Tarih Okulu Dergisi, Year 2026 Issue LXXX

Ideology and Netflix Algorithms

Adem KARTAL — 2026-03-07

This study aims to examine how the technological and algorithmic evolution of the Netflix platform affects viewers. In particular, it questions how the platform utilizes user data to personalize viewing experiences and how this process influences viewers’ freedom of choice. It is argued that, through the use of advanced technologies and algorithms, Netflix analyzes user experiences not with the intention of creating a space for autonomous choices, but rather with the aim of directing those choices. In this respect, Netflix is approached not merely as a platform that produces entertaining content, but as a power apparatus that governs viewer preferences. Furthermore, the study interrogates the extent to which positivist ideology infiltrates society not only through academic fields but also via such media platforms. The research employs content analysis as a qualitative method. Within this scope, LGBT character representations in six highly popular productions across various categories on the Netflix platform between 2018 and 2024 were examined (The Spy, Heartstopper, Young Royals, She-Ra and the Princesses of Power, The Haunting of Bly Manor, Duck Butter). The findings were categorized into themes and sub-themes, and the strategies of representation and normalization of LGBT characters were analyzed in relation to how they are conveyed to audiences through Netflix content. The unexpected gay kissing scene in The Spy was interpreted as an effort to normalize homosexuality and to challenge prevailing social norms. While Heartstopper introduces LGBT representation to a broader audience, emphasizing the legitimacy and normality of diverse lifestyles, Young Royals has been criticized for reducing homosexuality to superficial high school drama, potentially conveying misleading messages regarding the questioning of societal norms. The animated series She-Ra and the Princesses of Power was assessed as both an attempt to normalize LGBT representation and to disseminate it across age groups. The Haunting of Bly Manor prominently features LGBT relationships in a manner that promotes the normalization of a particular lifestyle. Lastly, Duck Butter underscores the organic nature of the LGBT lifestyle through bold and explicit scenes.

The Represention of Women In The Stories of Sabahattin Ali

Mehmet DİNÇ — 2026-03-07

Sabahattin Ali is one of the prominent writers who shaped Turkish short story writing in the Republican era. His realist and critical approach to social issues opened up a path that diverged from the conventional literary practices of his time. His success is closely linked to his ability to create vivid and compelling characters inspired by real people. In this respect, the writer’s perspective is outward-looking, directed toward society and the surrounding environment. While some of Sabahattin Ali’s stories are set in urban areas and one takes place at sea, the majority unfold in villages and small towns. In these rural narratives, the author focuses on the injustices perpetrated by local representatives of authority and influential figures with patriarchal mindsets who often act in concert. In their eyes, women are viewed as objects, sexual commodities, or members of a lower class destined to be oppressed. One of the key themes the author addresses in this context is the trauma women experience due to existential conditions. In Sabahattin Ali’s stories, one encounters not only women whose bodies and labor are exploited, but also those who suffer from heartbreak, struggle with poverty, make sacrifices, or face betrayal. It is rare to find a truly happy woman in his stories; women are consistently portrayed as having to endure the consequences of their traumas. For this reason, in our study, the difficulties women face in life are examined under various headings and the author's attitude and the social sensitivity she wants to show are examined.

THE PERCEPTION OF TÜRKİYE AND TURKS CREATED BY TURKISH TV SERIES AMONG VIEWERS: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF IRAQI VIEWERS

Erhan HANCIĞAZ — 2026-03-07

This study aims to examine the social and cultural effects of Turkish television series on Iraqi viewers in the context of Türkiye and Turkish perceptions. In today's world, where communication technologies are rapidly changing and developing, it is evident that television series have a significant impact on viewers' perceptions. Türkiye has been making its cultural impact felt globally in recent years, particularly in the Middle East and the Balkans, through its TV series. In this context, the study analyzed the impact of Turkish TV series on individuals through in-depth interviews with Iraqi nationals living in Türkiye using a qualitative method. Data obtained from semi-structured interviews with twenty participants were evaluated using descriptive analysis methods. The research findings reveal that Turkish TV series create a positive perception of Türkiye and Turkish culture among viewers, encourage language learning, and foster social and emotional closeness to Türkiye. Furthermore, despite the dilemma created by the secular lifestyle in Türkiye as a Muslim country, it was concluded that Türkiye is seen as a modern country that can be taken as an example. This study aims to contribute to the field of audience studies by conducting an in-depth examination of the perceptions of Türkiye and Turks among Iraqi viewers of Turkish TV series. It focuses on questions such as what content shapes these perceptions, how they are internalized, and what kinds of effects they have at the individual and societal levels.

Defense Expenditures and Their Relationship to Economic Growth; Analysis of Developed and Developing Countries

Hasan Furkan KAPLANAdem AKTAŞ — 2026-03-07

There are many recent studies on defense spending. Economists' studies on economic growth, particularly defense spending as a public expenditure item, have concluded that while it positively impacts some countries, particularly developed economies, it has no impact on developing economies. This study examines the impact of military defense expenditures on economic growth using a panel dataset covering eight countries from 1980 to 2024. The results of the panel data analysis indicate that military spending generally has a negative and statistically significant effect on economic growth. The lagged value of GDP is found to be positive and significant, confirming the persistence of growth. Country-level assessments reveal that military expenditures have a positive effect in the United States, India, South Korea, and Türkiye, while negative effects are observed in France, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The findings suggest that the impact of defense spending on economic growth varies depending on country-specific dynamics.

Combating Malaria in the Turkish Grand National Assembly During the Early Republican Period: Legislative Initiatives for Public Health and the Statistical Dimensions of the Disease (1920-1938)

Muhsin Ertürk BUDAK — 2026-03-07

Following its foundation, the Republic of Türkiye was confronted with numerous infectious diseases due to the inadequate healthcare infrastructure inherited from the Ottoman Empire and the devastating socio-economic consequences of prolonged wars. Among these diseases, malaria stood out as one of the most significant public health issues in terms of prevalence. This study examines the legal regulations and public policies enacted by the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye between 1920 and 1938 to combat malaria in the early Republican period. Owing to Anatolia’s geographic and socio-economic conditions, malaria had become a widespread and severe health problem during the early years of the Republic. Drawing on parliamentary proceedings, archival documents, and official gazette publications, this research analyzes the measures taken, and the legal framework developed to fight the disease. Among these measures, the 1926 Law on Malaria Control and the 1930 Public Health Law, which marked a turning point in epidemic management—stand out as the most comprehensive legislative efforts. By evaluating the successes and limitations of early Republican malaria policies, this study aims to shed light on Türkiye’s modernization process in the field of public health.

