imperial ambitions toward the South Caucasus and Iranian territories, taking both military and political steps in this direction. After briefly addressing the relations between the two states up to the year 1694, this article focuses primarily on the period between 1694 and 1736. The study examines Safavid-Tsardom of Russia relations within the framework of the reciprocal diplomatic and political strategies pursued by both states, and it evaluates the role of these relations in the Safavid Empire’s process of collapse. The internal weaknesses of the Safavid state paved the way for external interventions, ultimately becoming a lasting factor that reshaped the balance of power in the region. The reign of Nader Shah allowed for a more cautious and balanced foreign policy in Safavid–Russian relations, rather than one dominated by tension. In this study, relations between the Safavid Empire and the Tsardom of Russia between 1694 and 1736 are examined and assessed primarily through the use of Persian historical sources.

The Reflexive Voice in terms of Element Movement in Turkish

Ahmet Turan DOĞAN — 2026-01-01

In grammar, the voice has been studied from many perspectives, but a complete consensus has not yet been reached. The reflexive voice, which appears in almost every study on the subject, is also not agreed upon. Roughly defined as the voice in which the subject is affected by the action taken, the reflexive voice has not been evaluated within the context of Turkish sentence structure in various studies, and therefore, many examples that do not constitute reflexive voices have been presented. Therefore, the present study examines the syntactic forms of the reflexive voice. The primary objective of this study is to explain the element-carrying feature of the reflexive voice and to draw a boundary for the reflexive voice. This is demonstrated by comparing the reflection of the predicate verb before and after adding the reflexive voice-forming suffixes -n-, -l-, and -ş-. Unlike other voices, reflexive voices largely carry the object (himself…) within the subject, to a lesser extent the indirect object (himself…) and the adverbial clause (for himself…) within the subject. Therefore, the action specified by the predicate occurs in the form of "himself…," "himself…," or "for himself…" without needing any object, indirect object, or adverbial clause in the surface structure of the sentence. This is also evident from the suffix on the verb. The study found that examples other than those designated as reflexive voices do not constitute reflexive voices; instead, they become fixed and acquire new meanings, are used simultaneously without any change, or form verbs of formation. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that reflexive voices should be evaluated based on the meaning of the verbs in the sentence.

Disability Employment From the Perspective of the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Conceptual Analysis

Esra Nur AKPINAR — 2026-01-01

This study evaluates disability employment as a global issue within the framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Additionally, it seeks to assess the applicability of this theory -which has proven effective in predicting the behavior of non-disabled individuals- in forecasting both the behavior of persons with disabilities and employers’ hiring intentions. The study was conducted using a document review method, a qualitative research approach. The data sources consisted of 36 documents selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria suitable for qualitative methodology. Analysis involved reading, classifying, describing, and evaluating the selected documents. Despite representing approximately 10% of the global population, the employment rate of persons with disabilities remains very low. As an untapped talent pool, individuals with disabilities are often part of socioeconomically disadvantaged groups across societies. Employing persons with disabilities not only diversifies the talent pool but also constitutes a fundamental right and a means to a dignified life. Barriers to disability employment are related to the individual, education, society, and employers. The Theory of Planned Behavior provides a practical and applicable framework for addressing these barriers. According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, the critical factor in disability employment is the intention of both the individual and the employer. The theory guides the understanding and resolution of the issue by analyzing behavioral intentions. However, while it provides consistent predictions concerning individual variables, it has limitations regarding environmental opportunities, resources, and economic factors. This highlights the need for new theoretical approaches in the complex field of disability employment.

An Unknown Work Written in Khwarezmian Turkish: Hikāyet-i Suʾāl ve Cevāb

Murat PARLAKPINARAdem BULUT — 2026-01-01

In this article, the work titled Hikāyet-i Suʾāl ve Cevāb, found in the additional collection of Halet Efendi in the Süleymaniye Library, is examined in terms of its linguistic features and vocabulary. The authorship, date of composition, and location of the work's creation remain uncertain. The work displays a combination of dialect features, clearly exhibiting the characteristic features of Khwarezmian Turkish when examined in terms of its phonetic and morphological features. The story written in prose focuses on a sultan's daughter and a young jurist who is in love with her. The narrative is structured around a series of dialogues in the form of question-and-answer exchanges. The majority of the inquiries posed within the text pertain to a variety of religious subjects, including the creation of the universe and humankind, the prophets, worldly existence, animals, the positive and negative characteristics of humankind, social life principles, and morality. A thorough evaluation of the text reveals that, in terms of subject matter and structural elements, it can be categorized as a prose-style folk tale. This folk tale is primarily focused on the dissemination of Islamic principles. Despite the fact that the work, organized in the form of a series of questions and answers, bears a resemblance to books on creed or jurisprudence with regard to its content, it differs from such works due to its fictional nature. Analogous works with analogous plots and subjects have also been produced in Anatolia. The work, entitled Dâsitân-ı Müşkülât-ı Duhter-i Pâdişah, composed in Anatolia, exhibits notable parallels with Hikāyet-i Su'āl ve Cevāb with respect to its structural framework and thematic content. The objective of this study is to introduce this work, which has not been previously studied, to the scientific community and to identify and reveal the primary linguistic characteristics of the work in terms of its composition, phonetic qualities, and structural elements, as well as its vocabulary. In instances where it is pertinent, the elements observed in the work within the context of language mixing have also been elucidated.

