Tarih Okulu Dergisi, Year 2026 Issue LXXXI

QİYĀS UPON QİYĀS İN ḤANBALĪ UṢŪL AND THE ISSUE OF TAʿLĪL WİTH ʿILLA AL-QĀṢIRA: A CHRONOLOGİCAL ANALYSİS

Ekrem KOÇ — 2026-04-05

This article examines the theoretical and methodological evolution of qiyās (analogical reasoning) within the Ḥanbalī school of Islamic legal theory, with a particular focus on the issues of “qiyās upon qiyās (qiyās ʿalā qiyās)” and “taʿlīl bi-l-ʿilla al-qāṣira”. The study aims to comparatively analyze the intra-sect differences in approach to the issues above by drawing on the textual contributions of leading representatives of the Ḥanbalī legal theory tradition, spanning from Abū Yaʿlā al-Farrāʾ (d. 458/1066) to Ibn al-Najjār al-Futūḥī (d. 962/1574). Existing scholarship often explores such debates from an inter-school perspective, typically presenting each legal tradition as internally uniform. The findings of the study reveal that some Ḥanbalī legal theorists categorically rejected the concept of qiyās upon qiyās, while others accepted it with specific qualifications; likewise, in the issue of reasoning with a restricted effective cause (taʿlīl bi-l-ʿilla al-qāṣira), there exist clear methodological divergences regarding the definition, scope, and transmissibility of the ʿilla. These divergences reveal that Ḥanbalī legal reasoning is not a static or monolithic structure but a dynamic intellectual framework shaped by historical context and individual juristic agency. By uncovering this often-overlooked internal diversity, the article offers a systematic reassessment of the Ḥanbalī school's unique contributions to the theory of analogy within classical uṣūl al-fiqh discourse.

Ethical Responsibilities in Professional Music Education

Ezgi TEKGÜL — 2026-04-05

The aim of this research is to outline the fundamental principles and approaches of ethical responsibilities in professional music education. The focus of the study is to identify ethical issues encountered in professional music education and analyze how these issues are addressed by educators, students, and educational institutions. The research discusses the relationship between ethical obligations such as protecting individual rights, respecting diversity, and providing a fair learning environment in the context of professional music education. The balance between the commercial aspect of music education and the preservation of art and culture is also an important dimension of this study. Professional music education goes beyond merely imparting technical skills; it is a significant process where individuals develop their artistic and cultural identities and engage with societal values. Music education aims to encourage individuals to embrace free thinking, artistic integrity, respect for diversity, and an understanding of their social responsibilities. In this context, ethical responsibilities hold a crucial place in the music education process, as they do in every aspect and branch of education. This study follows a qualitative design, and the data were obtained through document analysis. Based on the findings, the ethical responsibilities that all components of professional music education should possess are elaborated in detail. It was observed that the most frequently encountered ethical principles are framed within the concepts of justice, respect, and tolerance. Based on the results of the research, suggestions have been developed for music teachers, academics, and educational institutions to strengthen ethical practices, to better understand ethical responsibilities in music education, and to integrate these responsibilities into the teaching process.

Value-Based Approach in Mathematics Education: An Analysis of the Curriculum and Textbook within the Framework of Virtue-Value-Action

Fatma ERDOĞANHafize Gamze KIRMIZIGÜL — 2026-04-05

The Century of Türkiye Education Model (CTEM) is structured with a holistic approach that centers both the cognitive and axiological development of the individual. Mathematics, in this context, is not solely a rational discipline but also a value-sensitive field of learning. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to explore how the middle school mathematics curriculum and the fifth-grade mathematics textbook, developed within the scope of CTEM, are structured in alignment with the Virtue-Value-Action (VVA) framework. This research adopts a document analysis design. The curriculum and 5th-grade textbooks prepared within the context of CTEM serve as data collection tools. These documents were analyzed through directed content analysis based on the VVA framework. The findings reveal that the values embedded in the curriculum vary by theme and grade level. In particular, the themes “Numbers and Quantities” and “Statistical Investigation Process” stand out as the areas where values are most densely associated, especially those with individual and social emphasis. The highest concentration of values is found at the sixth-grade level. The most frequently emphasized values are diligence, frugality, respect, and sensitivity, while some values-such as patience, modesty, love, and family unity-are not represented at all. The inclusion of more abstract values in the eighth grade suggests that the program is structured according to developmental levels. Additionally, the findings indicate that in the fifth-grade mathematics textbook, values are conveyed not only through content but also through presentation style, activity design, and visual elements, supporting value acquisition via implicit learning. Recommendations include expanding the use of implicit learning strategies and conducting ethnographic classroom studies.

Land Loss and State Continuity Due to Climate Change: Alternative Strategies of Tuvalu and Kiribati

Gül Seda ACET İNCE — 2026-04-05

This study aims to evaluate the effects of sea level rise due to climate change on island states in the context of international law. The question of how a state's sovereignty, international personality, citizenship structure and maritime jurisdiction areas can be protected in the event of the complete disappearance of its land masses is addressed, particularly through the examples of Tuvalu and Kiribati. In light of normative sources such as the Montevideo Convention, UNCLOS, ITLOS advisory opinions and Pacific Islands Forum declarations, the validity of traditional elements of statehood in the climate era was questioned in the study. In this analysis based on literature review, alternative models for the sustainability of sovereignty were examined through strategies such as digital state, fixed coastline and planned migration despite the loss of the territorial element. Pointing out the gaps in existing international legal regulations, reform proposals such as the fixed border protocol, the recognition of digital states and a new agreement on climate refugees were presented. In this context, the main argument of the study is that the international legal existence of states that experience physical territorial loss is sustainable and that this process is both legally possible and morally necessary.