OPINIONS OF GIFTED STUDENTS ON THE HISTORY OF NUMBERS VIRTUAL MUSEUM APPLICATION

Naci KÜÇÜKGENÇAY — 2026-03-07

This study aims to examine the opinions of gifted students about their virtual museum experiences on the history of numbers. The study was conducted with the case study method, one of the qualitative research designs, and was carried out with 12 gifted students enrolled in a Science and Arts Centre in the Central Anatolia Region in the academic year 2024-2025. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed using content analysis. The results of the study were analysed under four themes: “Purpose of Museums”, “Virtual Museum Experience”, “Mathematics Museum Experience” and “Different Number Systems”. The results show that students find virtual museums informative and interesting, but they do not offer the sensory and social interaction that physical museums provide. The results also showed that the application was fun for the students. Although the concept of a mathematics museum initially surprised students, exploring the historical development of number systems enhanced their learning. Comparing number systems from different civilizations broadened their mathematical perspectives. The study highlights virtual museums as effective alternative learning environments for mathematics education. However, enriching them with more interactive content and guided applications is essential. Greater integration of virtual museums into education and the development of new applications to support learning experiences are recommended.

Clinical Authority and The Care Paradigm at The Intersection of Technology and Globalization: A Systemic Look at The History of Nursing and Health

Aydolu Algin TOROSMustafa Önder ŞEKEROĞLU — 2026-03-07

This review reconceptualizes the history of nursing and the healthcare system not as a linear chronicle of medical progress, but as a dynamic and systemic evolution shaped by clinical authority, technological integration, and health systems engineering. Historical developments—particularly in the 20th and 21st centuries—mark critical turning points where nursing evolved from a caring profession to a field of clinical decision-making and systemic management. Key drivers include the professionalization of nursing, the adoption of biomedical technology (intensive care, monitoring systems), the rise of health informatics, and the emergence of global digital health and artificial intelligence (AI). Despite being a central actor in technological adoption, systems management, and health policy, the nursing profession has often been a secondary or ancillary element in the literature. This makes it difficult to view the structural challenges faced in today's healthcare system, such as inequality, workforce shortages, technological dependence, and shifting decision-making focus, within a historical context. A historically informed analysis of nursing reveals structural continuities and discontinuities that illuminate contemporary challenges such as workforce crises, technological dependence, access inequalities, and governance gaps. Recognizing nursing as a central actor in health system design and policy is crucial for equitable and safe care in the future.

Examination of Music Education Processes of Specially Talented Students Studying at BİLSEM

Ahmet Selçuk BAYBURTLU Göktürk ERDOĞAN — 2026-03-07

This qualitative study investigates the music education processes of gifted students enrolled in Science and Art Centers (BİLSEM) under the Ministry of National Education in Turkey, drawing on the perspectives of students, parents, and teachers. Conducted in three BİLSEMs located in the city center of Erzurum, the research employed a phenomenological design, utilizing semi-structured interviews and document analysis as primary data collection techniques. The participant group comprised six music teachers, fifteen students, and fifteen parents. Findings indicate that music education had a universally positive impact (100%) on students’ academic achievement, social skills, and emotional development. Self-perceptions among students revealed that 27.59% identified as “determined,” 24.14% as “hardworking,” and 13.79% each as “ambitious” and “fond of learning.” Teachers were most frequently described as “curious” and “sociable” (12.50%), followed by “ambitious,” “enthusiastic,” and “open to learning” (8.33% each). In terms of career aspirations, all teachers (100%) assessed the likelihood of students pursuing music professionally as low, whereas 73.33% of both students and parents expressed a favorable attitude toward music as a career choice. The results highlight that music education in BİLSEMs plays a critical role in the holistic development of gifted students, while also revealing notable differences between teacher, parent, and student perspectives regarding professional orientation. These findings underscore the need to integrate comprehensive career planning and guidance services into the music education process.

The Relationship Between Secondary School Students' Innovative Thinking Tendencies and Social Emotional Learning Skills: New Perspectives in Education

Ayşenur KULOĞLUFulya Görkem ORHAN ,Fatma TUTUŞ — 2026-03-07

This study aims to determine the relationship between secondary school students' innovative thinking tendencies and their social emotional learning skills levels. The sample of the study consists of 408 secondary school students studying in Ankara in the 2024-2025 academic year. In order to collect data in the study, innovative thinking tendency and social emotional learning scales for adolescents were used. The research was carried out in the relational scanning model. In the analysis of the data, t-tests were used for pairwise comparisons, and analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA) was used for comparisons involving more than two variables. It was concluded that the mean innovative thinking dispositions of secondary school students were at a high level. It was concluded that there was no significant difference in innovative thinking tendencies based on gender and father's educational level.It was concluded that innovative thinking tendencies significantly differed according to the mother's educational level.It was concluded that the averages of social emotional learning skills were at a high level.It was concluded that social-emotional learning skills did not significantly differ based on gender, mother's educational level, or father's educational level. There is a positive and moderately significant relationship between innovative thinking tendencies and social-emotional learning skills. As the innovative thinking tendencies of secondary school students increase, their social emotional learning skills increase. In addition, it was determined that secondary school students' innovative thinking tendencies had a predictive effect on social emotional learning.