Analyzing Niyazi Berkes’ Views on Islam, Secularism and Moderization in Türkiye With the Framework of His Ideas

Adem KESERAykut BALCI ,Muhammed AKSU — 2026-01-01

The purpose of this study is to analyze Niyazi Berkes, a prominent figure known for his significant contributions to the study of Turkish modernization within the context of Turkish intellectual history, and his perspective on the concepts of Islam, Secularism, and Modernization in Turkey's modernization process. These discussions continue to hold a significant place in contemporary discourse. In this context, this study offers an evaluation of Turkey's modernization and Westernization debates, which have persisted for approximately three centuries. During the course of this research, efforts were made to access primary sources in the literature review, and reliance was placed on sources that make the most significant contributions. Both printed and electronic sources were reviewed, online databases were searched, and a comprehensive overview was constructed by examining important books, journals, and articles on the subject. In conclusion, it is noteworthy that in Berkes' work "Theocracy and Secularism," the author portrays Prophet Muhammad as an individual with psychological issues and presents the Quran as a work of one person, a perspective that underscores the controversial nature of religion in Berkes' intellectual framework.

Opinions of Teacher Candidates Towards Private Education Institutions

Emrah ÇAVUŞ Muammer BAHŞİ — 2026-01-01

The research was designed according to the qualitative research method. In this sense, interview forms were created and the opinions of teacher candidates about working in private educational institutions and their career approaches were examined. The study group consisted of 40 students studying in the fourth year of the Department of Classroom Teaching at Fırat University, Erciyes University and Hacı Bektaş Veli University Faculty of Education. All data obtained from the interview forms were analyzed with the descriptive analysis method using the qualitative data analysis program NVIVO after the necessary coding was done. It has been determined that most of the teacher candidates have not been to any private educational institution and do not want to work. When the analysis results regarding the contributions of the teacher candidates working in a private educational institution are examined, it has been seen that they primarily focus on the fact of being able to develop and become more sensitive in the field of special education. It has been concluded that the teacher candidates think that they may encounter problems arising from lack of knowledge and skills.

Turkish Course Curriculum and Singapore Mother Tongue Curriculum in Terms of Literacy Types

Dila CANYusuf GÜNAYDIN — 2026-01-01

Singapore has been a country with a rapidly rising value in the economy and education over the years. In 2022, it achieved first place in mathematics, science and reading with its success in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which 81 countries in the world participated in. PISA is an exam that Türkiye has participated in since 2003 and measures achievements at the age of 15. It publishes reports based on comparing the reading skill success rates of the MEB services related to the exam in question. The published reports provide data sources with different studies. From this data, this course of performance, the future realization of the literacy types of the mother tongue teaching programs of Türkiye and Singapore. The object of the study was whether the programs in question were qualitative as a design and add-on analysis as a method of analysis. In the analysis of the data, the literacy types in both programs, the diversity of perspectives of literacy types and the identification of differences were compared. As a result of the research, it was seen that the two comprehensive mother tongue teaching programs focused on literacy types from different perspectives. While the 2024 Turkish Language Curriculum focuses on information, digital, visual and cultural literacy types, it has been determined that the Singapore Mother Tongue Curriculum focuses on civilization literacy, global literacy, cultural and intercultural literacy, and technological literacy types. At the end of the study, suggestions were presented to achieve high success in exams aimed at measuring reading skills in Türkiye from a literacy perspective.

“Don’t Let Them Know”: The Voice of Silence and a Psychoanalytic Analysis of Narrative Techniques

Bahar TOĞUÇ — 2026-01-01

This study aims to examine Şermin Yaşar's novel “Söyleme Bilmesinler” in terms of narrative techniques and thematic structure, revealing the literary representations of internal conflicts experienced within the individual-society-family triangle. The research focuses on the role of narrative techniques, particularly polyphonic narration, inner monologue, inner dialogue, flashbacks, and leitmotifs, in making individual traumas visible. In this context, the study examines how the narrative forms used in the novel serve the psychological analysis of the characters and the thematic layers. A qualitative research approach was adopted in the study, and a case study design was used. Document analysis was chosen as the data collection tool; the data were analysed using descriptive analysis methods based on sample passages selected from the text. The analysis process was structured based on the narrator structure, character analyses, time-space construction, and thematic motifs. The findings reveal that the novel's polyphonic structure allows for an in-depth presentation of the characters' inner worlds from different perspectives. Internal monologue and flashback techniques play a central role in the narrative universe of repressed emotions and unresolved pasts. In particular, the expressions ‘helallik’ and ‘söyleme bilmesinler’ are used as leitmotifs, making the characters' emotional burdens and culture of silence visible. In conclusion, “Söyleme Bilmesinler” presents a unique narrative example in contemporary Turkish literature, both formally and thematically. The research findings indicate that the techniques used in the narration of individual traumas could serve as a source for new comparative studies. In this context, the novel provides a rich ground not only for literary analysis but also for social science readings such as gender, family communication, and generational conflicts. Furthermore, an in-depth examination of Şermin Yaşar's narrative forms in adult literature can make significant contributions to understanding the transformation of the Turkish narrative tradition.