A Qualitative Study on the Theme of Artificial Intelligence in Communication Studies

Hülya ANAKIZ ERTÜRKSerhat MADSAR — 2026-04-05

The intensive use of artificial intelligence applications in daily life and business processes makes it inevitable to examine the function and effects of these technologies. As a matter of fact, artificial intelligence applications have brought about significant transformations in many areas from business processes to wearable technology. Undoubtedly, the field of communication, which progresses in parallel with technological developments, has gained different application areas with artificial intelligence applications. Moreover, it can be said that artificial intelligence applications have made significant contributions to the interdisciplinary dimension of the field of communication with new fields of study and topics. In this direction, this study aims to determine the relationship between artificial intelligence and communication and to examine the topics and themes through which this relationship is formed. For this purpose, 179 articles on artificial intelligence and communication were reached and qualitative content analysis method was applied. According to the results of the study, it has been observed that studies in the field of artificial intelligence and communication are generally conducted in the context of mainstream / managerial research and critical studies are quite limited. In addition, it was concluded that artificial intelligence enables the use of new research designs in the field of communication through experimental research and creates different research topics such as human machine communication.

The Impact of Omnichannel Integration Quality on Customer Value, Empowerment, Engagement and Sales

Mehmet ETLİOĞLU — 2026-04-05

This study systematically investigates the effects of omnichannel channel integration quality on consumer purchase intention within the basic Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) paradigm. It focuses on how different integration dimensions—channel service configuration quality and integrated interaction quality—act as environmental stimuli (S) and influence three consumer internal states (O), namely perceived value, customer involvement, and consumer empowerment, ultimately translating into behavioral responses (R). Using a quantitative research design, the proposed relationships were tested using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 24.0 statistical packages. The analysis confirmed the high reliability and convergent validity of all measurement constructs. The empirical results confirmed all the hypothesized direct and indirect paths through the S-O-R framework. Integration quality stimuli strongly predicted all three organismic states, which in turn significantly increased purchase intention. The study found a partial mediation, confirming that three psychological constructs moderate the effect of integration quality on purchase intention. This study successfully validates the systematic application of the S-O-R model in an omnichannel environment and provides a detailed and nuanced view of how integration quality dimensions influence consumer responses. The findings support the argument that seamless channel coordination enhances customers' sense of control and autonomy, particularly by highlighting the critical role of consumer empowerment. From a managerial perspective, the study offers evidence-based guidance for retailers to prioritize investments in specific integration dimensions to address customer psychological well-being and drive purchase intentions.

Regulations Pertaining to Sports Clubs Introduced by Law No. 7405

Murat AYGÜNÜmit İLERİ — 2026-04-05

The objective of this study is to analyse the regulations made regarding sports clubs with Law No. 7405. The related laws and regulations are analysed using a descriptive model. The legal provision under scrutiny, namely Law No. 7405, seeks to modify the legal status of sports clubs, transitioning them from the status of associations to that of structures affiliated with the Ministry of Youth and Sports. The legal framework governing sports clubs is predominantly characterised by regulations pertaining to the legal structure of sports clubs, financial operations and oversight, management and administrative regulations, as well as the structural framework related to discipline and penalties. The planned improvements and regulations aim to contribute to a more effective management and oversight process for sports clubs. The overarching objectives of this legislative initiative encompass the augmentation of institutionalisation within the Turkish sports system, the assurance of financial sustainability, and the enhancement of international standards. Additionally, the legislation seeks to foster transparency and sustainability in the management process.

The Economic and Political Implications of Statist Economy (Statism) and (Social) Free Market Economies

Nevzat NARÇİÇEKSelahaddin BAKAN — 2026-04-05

The existence and nature of the state, as well as its intervention scope, have caused ideological differences in political, social, and economic spheres since its inception. In this context, while the philosophical thought of free market systems has tried to completely exclude the state from the economic field, in thought systems like Keynesian policies, the absence of the state in economic markets has been considered a direct cause of crises and instability. However, the inability to explain the economic crises and social transformations occurring in national and global markets at different times with the economic, political, and social philosophies of both approaches has kept the debates around state intervention constantly relevant. A different approach has continued the discussions on the state's intervention in areas affecting economic and social life from a broad perspective. In this context, the social economy market has rejected the interventionist approach and established a different theoretical framework to maintain balance. This framework, while trying to preserve the free market, has not excluded the state from the economic and political realm. Although the state's interventionist role has been overlooked in the new economic market system, its oversight function has become more operational. In this study, the interventionist state approach, which holds vital importance for the governance systems of countries, and the economic and political reflections of (social) free market economies will be evaluated from a broad perspective. Furthermore, throughout the study, the systems examined within the framework of specific theories will be evaluated through comparative analysis, focusing on their underlying similarities and differences. The analysis will focus on the embodiment of the intervention system in the form of a state-controlled economy. In this sense, the conceptualization of an interventionist state is considered not only from an economic perspective but also in terms of the entire structure where the state's intervention has an impact, including the economic, political, and social dimensions. The advantages and disadvantages have been identified while making a comparison between the two ideological systems.

The Examination of Philosophy of Art in Philosophy 10th Grade Textbooks: A Comparative Analysis

Ömer KIZILTANHandan NARİN KIZILTAN — 2026-04-05

This research aims to examine the subject of philosophy of art in the 10th grade secondary school philosophy textbooks in Turkey in line with the achievements of the secondary school philosophy course (10th and 11th grades) curriculum prepared in 2018 and to compare which types of art images are included and which philosophers, concepts and problems related to the philosophy of art are included. It also compares the types of art, which philosophers, concepts and problems related to philosophy of art are included in the textbooks. In the study conducted with a qualitative research approach, document analysis was used as the data collection method. The data of the study consisted of three different philosophy textbooks (K1, K2, K3) published by the Ministry of National Education between 2021-2025. The data were analyzed in terms of the types of art to which the visuals used in the philosophy of art belong, the concepts, philosophers and philosophical problems related to the philosophy of art. The findings indicate that there are both common tendencies and significant differences in the content of the textbooks on philosophy of art. While the most frequently used concept in all three books is “beautiful / beauty”, it has been determined that Aristotle, Hegel and Plotinos are included as common philosophers. Another notable finding is that the visuals used in the books are similar in terms of content. Overall, it is concluded that all three books include the basic problems of the philosophy of art, but they differ in terms of conceptual depth, theoretical coherence and the level of philosophers’ views in the treatment of these problems. These findings suggest that the teaching of philosophy of art should not only be limited to basic concepts; it should also be handled with a multidimensional approach that includes both theoretical and historical diversity.