THE IMPACT OF CRYPTOCURRENCIES ON EXCHANGE RATES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHİP BETWEEN BITCOIN AND THE USD/TRY EXCHANGE RATE

İlknur Ülkü ARMAĞAN — 2026-03-07

In recent years, cryptocurrencies, particularly Bitcoin, have emerged as alternative financial investments and store of value instruments in global financial markets. In developing countries such as Türkiye, where exchange rate volatility is high, the interaction between Bitcoin and the USD/TRY exchange rate has gained importance in terms of financial market stability and investment strategies. This study analyzes the long-term relationship and causality between Bitcoin and the USD/TRY exchange rate using daily closing data from 18 July 2010 to 30 June 2025. The results of ADF and PP unit root tests indicate that the series are integrated of order one, I(1), while the Johansen cointegration test reveals a structural long term equilibrium relationship between the two variables. The VECM and Granger Causality test results show that Bitcoin has a leading effect on the USD/TRY exchange rate. Impulse Response and Variance Decomposition Analyses demonstrate that Bitcoin has a limited but gradually increasing influence on the Turkish Lira. The findings suggest that Bitcoin functions as an effective alternative dollarization instrument in Türkiye and should be considered in the formulation of financial and monetary policy instruments.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION THEORIES VIA FUZZY TOPSIS METHOD

Çağrı GÜÇLÜTENAdnan ABDULVAHİTOĞLU — 2026-03-07

Migration has been a constant feature throughout human history, driven by aspirations for better economic, social, political, or geographical opportunities. Advances in transportation and communication have elevated migration into a global phenomenon, transcending national boundaries and extending across continents. Contemporary research highlights the dynamic nature of migration drivers, which vary across spatial and temporal contexts and are increasingly influenced by evolving political uncertainties. Despite significant theoretical progress, no single framework has fully captured the multifaceted nature of migration. To address this gap, this study employs the Fuzzy TOPSIS method, a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approach, to systematically evaluate migration theories in light of diverse influencing factors. By applying this method, the research makes a novel contribution to the Web of Science database, demonstrating its effectiveness in disentangling the complexities of migration drivers. The analysis identifies the World Systems Theory as the most comprehensive framework for explaining international migration. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers aiming to develop evidence-based strategies to address migration-related challenges, emphasizing the need for nuanced, multidimensional, and context-specific approaches. Beyond advancing the theoretical understanding of migration, this study highlights the practical utility of the Fuzzy TOPSIS method in analyzing complex phenomena.

THE USE OF ICONIC ARTWORKS IN BRAND COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES: MEANING, IDENTITY, AND CONSUMPTION

Burak PEKÜN — 2026-03-07

This article examines how iconic artworks are used in brand communication through cultural, symbolic, and strategic perspectives. Brands use artworks as tools for producing identity, prestige, meaning, and a sense of belonging, alongside serving as aesthetic elements. Art lends brands a sense of distinction and cultural depth that visually, emotionally, and symbolically brings consumers closer to the brand. The study’s theoretical framework draws on Baudrillard’s concept of the commodity, Bourdieu’s cultural capital, and Belk’s extended self-concepts, as well as Mirzoeff’s visual culture understanding. This study examines the way art becomes iconic in visual culture and circulates in popular media is studied, and the article evaluates art’s place in brand identity construction, symbolic value creation, and emotional connection to interpret the relationship between art and consumer culture using cultural capital transfer and class representation. A qualitative method was used, including a literature review and analysis of example brand campaigns to analyse conceptual themes. The relationships of brands including Absolut, Benetton, Louis Vuitton, Volkswagen, and Allianz with art are examined as cultural and ideological strategies. The study considers how artists, including Magritte, Warhol, and Haring, influence advertising. The meanings art carries in brand communication have several layers, where art gives brands cultural positioning, symbolic capital, identity narratives, and differentiation power alongside aesthetic associations. Iconic art serves as a meaningful strategic component for contemporary marketing.

Limits of Invalidity and Disability Concepts in The Turkish Social Security System

Yavuz Selim KAYMAZ — 2026-03-07

Social risks are factors that individuals encounter throughout their lives and that lead to them to face the risk of need. One type of social risk, which can be classified in various ways, is “physical” risks related to physical conditions such as illness and disability. Physical risks can arise from occupational accidents and diseases, may also occur under ordinary living conditions which may put individuals at a disadvantage. Social security has the function of preventing individuals from falling into need, and states develop various protection policies in this regard. The purpose of the study is to clarify which social rights the concepts of invalidity and disability correspond to in the Turkish social security system legislation, thereby highlighting the differences between the concepts. Within this scope, invalidity insurance, disability pensions, incapacity benefits, as well as rights provided by the non-contributory system and various laws have been examined. The study systematically presents the social rights which individuals have suffered from illness or disability can access according to their insurance status.

Teachers' Opinions On Beginner Level Bağlama Teaching Program: A Needs Assessment Study

Celal ŞAHİNFerit BULUT — 2026-03-07

The aim of this research is to determine the qualities that should be present in terms of technique, etude and repertoire in beginner level bağlama teaching according to the opinions of bağlama teachers in Fine Arts High Schools where vocational music education is given, and to reveal the instructional needs in the process of developing a beginner level bağlama curriculum. In the research, survey model, one of the quantitative research methods, was used. Voluntary sampling method was used in the sample selection of the research. The study group of the research consists of 21 teachers who volunteered among the teachers working as Bağlama teachers in Fine Arts High Schools in 81 provinces. Within the scope of the research, it was determined that “the principle of easy to difficult in teaching” should be taken into consideration during the teaching of basic plectrum directions in right hand techniques, finger numbers should be used in left hand techniques, the order of teaching the places of notes (frets) in left hand techniques should be given according to “ease of learning”, and there should be basic plectrum directions in etudes, It was concluded that etudes should be in the form of “melodic etudes”, the choice of repertoire for bağlama education should be in the form of “simple folk songs in the Turkish Folk Music repertoire”, and the criteria of “easy to difficult and catchy” and “level appropriateness” should be taken into consideration in the repertoire (folk songs, works) to be used for bağlama education.