THE IMPACT OF ESG SCORES ON PROFITABILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF NON-FINANCIAL REPORTING: BIST SUSTAINABILITY INDEX APPLICATION

Sevgi CENGİZ — 2026-04-05

This study aims to investigate the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) scores on the profitability of companies listed on the Borsa Istanbul Sustainability Index. The dependent variables examined are return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and earnings per share (EPS), while the independent variables include the overall ESG score and its sub-dimensions (environmental, social, and corporate governance). Additionally, company size, age, and leverage ratio are incorporated as control variables in the analysis. The panel ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, utilizing data from the period 2020-2023, reveals that ESG scores tend to negatively affect profitability. Corporate governance and social factors are found to have a positive impact on profitability, whereas environmental factors negatively affect it. These findings suggest that greater emphasis should be placed on non-financial reporting and ESG activities in order to enhance corporate performance.

Examination of Digital Game Playing Motivations of Individuals in the 10- 14 Age Group Who Do and Do Not Do Sports

Abdurrahman TOPALFikret ALINCAK — 2026-04-05

This study aimed to examine the motivation levels of secondary school students in playing digital games in terms of some variables. 337 students studying in schools affiliated with the Ministry of National Education in Şahinbey district of Gaziantep province participated in the research. In the research, the "digital game playing motivation scale" developed by Demir and Hazar (2018) was used as data collection tools. Before analyzing the data, skewness and kurtosis values were examined and it was determined that it could show a normal distribution between +2-2. Parametric tests such as t-test and one-way analysis of variance methods were applied to the data that met the normality assumption. As a result, while a significant difference was detected in the variables of age, game playing time, sports status and social media use, it was determined that there was no significant difference in the variables of gender and education level.

A Cult-Based Narrative: Evaluation of “Hamza Stone” Legend in terms of Belief, Rituals and Functions

Abonoz KÜÇÜK — 2026-04-05

In Turkish culture, there are cult beliefs centered on natural elements such as trees, mountains, water, stones, fireplace etc. that have existed since ancient times. Communities living amid nature felt the need to attribute meaning to natural phenomena before the civilization process, and thought that these had supernatural / religious powers. In primeval times, the semi-nomadic lifestyle of Turks, oscillating between plateaus and winter accommodation, led to a variety of beliefs and rituals based on natural phenomena. Turks regarded such natural events with cult characteristics as the reflections of the Creator on Earth; and therefore, attached great importance to them. These cult beliefs and practices of Turks, which maintained their presence indirectly through various forms following the adoption of Islam, can still be observed today, in the 21^st century. The close relationship between folk beliefs and the myth genre has also directly contributed to the sustainability of cult-based beliefs. Legends passed down through the ages in oral tradition have kept beliefs alive in social memory. The legend formed about “Hamza Stone” on the Giresun Island is a narrative rooted in Giresun cultural history with various dimensions such as beliefs, practices, rituals and functions. While most of the traditional practices based the narrative are still maintained, the rituals centered around “Hamza Stone” have mostly lost their original importance. In this study, following an evaluation of the beliefs and rituals in connection with the legend genre and cult beliefs, the “Hamza Stone Legend” is analyzed in terms of beliefs, rituals and functions.

The Impact of Tourism on Folkloric Elements in Safranbolu as a Unesco Cultural Heritage Site

Berrin SARITUNÇ — 2026-04-05

Bu çalışma, UNESCO Dünya Mirası Listesi'nde yer alan ve "açık hava müzesi" olarak bilinen Safranbolu'da turizmin halk kültürü üzerindeki etkisini sistematik olarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Gastronomi, inançlar ve doğaya dayalı iç içe geçmiş turizm biçimleri, yerel kültürel unsurları görünür kılarken aynı zamanda dönüştürmektedir. Yerel bilgiyle şekillenen geleneksel el sanatları, mutfak uygulamaları ve ritüeller, turizm baskıları altında ticarileşmeye maruz kalmıştır. Bu çalışma, sözlü anlatılar, ritüeller ve geleneksel el sanatları da dahil olmak üzere bu somut olmayan kültürel miras (SKM) unsurlarının, performans ve ticari amaçlar için nasıl yeniden bağlamlandırıldığını araştırmaktadır. UNESCO'nun SKM'yi koruma çerçevesinden yola çıkarak, yerel aktörleri içeren ve sürdürülebilirliği vurgulayan katılımcı bir kültürel miras yönetimi modelini savunmaktadır. Bulgular, özellikle Safranbolu gibi yaşayan geleneklerin folklorik gösterilere dönüşme riski altında olduğu topluluklarda, miras turizminde görünürlük ve özgünlük arasında denge kurmanın önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Donkey Images as the Carrier of Decadence in Albrecht Dürer’s Das Narrenschiff Woodcuts

Yakup DURSUN — 2026-04-05

Decadence is a concept that describes the moral, intellectual, and cultural decay of societies. Associated with dynamics such as the breakdown of social structure, a tendency toward excess, and individuals' loss of critical thinking, this phenomenon frequently appears as a critical and representative theme, particularly in the fields of art and literature. In this context, German humanist writer Sebastian Brant's (1457-1521) literary work, Das Narrenschiff (The Ship of Fools, 1494), allegorically reflects societal decline, revealing a critique of the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance. By gathering individuals beset by ignorance and moral weaknesses onto a ship, Brant creates a metaphor for a society unconsciously drifting toward disaster. Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528), a leading German painter and engraver of the Renaissance who contributed to the visual dimension of this work, interpreted the donkey images he included in his woodcuts for Das Narrenschiff as allegorical elements symbolizing the social decay and collapse of the period. In Dürer's prints, the donkey image becomes a metaphor for stupidity, arrogance, ignorance, and a departure from critical thought. By employing donkey imagery in an ironic and critical context, the artist appears to have created a powerful visual language addressing decadence. This study examines how the donkey (s)images in Albrecht Dürer's Das Narrenschiff woodcuts establish a semantic relationship within the framework of the concept of decadence and aims to reveal the place of these (s)images in the social critique of the period. It is envisioned that this study will fill existing gaps in the literature and contribute significantly to the literature with its unique perspective.

BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH LITERATURE ON CREATIVE WRITING

Nurullah AYDIN — 2026-04-05

This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of scholarly literature on creative writing in educational contexts, aiming to map its intellectual structure, key contributors, and global research trends. Drawing on 392 peer-reviewed articles indexed in the Web of Science between 1970 and 2024, the analysis reveals a significant growth in publication volume and citation impact, particularly over the past two decades. The findings highlight the dominant role of countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia in shaping the field, while also noting emerging contributions from countries like China, Turkey, and South Africa. Core journals including Thinking Skills and Creativity and English in Education serve as leading publication outlets. Author co-citation and keyword analyses illustrate the field’s evolving scholarly landscape, emphasizing its interdisciplinary nature and relevance to pedagogical innovation, cognitive development, and social-emotional learning. This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of how creative writing functions as a dynamic educational research area and identifies key gaps and opportunities for future inquiry.

Thematic and Methodological Approaches in Turkish Sports History Literature: A Systematic Review

Hatice GEZER — 2026-04-05

This study is a systematic review that qualitatively analyzes 71 academic publications on Turkish sports history between 2000 and 2024. The studies were selected in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 protocol and analyzed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) systematic review method. Within the scope of the research, the studies were coded by year, theme, method, and data source, and descriptively evaluated using the SWiM framework. The findings show that the majority of the studies were based on qualitative document analysis, with nationalism, modernization, and physical education emerging as dominant themes. It was also found that most studies received limited academic citations and had low international visibility. These results highlight the need to enhance both the methodological diversity and the global reach of research in the field of Turkish sports history.

The Use of Referential Cohesion Types in Human and Artificial Intelligence Translations: A Text-Linguistic Analysis of Schachnovelle

Mehmet GEZMEN — 2026-04-05

The aim of this study is to examine how textual cohesion elements are used in human and machine translations from German to Turkish and to reveal the difference between the two types of translation. The text was examined linguistically under the heading of reference in Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) classification, looking at types called personal reference, indexical/demonstrative reference, comparative reference, and extra-textual reference. This study aims to reveal the text-linguistic validity and textuality of AI application translations. Methodologically, the study adopts a mixed-method design. In the quantitative phase, content analysis based on Halliday and Hasan’s categories of reference was conducted on the source text and its two human translations, as well as two AI translations (DeepL, ChatGPT). First, frequency data for the types in the source text were extracted, and then the same analysis was conducted on the other translation types, and a comparison was made between the numerical data obtained. Because the person and possessive suffixes in Turkish grammar are morphological carriers of personal reference (pro-drop; realization of the subject with a person suffix), these suffixes have also been included in the personal reference count. Thus, the deviation that would arise from the structural difference between German’s tendency toward explicit subjects and Turkish’s structure of implicit subjects has been minimized. At the qualitative stage, the frequency and occurrence of quantitative findings in the texts were closely examined, and the effects of reference types on language and artificial intelligence in translations were discussed. By including personal pronouns and possessive suffixes in the category, the differences between German’s use of explicit subjects and Turkish’s implicit subject structure in personal messages have been minimized. In reference/indication messages, a high rate was expected in the original text due to German’s use of relative pronouns and definite articles, and this expectation was confirmed. In artificial intelligence translations, however, a language-related decline was evident in DeepL and ChatGPT translations. In comparative and non-textual transmissions, results close to the original text were expected due to the minimal effect of language structure. In the comparative transmission category, expectations were met except for ChatGPT, while in non-textual transmission, all translations showed minimal differences.

Koçi Bey and Thomas Mun: A Comparative Analysis of Two Pleadings at the Crossroads

Yahya AYYILDIZ — 2026-04-05

With the birth of capitalism in the 16th century, a crossroads emerged between European capitalist countries and the rest of the world. At this crossroads, the capitalist countries emerged victorious, while the Ottomans emerged as the losers. One way to understand the reasons for this crossroads is to compare these systems. Koçi Bey was chosen to represent Ottoman thought/system, and Thomas Mun to represent British thought/system. This comparison argues that Koçi Bey's thought, or the Ottoman system he reflected, was based on the principle of "accumulation of power," while Thomas Mun's thought, or the British system he reflected, was based on the principle of "accumulation of capital." Within the framework of this principle of "accumulation of power," Koçi Bey focused on increasing the state's power and effectiveness through proposals such as a return to the ancient law, the establishment of the universal order, the establishment of justice, the emphasis on competence and merit, the revival of the timar system, the prevention of nepotism and bribery, and the elimination of excessive cadres in the army. In contrast, Thomas Mun proposed that, within the framework of the principle of ‘capital accumulation,’ rather than hoarding precious metals, a positive foreign trade balance should be achieved, domestic production increased, excessive accumulation in the public treasury avoided, ensuring that taxes are as fair as possible and imposed through parliament, allocating war expenditure to domestic supplies and materials, and developing a system of alliances in foreign policy supported by the economy. This difference in approach between the two authors has important implications regarding the Great Divergence.