Afet İnan in the Context of Intellectual Theories: The Turkish Female Intellectual of Republican Modernization

Dilşad TÜRKMENOĞLU KÖSESaadet DUMAN — 2026-03-07

Intellectuals are known as thinkers who guide society with their ideas. The primary role of early Republican intellectuals was to serve the state's modernization goal. In this article, Afet İnan, one of the female intellectuals of the early Republican period, is examined and analyzed within the context of the intellectual theories of Antonio Gramsci, Edward Said, and Pierre Bourdieu. Although various studies, theses, and articles have been written about belief, it has been observed that there is no study that directly examines it within the framework of Enlightenment theories. In this study, İnan's intellectual identity was analyzed from a theoretical perspective, and an attempt was made to reveal the characteristics of the female intellectual profile in the modernization of the Republic. In this context, the article seeks answers to the following questions: How is the concept of "intellectual" defined and how has it developed historically in Turkey? What positions and roles did intellectuals assume during the early Republican period? How do Antonio Gramsci, Edward Said, and Pierre Bourdieu define the intellectual? How are the intellectuals in question evaluated according to definitions of enlightenment? Qualitative methods were used in the research, and data were collected thru literature review and document analysis. İnan's various works, academic studies about him, and theses written about him were examined, and the data obtained were interpreted using the descriptive analysis method. The findings indicate that İnan aligns with Pierre Bourdieu's classification of the intellectual field, has acquired a high level of symbolic capital, and utilizes his scientific authority in an intertwined manner with the state. He can be considered part of the organic intellectual class created by the Republican elite, but it can be said that he remained free from criticism because he did not tell the truth to those in power and was not in an opposition position. According to research findings, it can be said that İnan was an intellectual who chose inner transformation and acted in harmony with the state rather than against it.

Examination of 2024 Social Studies Curriculum in Terms of Digital Citizenship

Emine KARASU AVCISaim TURAN — 2026-03-07

With the rapid development of science and technology, it is known that the understanding of citizenship has transformed into digitalization. Many factors, such as receiving services through applications such as e-pulse, e-government, e-school, e-mail, online shopping, and following publications online, reveal the change in the understanding of citizenship. Especially after the Covid-19 pandemic, the world has taken important steps towards digitalization. The fact that the Social Studies course is based on raising good and effective citizens has caused it to be one of the most important courses affected by digitalization in this process. The citizens of the future need to be able to use information technologies correctly and in accordance with ethical principles. This study examines how digital citizenship is addressed in the 2024 Social Studies Curriculum, which was updated within the scope of the Turkish Century Education Model. In this context, the document analysis technique, one of the qualitative research models, was utilized in the study. The data were analyzed through content analysis. In the 2024 Social Studies Curriculum, it was determined that digital citizenship is addressed to digital literacy skills in the basic approach of the course and digital literacy and digital security sub-dimensions of digital citizenship in its specific objectives. Under the title of cross-curricular components, it is seen that digital citizenship is included within the scope of information technologies and digital literacy skills and values such as honesty, privacy, freedom, respect, and responsibility. Within the content framework, all learning areas were found to be related to digital citizenship. However, the content of the Technology and Social Sciences learning area was associated with digital citizenship more than other learning areas in terms of content framework, keywords, and interdisciplinary relations. It is seen that there is a limited number of findings regarding measurement and evaluation in the program.

Spiritual Values in the Poems of Âşık Noksanî From the Perspective of the Teachings of Hacı Bektaş Veli

Ethem GÜRHAN — 2026-03-07

This study aims to examine the Varoluş poem by âşık Noksanî in the context of contemporary value education, focusing on its potential as a cultural source for ethical instruction. The study adopts a qualitative research design and employs document analysis as the main technique. Thematic analysis revealed that core values such as patience, self-discipline, humility, pursuit of truth, and social responsibility are deeply embedded within the symbolic structure of the poem. Findings suggest that oral culture products like this poem can serve as effective instruments for value transmission; however, the symbolic and metaphorical language of such texts necessitates pedagogical adaptation for meaningful educational integration. This research contributes to the theoretical discourse on culturally embedded approaches to value education and underscores the importance of integrating traditional narratives into contemporary educational frameworks.

Prosodic Perception Skills of Those Learning Turkish as a Foreign Language

Gökçen TEKİNBayan AGABEK — 2026-03-07

The ability to correctly produce, perceive, and use prosody, which completes the semantic integrity of speech, is a common problem students encounter when teaching Turkish as a foreign language, as in every language. This study examined the prosody perception skills of C1 students whose native languages are Kazakh and Arabic and who are learning Turkish as a foreign language at TÖMER in the 2024-2025 academic year. The sample of this case study, designed as a purposive sampling, consisted of 58 students. Prosody perception sentences prepared by the researchers were used as data collection tools. This test consists of a total of 72 items, 24 items each for grammatical, pragmatic, and emotional prosody. The students were asked to identify the pronoun foci in the sentences they listened to, based on the audio recordings prepared based on the prosody sentences given to them. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20 by determining appropriate tests. As a result of the analysis, although the significant difference in the pragmatic and emotional prosody dimensions originates from Kazakh, a dialect of Turkish, no significant difference was found between the two languages in the grammatical prosody dimension.

Social Workers’ “Field Instructor” Experiences

Gül KARAHAN ÇOBAN — 2026-03-07

The aim of this research is to explore the experiences of social workers who provide field instruction to undergraduate students of the social work department using a qualitative design and phenomenological approach. In connection with the aim of the study, the data of the research were collected through in-depth interviews with social workers who also serve as field instructors for undergraduate students in the social work department in the institution where they work. In the research, four themes were identified, including the participants' views on their professional lives, how they make sense of being a field instructor, their views on the difficulties of being a field instructor, and their evaluations of the application process. The research ultimately shows that field instruction has an important function that contributes to professional satisfaction for social workers, that they perceive practice as a field that has their own knowledge and is different from the theoretical process at school, that they transfer professional knowledge to students within a master-apprentice relationship, that their experiences with their own counselors are decisive in the process of learning to be a field instructor, and that they develop their own understanding of counseling in the process. Furthermore, it was found that the most significant factor that facilitates the implementation process and makes it more efficient is the students' willingness to engage in the implementation process and learn professional practices. Conversely, the intense workload in institutions and the inadequacy of physical conditions are factors that hinder effective implementation training for them. The results point to the need for training for field instruction that the basic topics at the beginning of the process and when needed, and for mechanisms to be created that will ensure that they have access to an experienced field instructor from whom they can get support whenever they need it.