About The Common Origin of The Verbs Meaning "To Disgust and to Repulse" In Old Turkish and The Verbs Meaning "Disgust and Repulse" In Today's Turkish

Nurdan BENLİ — 2026-04-05

The way some verbs used in Old Turkish, meaning "to detest, to hate", acquired the meanings of "disgust and disgust" has become quite remarkable when evaluated in terms of the word types and meanings that affect the structures of the verbs. It has been determined that Old Turkish had verbal forms derived from words of Turkish origin and nouns of Turkish or Chinese origin, which had the aforementioned meaning. The Turkish verbal forms are (y)ir-/yėr- and yalk-. The verbs akla- derived from a noun of Chinese origin (惡: ak), yarsı- derived from the Turkish noun yar “spittle” and yigre- derived from the noun yig “raw” are verbs used in Old Turkish with the meanings of “to disgust, to loathe, to dislike”. When the verbs derived from Turkish noble nouns are evaluated, the negative meanings of the words for saliva (yar) and raw (yig) in the state of body waste make one think that these words may have acquired the meaning of "disgust, hatred" through various suffixes. Indeed, Kashgarli's entries for the word "yigren-" (er etni yigrendi) must have been considered disgusting and nauseating when considering the way of life of the Turks. Similarly, in light of the DLT data, the verb "yalk-" (ol yagka yalkdı) must have acquired the meaning of "disgust and hatred" based on the meaning of consuming something to the point of becoming fed up. Generally speaking, it is thought that this meaning may have emerged in actions such as disgust from something nauseating (saliva) or exposure to disliked or undesirable situations (raw meat, fat, etc.). In this study, it is also tried to evaluate whether the verb iğren- used in today’s Turkey Turkish might have developed from the Old Turkish verb yigren- and whether the noun yi:g “raw”, which is the root of the verb ET yigren-, has developed in the same way in some dialects from the forms ciy/cik/cek/jiy and has become “ciksě-, jiyre-, cekte-, yekhe- “to be disgusted, to hate” and finally the verb cigsi- “to be disgusted” in Classical Mongolian and whether all these verbs can be connected with the verb tiksin- in Türkiye Turkish.

An Investigation of The Relationship Between 5th Grade Students' Musical and Mathematical Learning Achievement

Belgüzar AKGÜLBekir TANYERİ — 2026-04-05

The aim of this study is to systematically examine the relationships between musical and mathematical learning achievement by reviewing the existing literature. The study group consisted of 60 fifth grade students studying at Yozgat Merkez Cumhuriyet Secondary School in the 2024-2025 academic year, selected by convenience sampling method. Before the analysis, the normality of the data set was evaluated and it was determined that the skewness values were between -.304 and -.596 and the kurtosis values were between -.978 and -1.083. Skewness and kurtosis values less than 3 support the normality assumption, which indicates that the data set is normally distributed. Arithmetic mean, standard deviation and t-test were used to analyze the data, and the relationship between musical ability and mathematical achievement was examined by correlation analysis. The significance level was set as p<.05. The mean scores of the 1st and 2nd melody grades were 36.16, 1st and 2nd rhythm grades were 36.33, the mean total music grade was 72.41, and the mean total math grade was 70.06. Significant differences were found between music and mathematics exam grades according to gender variable and these differences were found to be in favor of female students (p<.05). In addition, a positive, moderate and statistically significant relationship was found between total music exam grades and math exam grades (r=.640; p=.000).

Examining the Relationship Between Adolescents' Appearance-related Social Media Consciousness and Their Subjective Well-Being

Emin DEMİRTurgay KAYIRAN ,Haktan DEMİRCİOĞLU — 2026-04-05

This study aims to examine the relationship between adolescents' appearance-related social media consciousness and their subjective well-being. This survey and correlational study included 386 adolescents aged 14-17 years. The data collection tools used were the Personal Information Form, Appearance-related Social Media Consciousness Scale, and the Subjective Well-Being Scale. The scales were administered face-to-face, and the normality assumption of the obtained data was examined based on skewness and kurtosis values. The data determined to be normally distributed were tested using independent groups t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation analysis. The gender distribution of participants included in the study was 229 girls (59.3%) and 157 boys (40.7%). The gender distribution of participants included in the study was 229 girls (59.3%) and 157 boys (40.7%). The age range of the participants was determined as 14 years old: 53 adolescents (13.7%), 15 years old: 95 adolescents (24.6%), 16 years old: 163 adolescents (42.2%), and 17 years old: 75 adolescents (19.4%). A significant difference was found between girls and boys in terms of appearance-related social media consciousness and subjective well-being levels according to the gender variable. Another important finding was that a statistically significant and negative relationship was found between appearance-related social media consciousness and subjective well-being. Adolescence is an important stage of life due to the changes individuals undergo. It is known that social media use has significant effects on adolescents. The emergence of a limited relationship between appearance-related social media consciousness and subjective well-being indicates that this may be a structure that needs to be considered in developmental assessment, support, or intervention programs for adolescents.

Digital Marketing Applications in City Branding: Perceived Benefits, Brand Satisfaction, and Social Media Following Intentions in the Case of Antalya

Fahrettin KAYAN — 2026-04-05

The research aims to examine the effects of digital marketing practices employed by cities on perceived benefits, brand satisfaction, and the intention to follow social media accounts, focusing specifically on Antalya. This study operates within a theoretical framework to explore how various dimensions of digital marketing—such as informativeness, trustworthiness, intrusiveness, and persuasiveness—shape the perceived benefits of a city’s social media posts. Furthermore, it investigates the impact of these perceived benefits on brand satisfaction and the intention to follow social media accounts. Data were collected through an online survey involving 422 participants who follow Antalya’s social media accounts, and the findings were analysed using quantitative techniques. The research findings reveal that the informativeness, reliability, and persuasiveness dimensions of the city’s digital marketing practices have positive and significant effects on perceived benefit. However, the intrusiveness dimension does not have a significant impact. It was also found that perceived benefit positively influences both the city’s brand satisfaction and the intention to follow its social media accounts. Additionally, brand satisfaction was determined to make a significant contribution to the intention to follow. The results demonstrate that effective digital marketing strategies play a critical role in enhancing perceived benefit and, consequently, increasing brand satisfaction and the intention to follow.