The Sunnah of Some Traditions with the Practice of the Prophet Muhammad (The Example of Kaylula Sleep)

Mehmet Emin ÇİFTÇİ — 2026-03-07

The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) did not establish a custom completely independent of the tradition of the society he came from, and he implemented the traditions of the society that were appropriate to the religion, as well as making changes from the ones that could be reformed. The practices of the Prophet Muhammad were later tried to be classified as obligatory, sunnah, and recommended. For example, cupping therapy, which was one of the traditions of the society, was considered sunnah with the practice of the Prophet Muhammad. Again, the Prophet Muhammad had practices and recommendations regarding kaylula sleep, which is one of the traditions of the Arab society. The fact that no independent study has been conducted on the subject of kaylula, the existence of many news on the subject, and the various approaches to issues such as the time, ruling, and practice of kaylula necessitated the conduct of this study. In this article, firstly, the literal meaning of kaylula and the tradition of kaylula were investigated. Then, Hz. The Prophet's practices and recommendations have been evaluated. It is aimed that the narrations regarding the Kaylula sleep will contribute to the studies on the hadith/sunnah and tradition relationship and the classification of sunnah in this direction. In the research conducted, it has been determined that the kaylula in the Arab tradition has an important place in the lives of Muslims with the application of the Prophet and his recommendation of it. When the Prophet's hadiths, actual application and connection with worships are taken into consideration, it can be stated that the kaylula, an Arab tradition, has gained the quality of sunnah.

A Study on the Image of “Being Sultan of Egypt” in Divan Poetry

Mehmet ŞAHİN — 2026-03-07

This article explores the various uses and layered meanings of the motif “to become the sultan of Egypt” within the rich imagery of Classical Turkish literature. The motif is primarily grounded in the Qur’ānic narrative of Joseph, and its semantic dimensions are analyzed through classical textual analysis, thematic classification, comparative literature, and historical-contextual approaches. The study demonstrates that the image of Egypt appears foremost as an aesthetic element in Divan poetry. Compounds such as Miṣr-ı hüsn and Miṣr-ı cemâl were employed to highlight the beloved’s unique beauty, aligning it with the wealth and magnificence of Egypt. Drawing on the story of Joseph, the motif came to symbolize spiritual maturation and elevation, particularly in Sufi poetry, where it depicted the state of the seeker who disciplines the self, endures trials, and ultimately attains a mystical rank. Within the historical context of the Ottoman Empire’s relations with Egypt—especially after the reign of Sultan Selim I—the image also gained prominence as a symbol of political power and worldly authority. The article illustrates how different poets enriched the motif in diverse ways: Ahmed Paşa employed it in the context of beauty and love; Hayâlî emphasized mystical ascent; Şeyh Gâlib used complex metaphorical expressions; Fuzûlî approached it through the suffering of love and the longing for union; and Bâkî highlighted sovereignty and temporal rule. Some poets, going beyond conventional uses, developed original interpretations. Compounds such as Miṣr-ı dil (land of the heart), Miṣr-ı ma‘rifet (land of knowledge), and Ken‘ân-ı aşk (land of love) serve as notable examples of such innovative applications. Ultimately, the motif of “to become the sultan of Egypt” functions in Divan poetry as more than a simple historical or geographical reference. It expresses aesthetic ideals, conveys the process of spiritual perfection, represents political authority, and symbolizes patience and success. Its continued resonance today stands as an important testament to the imaginal richness and cultural depth of the Turkish poetic tradition.

Iraqi King Ghazi's Activities And The Reflections Of His Death On The Turkish Press (1933-1939)

Melek YENİSU — 2026-03-07

Iraq was called Mesopotamia in the early periods of history and has maintained its importance throughout history due to its fertile lands and strategic location and has hosted many civilizations. This geography, which was dominated by the Ottoman Empire for many years, came under the mandate administration of the British after the First World War. In order to ensure its influence and control in Iraq, Britain made Faisal, the son of Sharif Hussein, King of Iraq. In 1933, after Faisal’s death, his son Ghazi became King. Although the British officially recognized Iraq’s independence in 1932, they continued to exert their influence over the country during the reign of King Ghazi. While there were government crises and rebellions in domestic politics during the reign of King Ghazi, it was observed that Iraq established good relations with its neighbors in foreign politics. The Sadabat Pact, which consisted of Türkiye, Iran and Afghanistan, including Iraq, was an important step for peace and security in the region. King Ghazi was seen as a leader who would ensure Arab unity by Arab nationalists in the unstable Arab geography. The death of King Ghazi in a traffic accident in 1939 deeply affected Iraq. The British Consul in Mosul was killed due to the suspicion that King Ghazi had been assassinated. The aim of this study is to reveal the reflections in Türkiye, which maintained good neighborly relations, of the activities and death of King Gazi, who portrayed a young and idealistic leader in the Middle East. In this study, archival documents, newspaper and audit works were used. The study shows that the Turkish press followed King Gazi's activities in Iraq and that his death caused great sadness in Türkiye, as it did in Iraq, which is referred to as a brother country.

Criticisms and Suggestions on the Turkish Education System, With a Special Focus on the “Turkish Education National Commission Report”

Meral KAYABAŞI — 2026-03-07

In the aftermath of the Second World War, Türkiye began to develop bilateral relations, especially with the United States of America, as part of its attempts to take its place on the Western side. However, the American educator John Dewey's visit to Türkiye in 1924 and his report can be considered as the starting point of this bilateral relationship. Although relations with this country, especially in the field of education, started during the Single Party rule, this situation continued to increase during the Democrat Party rule. With the transition to multi-party political life, foreign experts from the United States were invited to the country for educational studies. During the DP period, a National Commission on Turkish Education was established, supported by the Ford Foundation and composed of both foreign and Turkish experts. The commission prepared its report after conducting domestic and foreign examinations. This report, in which the problems of the Turkish education system were put forward as a whole and solution proposals were presented, is one of the important documents affecting the Turkish education system, especially primary education programs, Primary Education Law, development plans and National Education Councils. In this article, among the recommendations for the problems identified by the members of the Turkish National Commission on Education for the Turkish secondary education system, the titles that were taken into consideration and put into practice by Turkish educators and policy makers are discussed.