Climate Law No. 7552: A Comprehensive Analysis Towards Net Zero Emissions And Green Growth

Cüneyt TELSAÇFerhat ARI — 2026-04-05

This article comprehensively analyzes Climate Law No. 7552, adopted on July 2, 2025, as a concrete demonstration of Türkiye's decisive steps toward achieving its "net zero emissions" target and "green growth" vision. Based on the need to strengthen Türkiye's legal framework amidst the threat of global climate change, the Law's purpose, scope, innovations, climate change mitigation and adaptation activities, planning and implementation tools, carbon pricing mechanisms, the use of revenue and subsidies, penal provisions, and transition processes are examined in detail. The article evaluates each article of the Law in the context of its potential impact on Türkiye's climate policies and international commitments, revealing the holistic structure and multidimensional approach of the legal framework. In this respect, developing a scientific perspective on the subject is crucial for field studies. The importance of market-based instruments such as the Emissions Trading System (ETS), the Border Carbon Adjustment Mechanism (SKDM), and the Turkish Green Taxonomy is particularly emphasized. Furthermore, potential challenges and discussion points regarding the Law's implementation capacity, financing adequacy, just transition, international competitiveness, and social participation are addressed, and recommendations are presented to overcome these challenges. In conclusion, it was stated that the Climate Law is a strategic turning point that reflects Türkiye's determination to fulfill its environmental responsibilities and move towards a sustainable future.

Teachers' Opinions On Questions Generated With Artificial Intelligence (ChatGPT) For The LGS Turkish Course

Hikmet DURSUN — 2026-04-05

In this research, LGS Turkish course questions prepared by ChatGPT-4o version, one of the artificial intelligence applications, have been evaluated according to the opinions of teachers. A case study design has been used in the research in qualitative research methods. For the research, the ChatGPT-4o artificial intelligence application has been first made to analyze the LGS exam. The application evaluated the LGS exam according to the outcomes, topics, and difficulty type of questions. Then, the application has been trained on measurement and evaluation rules and cognitive taxonomies, and then sample questions have been created. Before creating the questions, the purpose of writing the questions has been explained to the application. Feedback has been given to the written questions and no interventions have been made to the questions after ChatGPT has finalized. The data have been obtained through semi-structured interview forms and evaluated according to the content analysis method. As a result of the research, it has been revealed that the prepared questions were generally knowledge-based. The relevance of the questions to the exam has been found to be low, while the content validity has been moderate. The participants have identified contradictory questions with conflicting options and have identified spelling and punctuation errors in the questions. The analysis has revealed three categories of teacher dissatisfaction with the exam: Compliance with the LGS, compliance with measurement - evaluation principles and writing rules. The subjects that ChatGPT was successful in writing; While the questions have been about the meaning of graphics and paragraphs, the questions it has been least successful in were spelling rules and visual interpretation.

A Mode of Intervention Within Historical Continuity: The Case of Afghanistan (1747-1979)

Merve MESCİOĞLU FEDAİ — 2026-04-05

This study examines the political and social transformations in Afghanistan from the establishment of its first centralized state structure in 1747 to the Soviet invasion in 1979. It analyzes how Afghanistan’s ethnically diverse social structure, mountainous geography, and strong tribal organization historically limited the consolidation of central state authority. These internal dynamics rendered the country vulnerable to external intervention and positioned Afghanistan as a significant arena of geopolitical rivalry. In the nineteenth century, the “Great Game” between Britain and Tsarist Russia became one of the key processes shaping Afghanistan’s geopolitical position. During the twentieth century, this rivalry acquired a new dimension within the context of the Cold War. The political transformations following the 1973 coup and the Saur Revolution of 1978 accelerated the developments that led to the Soviet military intervention in 1979. By situating these developments within their historical context, this study analyzes the relationship between Afghanistan’s structural weaknesses and external interventions. In this respect, Afghanistan provides a historical case illustrating how internal social structures and international power politics evolved within the same process. The study also aims to examine the background of this process in light of broader historical developments.

CULINARY HERITAGE AND SYMBOLISM OF ÖKSÜZ HALVA: ORIGINS, PREPARATION PROCESSES, RITUAL, AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS

Oğuz NEBİOĞLUMevlüt UYAR — 2026-04-05

As a very special product of Turkish folk cuisine, halvahs have been valuable gastronomic products that reflect the unique characteristics of the region where they are produced, influenced by many environmental and cultural factors. This study focuses on Öksüz halva, which is an important part of Turkish culinary culture and a valuable gastronomic product of Alanya’s local cuisine. The study aims to reveal its production process and understand its symbolism within the culinary culture it represents. Data were obtained through face-to-face interviews with 11 people who traditionally produce Öksüz halva in their restaurants or at home. The findings revealed the environmental and cultural factors that led to the emergence of Öksüz halva; its production stages and its symbolism in local/Turkish culinary culture. Through these findings, the study can stimulate further research on Öksüz halva and other regional cuisine products, contribute to Alanya's gastronomy tourism strategy, and encourage the promotion and dissemination of local gastronomic products.

TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF LARYNGEAL ACTIVITY IN BILINGUALS: SHORT-LAG VOT

Ömer ŞIHANLIOĞLU — 2026-04-05

This research article examines the temporal dynamics of laryngeal activity in bilingual speakers, with a primary focus on short-delay Voice Onset Time (VOT). Brief lag VOT refers to the short interval between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of vocal cord vibration, generally calculated within the 0–30 millisecond interval. A key objective of the current study is to reveal how bilingual individuals modulate this timing, how bilingualism mirrors laryngeal motor processes, and how these control mechanisms function under conditions such as language switching and code-mixing. It first explains the concepts of VOT and the production-related fundamentals of laryngeal activities. During speech production, VOT is a comprehensive process involving the closure and opening of the vocal cords, air compression, and synchronization of the articulators. These parameters vary among languages; some languages differentiate between short lag and prevoicing, while others differentiate between short lag and aspirated long lag. Therefore, VOT serves as a distinctive feature in the sound systems of languages. Laryngeal activity during speech was measured in bilingual individuals to examine short lag VOT parameters. Participants' vocal fold closure and opening times, glottal vibration onset points, and acoustic measurements were analysed while they spoke two different languages. Findings indicate that bilingual individuals retain language-specific VOT timing, but minor deviations and temporal adjustment delays are mostly observed during cross-language transitions. This suggests that laryngeal control may operate with language-specific timing but experience temporary transient instability during switching.