Definition and Classification of Disability Types and Sports Branches Suitable for Disability Types: A Theoretical Analysis

Mustafa HAN — 2026-03-07

The aim of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the role of individuals with disabilities in the field of physical education and sports and to present detailed information on the definitions and classifications of disability types, as well as the appropriate sports branches for each disability group, so that sports practices can be specifically designed according to their needs. This research was designed as a theoretical analysis using the document analysis technique, one of the qualitative research methods. It examined academic literature, disability legislation, information sources such as DSM-5 and ICD-11, and classification systems and data published by organizations like the World Health Organization and the International Paralympic Committee. Additionally, studies published between 2000 and 2025, including articles, books, theses, official reports, regulations, and international classification systems, were reviewed. Data collection and literature review were conducted through databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, SportDiscus, ERIC, Web of Science, and Scopus. Since no primary data collection was used, ethical approval was not required. The data obtained were evaluated and interpreted using content analysis in line with the qualitative research approach. Under separate headings for each type of disability, definitions, classifications, and appropriate sports branches were presented based on individuals’ abilities, disability types, and their physical, sensory, and cognitive capacities. The findings revealed that there are basically ten main disability types, but their definitions and classifications are often misunderstood, and outdated or invalid terms are still used in many academic studies. In conclusion, accurately identifying disability types and the suitable sports branches for each group is of great importance for maximizing the participation of individuals with disabilities in physical education and sports. This study provides a holistic and theoretical framework that may serve as a resource for educators and future researchers in the field.

Examining the Relationship Between Instagram Addiction, Communication Skills, and Loneliness in Adults

Seda KIYAK ERBİLDİKMuhammed AKAT ,Erdal HAMARTA — 2026-03-07

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between Instagram addiction, communication skills, and loneliness in adults. The study was designed using a relational model. The study sample consisted of 343 adults. There were no missing data, and analyses were conducted using data from all participants. To collect the data, participants completed a Personal Information Form, the Instagram Addiction Scale, the Communication Skills Scale, and the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were conducted using the SPSS 25. Mediation analysis was performed using SPSS Process Macro, Model 4. The findings indicated that communication skills have both a direct effect and an indirect effect via loneliness on Instagram addiction. In other words, communication skills directly influence Instagram addiction while also affecting it indirectly through loneliness.

Is the Cihânnümâ a ‘Travel Book’ Text?

Gamze MUTLU — 2026-03-07

Kâtib Çelebi (born 1609-died 1657) was an Ottoman intellectual who could not remain indifferent to the political failures and economic imbalances that emerged in the 17th century Ottoman society and tried to find solutions and remedies and shared his suggestions with the society through some of his works. Cihânnümâ is also a systematic ‘geography book’ that he wrote with a social concern, believing in the usefulness of geography in state administration, as a result of his increasing interest in geography and cartography after the Crete Expedition in 1645. However, Cihânnümâ can also be perceived or introduced as a ‘travelogue’ by some researchers. Although they occupy a very small place in Cihânnümâ, the fact that Kâtib Çelebi occasionally included his own experiences and observations from the expeditions he went on as an army clerk due to his civil service, and also the misunderstanding regarding some passages which bear the characteristics of a ‘travelogue’ in the textual sources he used also belongs to the author, must have caused such a perception. This article will focus on some passages that give Cihânnümâ its ‘travelogue’ character and add originality because they include Kâtib Çelebi’s experiences and observations whilst trying to show that Cihânnümâ is not fundamentally a ‘travelogue’ text; neither in terms of its purpose of writing nor its content, but rather a ‘geography book’ based on compilation and reliance on textual sources. In addition to that, some lexical and grammatical clues will be given on how to prevent the confusion caused by the writing style of Kâtib Çelebi, which made it difficult to distinguish the information in the textual sources he used from the information belonging to him, and the false attributions that have emerged due to this style, up until now in the scientific community. Therefore, these clues, which enable us to distinguish the information belonging to Kâtib Çelebi from the information taken from the textual sources he used, will help us make a more accurate judgment regarding the unique value and originality Cihânnümâ carries apart from its textual sources.

The Role of Cognitive And Emotional Factors in Financial Decisions: An Evaluation of Individual Investors in Turkey From A Behavioral Finance Perspective

Melik YOLCİ — 2026-03-07

It is frequently observed that individual investors make investment choices based on irrational or unpredictable decisions. This study represents a comprehensive effort to analyze the dynamics of financial decision-making and the factors influencing individuals during these processes. Accordingly, the research aims to examine the impact of psychological tendencies-such as overconfidence, loss or regret aversion, herd behavior, and familiarity-on the investment preferences of individual investors. The sample of the study consists of 394 participants selected through a simple random sampling method across Turkey. A structured questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument, and the data were obtained via online platforms. The collected data were analyzed using various statistical techniques. Frequency and descriptive statistical analyses were conducted to determine participants’ demographic characteristics and general investment behavior trends. To identify differences between groups, independent sample t-tests and one-way analysis of variance were employed. Additionally, correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationships between psychological tendencies and investment decisions. The findings reveal that investment decisions are not solely based on economic reasoning; they are also shaped by individuals’ psychological tendencies, social environments, and demographic characteristics. In light of these results, developing investment strategies that consider behavioral finance traits of individuals may contribute to more effective and sustainable decision-making processes.

Biographies of the Chief Black Eunuchs (Darusaade Aghas) “Ravzatü’l-Küberâ”

Zeynep BAŞPINAR GÜVENÇ — 2026-03-07

The office of the Chief Black Eunuch (Darussaade Aghas) in the Ottoman palace was established in 1574 with the appointment of Habeşî Mehmed Ağa, and from this date onwards, the powers of the Chief Gatekeepers (Babussaade Aghas) were restricted. The Chief Black Eunuchs were responsible not only for managing the imperial harem but also for overseeing the Haremeyn endowments (Evkaf), which elevated their status to that of a vizier. Their duties included maintaining order within the palace, managing the Haremeyn foundations, and organizing the Surre-i Hümayun caravan to the holy cities. One of the earliest biographical works on the Chief Black Eunuchs is Ahmed Resmî Efendi’s Hamîletü’l-Küberâ. Ali Said’s Ravzatü’l-Küberâ, on the other hand, provides biographies of the Chief Black Eunuchs from Habeşî Mehmed Ağa to Abdülgani Ağa and is particularly important for studying those who served after the 18th century. During their tenure, the Chief Black Eunuchs engaged in philanthropic activities, building various mosques, schools, and fountains. However, Ravzatü’l-Küberâ contains certain omissions, particularly regarding 19th-century Chief Black Eunuchs, which may suggest a bias due to the author Ali Said’s close relationship with Abdülgani Ağa. Therefore, a critical analysis of the work, considering this potential bias, is necessary.

Investigation of Academics' Perceptions of Ethics in Universities

Muhammed Enes KAN — 2026-03-07

This study aims to examine the ethical perceptions of university faculty. The study was designed using a qualitative research approach, and data were collected from lecturers through interviews. The obtained data were analyzed using the content analysis method. According to the study's findings, lecturers drew attention to assignments that increase workload, as well as to unethical practices in the academic staff recruitment and course distribution processes. Unethical practices against students were highlighted as faculty members advising too many graduate students, discriminating against students, and not teaching courses on scheduled days and hours. Lecturers believe that unethical practices are caused by personal emotions, such as the desire for more money, jealousy, competition, and a desire for revenge, as well as increasing social corruption. Lecturers who believe unethical behaviors cause unrest in the workplace, discredit the institution, and reduce the efficiency of education and training state these actions could be reduced by placing more importance on merit in universities, providing ethics training to citizens and public personnel, and establishing ethical standards.

Ottoman Architecture in Bartın According to the Shariyye Registers

Abdül Halim VAROL — 2026-03-07

Bartın, which was under the rule of various societies for centuries, showed significant development under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The shariyye registries, which started to be kept in Bartın in the last period of the Ottoman Empire, enabled the recording of various events in the city. Depending on the subject of these records, information about the architectural structures built in Bartın can be found directly or indirectly. In this regard, the architectural structures mentioned in the Bartın shariyye registers numbered 801, 803, 807 and 808 were identified and discussed within the scope of the subject. These records, which reflect the events between 1888 and 1913, warehouses, mosques, fountains, barns, mills, dervish lodges, shops, houses, inns, mansions, wells, stores, madrasahs, schools, masjids, taverns, guesthouses, haystacks, water fortresses, jail, and offices are mentioned. Among these, houses are the most common type of architectural structure, as they are often used to describe location. In addition to location, some are also indicated by the number of rooms, number of storeys and property value. After houses, commercial buildings are mentioned the most. This situation points to the commercial activity in the Ottoman period in Bartın, which had a bazaar-centered city structure. It is very important that the records include information on mosques, masjids, lodges and madrasahs that have not survived to the present day. This study aims to highlight the importance of shariyye registers in studying Ottoman architectural works and urban fabric, as exemplified by Bartın.

Teacher Candidates’ Views on The Use of Padlet as a Web 2.0 Tool in Digital Writing: Reflections on Artificial Intelligence-Supported Features

Emrullah BANAZ — 2026-03-07

With the increasing integration of digital writing skills, Web 2.0 tools, and artificial intelligence–supported applications into educational settings, these components have become progressively more significant in teacher education processes. In this context, examining teacher candidates’ experiences with tools used in digital writing instruction is essential for developing effective and sustainable pedagogical approaches. The purpose of this study is to explore teacher candidates’ views on the use of Padlet as a Web 2.0 tool in digital writing and their perceptions of its artificial intelligence–supported features. The study was designed using a qualitative research approach and conducted within a phenomenological framework. The sample consisted of 40 teacher candidates enrolled in a faculty of education who experienced the use of Padlet as part of a course. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview form administered via Google Forms and analyzed using content analysis with the support of MAXQDA 20. The findings indicate that teacher candidates perceive Padlet as a collaborative and multimodal tool that supports the digital writing process. Additionally, artificial intelligence–supported features such as voice and image generation were viewed as elements that enhance motivation and support productivity. However, the results also highlight a need for pedagogical guidance regarding the use of artificial intelligence in educational contexts. Accordingly, it is recommended that teacher education programs increase the inclusion of applied and critically oriented content related to Web 2.0 and artificial intelligence–supported digital writing practices.

Meaning Framework and Classification of “Rise” and “Fall” in Classical Turkish Literature (Example of Sebk-i Hindî)

Şemsettin PINARMete Bülent DEGER — 2026-03-07

In this study, the usage of the concepts of “rise” and “fall” in Classical Turkish Literature in the divans of Nâilî, Fehîm-i Kadîm and Şeyh Gâlip, who are Sebk-i Hindî poets, and the classification and evaluation within the framework of the aforementioned concepts based on these usages. This study aims to present a systematic classification of the uses of rise and fall Classical Turkish Literature. In this context, firstly, information about Classical Turkish Literature and Sebk-i Hindî is given and then the meaning framework of the concepts of “rise” and “fall” is determined. Then, within the framework of these determinations, the uses of “rise” and “fall” are classified separately. In the study, the notions of “rise” in Classical Turkish Literature are classified under 6 headings: “Rise in the meaning of authority and status”, “rise in the meaning of gaining value, exaltation/glorify”, “rise in the meaning of establishment and development”, “rise in the meaning of religious and mystical sense”, “rise in the meaning of mythological” and “rise and its reflections as symbolic”. Similarly, the notions of “fall” are analyzed under six headings: “Fall in the sense of authority and status”, “fall in the sense of losing value and falling out of favor”, “fall in the sense of ending development and regressing”, “fall in the religious and mystical sense”, “fall in the mythological sense” and “symbolic fall and its reflections”.Due to the nature and volume of the study, not all the couplets identified and evaluated in this context could be included in our study, but the relevant parts of some poems selected by us were included in our study. As a result of this study, the determination and classification of the semantic framework of “rise” and “fall” in Classical Turkish Literature in the context of the aforementioned Sebk-i Hindî poets is considered to be important and especially the classifications made regarding the use of these concepts will set an example for future studies on this subject.

Investigation of the Relationship Between Teachers' Technopedagogical Competences and the Levels of Technology Acceptance in Emergency Distance Education Processes and Their Attitudes to Distance

Caner SUNAYAdnan KÜÇÜKOĞLU — 2026-03-07

This study examined the direct and indirect relationships between the technopedagogical competencies and technology acceptance levels of teachers who were exposed to emergency distance education and their attitudes towards distance education. The research was conducted with a correlational model. In this context, the model designed to determine the mediating relationship between teachers' technopedagogical competencies and technology acceptance levels in emergency distance education processes and their attitudes towards distance education was tested. In the data collection process, “technopedagogical content knowledge scale”, “teachers' technology acceptance scale”, and teacher self-efficacy scale in distance education “attitude scale towards distance education” were used. The study group consisted of teachers working in the central districts of Erzurum Province and exposed to the emergency distance education process during the pandemic. In this context, the model designed with 472 teachers reached through the criterion sampling method was tested. In this research process, the predictive relationship patterns between the variables were analyzed with SEM. The findings have determined that teacher self-efficacy has a partial mediating role in the relationship between teachers' technopedagogical competence and technology acceptance levels and their attitudes towards distance education in emergency distance education processes.

Development of the Alternative Assessment and Evaluation Self-Efficacy Scale for Teachers: A Validity and Reliability Study

Büşra HARMANDARFatmanur ÇİMEN ,Ayşegül KAYAR MUSLU ,Fatih VEYİS — 2026-03-07

In the 21st century, the skills and competencies expected from individuals have evolved. This change, which directly impacts teaching processes, has also influenced assessment and evaluation practices as well as the techniques employed. These techniques, referred to as alternative assessment and evaluation, require teachers to possess various competencies. Accordingly, there is a need for measurement tools that can assess teachers’ competencies in alternative assessment and evaluation. To this end, the present study aimed to develop a scale capable of determining teachers’ self-efficacy regarding these techniques. The resulting scale was found to explain 70% of the variance, consisting of 26 items structured into two components. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the two-factor structure of the scale, with subdimension fit indices meeting the required criteria. Reliability analyses indicated an internal consistency coefficient of 0.97. Overall, the findings suggest that the developed scale is valid and reliable and can be used in future research in this area.

Divine Love in the Divan-i Theology of Ümmî Sinân Halveti

Mahmut Askeri KÜÇÜKKAYA — 2026-03-07

Ümmî Sinân, who expressed her Sufi thoughts through poetry, has a well-deserved reputation in Sufi literature. She wrote her poems mostly in the aruz meter. Ümmî Sinân expressed her thoughts and feelings about divine love in her poems and all her poems were shaped within this framework. Ümmî Sinân, who was a member of the Halvetîyye order, displayed an understanding focused on love for Allah, the Prophet and humanity in her Sufi services in Antalya, Elmalı, Kütahya, Uşak, Denizli and various parts of Anatolia. Ümmî Sinân pointed out the ideal human type who experienced true love in her poems. While expressing her thoughts about divine love, she referred to information related to the subject. She tried to express all the meanings that could be included in the concept of divine love in poetry. This study was conducted to determine what kind of reflections Ümmî Sinân’s views on divine love pointed to in Sufism. For this reason, poems related to divine love were discussed in Divan-ı İlâhiyat. The subjects discussed in the poems were tried to be determined, and the couplets that were compatible with each other in terms of perspective and theme regarding divine love were evaluated. With this study, the existence of a rich accumulation was determined in the comparison of Ümmî Sinân's poems with the expressions of other poet Sufis on the same or similar subjects. It was seen that Ümmî Sinân's views on divine love were understandable and plain. It was observed that a rich accumulation in terms of meaning was reflected in the form of poetry.

FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION IN THE HISTORY OF TÜRKİYE

Zeynep YILDIZ ÇELEBİSelim Hilmi ÖZKAN — 2026-03-07

This study examines the history of foreign language teaching in Türkiye, revealing the Turkish nation's historical interactions with neighboring countries and how this necessitated the learning of various foreign languages. The study examines a complex historical context, beginning with the pre-Republic of Türkiye, where clear historical boundaries are difficult to delineate. In this context, the study adopts a qualitative historical research methodology, analyzing data obtained from archival documents, textbooks, educational policies, and academic sources both thematically and chronologically. The research process specifically considered the socio-political dynamics that shaped the languages taught, the methods used, and curricular changes. Findley (2005) states that the history of the Republic of Türkiye extends along three lines: Anatolian, Islamic, and Turkish heritage. Copeaux (1998) examined Turkish history textbooks (1931–1993) and demonstrated that national historical narratives integrated Islamic history as part of national history while often excluding ancient civilizations outside of Anatolia. Based on this historical context, the study recognizes the Huns, Göktürks, Uyghurs, Karakhanids, Ghaznavids, Great Seljuks, Anatolian Seljuks, and the Ottoman Empire as foundational pillars in the development of Türkiye. It divides the historical periods into 'pre-Islam' and 'post-Islam,' noting the limited documentation of the education system before Islam but acknowledging the importance of Arabic and Persian languages after the Islamic conversion. The 'post-Islam' period includes the Great Seljuks, Karakhanids, Ghaznavids, Anatolian Seljuks, and the Ottoman Empire, further divided into pre-school and school periods, with Arabic initially predominant and later replaced by French, German, and English. Subsequently, the Republican era brought about notable modifications to the educational framework, encompassing adjustments to the teaching of foreign languages. With an emphasis on the instructional strategies, techniques, and resources used, this study seeks to give a concise history of foreign language instruction in Türkiye.