Crime and the Fight Against Criminals in Bitlis: An Analysis of Smuggling, Banditry, Robbery and Murder Incidents (1950-1960)

Rıdvan KIZILKAYACevdet TEKE — 2026-04-05

This study focuses on the efforts to maintain public order in Bitlis, specifically, during the Democrat Party's rule, drawing on general approaches to the eastern and southern regions of the country. The study evaluates the state's policy efforts to maintain public order in the provinces, as well as the implementations implemented at the local level. Founded in 1946, the Democratic Party prioritized organizational efforts in Bitlis province, as it did nationwide. In this context, it achieved a strong organizational structure, particularly in provincial regions, through its strategies of economic development, public order, democratization, and direct public engagement. This study aims to reveal the public order incidents that occurred in Eastern Anatolia during the Democrat Party's rule, focusing on smuggling, banditry, robbery, and murder. The security problems experienced in Bitlis between 1950 and 1960 were among the significant developments that tested the Democrat Party government's security policies in the provinces. Intensive smuggling activities, particularly involving tobacco and sugar, were carried out in the region, banditry increased, and occasional incidents of road blockade, robbery, and murder occurred. The state effectively used the gendarmerie and security forces to combat these problems, conducting operations to maintain public order. This study was informed by archival records, copyrighted works, and local and national press.

From Harput Music Remaining in Cultural Memory To New Generation Music: Music Preferences of Elazığ People

Serap Yağmur İLHANMuhammed TURHAN — 2026-04-05

This study aims to investigate the impact of Harput music's retention in cultural memory on the current musical preferences of Elazığ people, with respect to demographic variables such as gender, age, education, and income. The research is significant to determine the place of Harput Music in the musical tastes of the people of Elazığ and to understand how these musical preferences are shaped according to the related demographic variables. A descriptive survey model was employed in this study, utilising a quantitative research method. The study involved 244 participants. A 45-item questionnaire designed by the researchers was used to assess participants' knowledge, preferences, and listening states regarding music types in the study. The data derived from the study were analysed using appropriate statistical programs after being transferred to the required computer environment. The participants' common tendencies were identified using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation). To determine whether participants' music preferences vary across different variables, Percentage, frequency, mean, independent-samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were applied. The results of the study suggest that Elazığ people are more interested in Harput music than in other music types, and this interest varies significantly by gender, age, monthly income, and education level.

Examination of The Predictıve Power of Communication Skill Levels and Demographic Variables on Teacher Candidates' Global Citizenship

Adem UZUN — 2026-04-05

This study, which aims to determine the extent to which communication skills and demographic variables explain the level of global citizenship among teacher candidates, used the correlational survey model from quantitative research methods. The study group consisted of 300 teacher candidates, 155 female and 145 male, studying in different departments at the education faculty of a state university in Turkey during the spring semester of the 2024-2025 academic year. The “Global Citizenship Scale” and the “Communication Skills Scale” were used as data collection tools in the study. The data obtained from the teacher candidates participating in the study were examined using multiple linear regression analysis. When the results of the study are evaluated in general, it was concluded that communication skills and demographic variables are predictors of teacher candidates' levels of global citizenship. It was observed that the candidates' civic participation scores, one of the sub-dimensions of global citizenship, were predicted by communication skills, communication knowledge, inhibition and valuing; social responsibility, global knowledge, competence, inhibition and valuing; and global competence was predicted by global knowledge, competence and body language variables. In this context, it can be posited that the global citizenship levels of teacher candidates can be explained by their communication skills.

An Examination of Physical Activity Participation Motivation Among Active High School Students According to Various Demographic Variables

Fatih AKGÜL — 2026-04-05

The aim of this study is to determine the physical activity participation motivation levels of high school students who actively engage in sports, and to examine whether these levels differ according to demographic variables such as gender, type of school, grade level, type of sport, and duration of participation in sports. The sample of the research consists of 387 high school students actively participating in sports during the 2024–2025 academic year in Yozgat, selected through a convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the Physical Activity Participation Motivation Scale and a demographic information form. The data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 software. Independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA were employed in the analysis. According to the findings, students' physical activity participation motivation levels were generally found to be high. Among the sub-dimensions, the highest average score was observed in individual reasons, while the lowest was in the amotivation dimension. While there was no statistically significant difference in motivation levels based on gender, a significant difference was found in favor of students attending public schools in both the individual reasons sub-dimension and the overall motivation scores. No significant differences were observed in motivation levels according to grade level, type of sport, or duration of participation in sports. In line with these results, it is important to enhance activities that support students' individual motivation and to develop strategies aimed at reducing motivation differences between public and private school students. Furthermore, implementing support programs focused on strengthening intrinsic motivation is especially recommended for students who are new to sports.

TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A PROACTIVE BEHAVIOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN TURKISH HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Hacı Arif DOĞANÜLKÜ — 2026-04-05

Proactive behaviors are among the important skills that positively affect the career development processes of high school students. In this regard, developing and implementing intervention programs that support students to acquire such behaviors can make meaningful contributions to their career development. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Proactive Behavior Development Program prepared for high school students. The research was designed in a quasi-experimental design with an experimental control group, pre-test, post-test and follow-up test measurements. The participants consist of 60 students attending an Anatolian high school. Proactive Career Behavior Scale-High School Form was used as a data collection tool. Data were analyzed by independent samples t test and related measurements t test. The findings showed that the Proactive Behavior Development Program increased the proactive behavior of high school students. It also showed that this increase was maintained in follow-up measurements made two weeks later. In this regard, it is recommended to disseminate structured programs to support proactive behaviors within the scope of guidance and psychological counseling services. Additionally, conducting advanced research testing the effectiveness of the program in different school types and age groups can make significant contributions to the literature.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS’ PERCEPTIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL NARCISSISM AND THEIR LEVES OF GLOCAL LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORS

Merve BAKIRŞefika Şule ERÇETİN — 2026-04-05

This study aimed to examine the relationship between organizational narcissism and glocal leadership behaviors in educational organizations based on the perceptions of school administrators. The research was designed within the framework of the correlational survey model, one of the quantitative research methods, and the sample consisted of 110 school administrators working in public primary and secondary education institutions in the city center of Afyonkarahisar during the 2024–2025 academic year. The data were collected using the Organizational Narcissism Scale developed by Hamedoğlu and Potas (2012), the Multidimensional Glocal Leadership Scale developed by Erçetin, Potas, Açıkalın, and Kısa (2011), and a demographic information form. The analyses revealed that school administrators’ perceptions of organizational narcissism explained approximately 19% of the variance in glocal leadership behaviors. While demographic variables such as gender, educational background, school level, and professional seniority did not generally show significant differences, age and professional seniority were found to have effects in certain sub-dimensions. Among the dimensions of organizational narcissism, the most significant predictor of glocal leadership behaviors was identified as the “desire for approval and acceptance.” The findings indicate that glocal leadership behaviors in educational organizations are shaped not only by narcissism but also by various individual and organizational factors.

Examining University Students Physical Activity Participation Motivation and Participation Barriers

Muhsin DURANDiyar TEKCE ,Mehmet AYDOĞAN — 2026-04-05

This study aimed to examine university students’ motivation to participate in physical activity and the barriers that hinder such participation. The Physical Activity Participation Motivation Scale (PAPMS) and the Physical Activity Barriers Scale (PABS) were employed, and the data were analyzed using independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation analysis. The findings indicated no significant differences in total motivation scores or subscale scores by gender. Similarly, no significant differences in motivation were observed across academic departments. With respect to substance use, a significant difference was found only in the “amotivation” subscale, whereas no significant difference emerged in the total motivation score. Regarding barriers to physical activity, no significant differences were detected in personal, social environment, physical environment, or total barrier scores by gender or department. However, significant differences were identified according to substance use in personal barriers and total barrier scores, while a borderline difference was observed in physical environment barriers. In addition, a statistically significant, moderate, and negative correlation was found between total barrier scores and total motivation scores (r = −0.382, p < 0.01), indicating that higher levels of perceived barriers were associated with lower motivation to participate in physical activity. Overall, the results suggest that increasing barriers to physical activity may reduce students’ participation motivation.

The Dialects of Iraqi Turkmens Can They be Divided into Some Subgroups?

Önder SAATÇİ — 2026-04-05

In the article, firstly, the history and settlement areas of Iraqi Turkmens are briefly given, the relation of Turkish language in Iraq with Azerbaijani and Oghuzian is emphasised, the views of various Turkologists on these issues are summarised, and a study on the classification of Iraqi Turkmen dialects is mentioned. Afterwards, it is stated that the phoneme /ŋ/ in Iraqi Turkmen dialects was first differentiated as /n/ and /g/, then two main dialect groups were formed in the region with the sound changes of g>w and n>y, and the language elements in which these main dialect groups became evident were shown with examples. The article then analyses the appearances of the second person singular suffix of pronoun origin in various dialects of y, and determines the existence of two different forms (-sAn / -sAy) in the dialects compared. It was found that the -sAy form is observed not only in verb conjugation but also in the present and simple present tense of the additional verb. In the article, it is concluded that the form -sAy is formed by the analogy effect of the /y/ consonant in the possessive singular and plural second person suffixes, and that Telâfer, Tuzhurmatı and Reşidiye dialects, where this analogy effect is the most dominant, constitute a subgroup of y dialects.

Ideological Transformation of Turkish Nationalists in the Republican Era

Özlem SEYHAN — 2026-04-05

With the nationalism movement that emerged in the Age of Enlightenment, it was accepted that every nation should live in free, independent and humane conditions. While this understanding is accepted all over the world, it has also encouraged separatist activities. Turkish nationalism, which emerged within this environment, focused on the goal of looking out for the benefit of the Turkish nation, serving Turkishness, developing the country, and gaining a contemporary and advanced place in the world. However, it is not possible to say that nationalists acted with the same ideology in every period. During the years of World War II, nationalism was built on a stricter understanding of race and partly distanced itself from the perception of nationality that Ziya Gökalp had drawn the boundaries of. During the Democrat Party period, the importance given to religious and spiritual values increased considerably compared to the previous ones, and Islam was seen as the cornerstone of nationalism. The May 27 coup, which ended the DP period, reversed these approaches and led to the embracement of Kemalism, principles and reforms with great passion. In this study, the transformation of Turkish nationalism according to periods and conditions was examined comparatively with a rational approach.

War Economy Applications in Türkiye During World War II and the Institutional Structure of the War Economy Department

Onur SEMİZ — 2026-04-05

This study examines the administration and institutionalization of war economy practices in Türkiye during the Second World War. It first discusses some of the war economy measures implemented in Türkiye during the war years and then focuses on the institutionalization of these practices.The research was conducted using document analysis and literature review methods, and the data obtained were evaluated within the framework of historical methodology. In this context, it can be stated that the most important sources of the study are archival records, official publications, and the press of the period.As a result of the research, it was determined that the Second World War had a particularly negative impact on Türkiye's economy. Measures taken for military purposes disrupted the balance between production and consumption, and serious efforts were made to combat individuals attempting to exploit wartime conditions. However, it was also observed that significant changes occurred in war economy practices as the process continued. Moreover, with the increasingly challenging conditions, the importance of institutionalizing war economy practices was understood, and concrete steps were taken in this direction. To better organize both the wartime and post-war periods, and to mitigate the negative effects brought by war economy measures, the War Economy Department (Harp Ekonomisi Dairesi) was established. Inspired by European examples, this institution stood out as the most authoritative body in managing war economy practices, particularly after 1942.

“A Unique Wedding” in Istanbul Under Occupation

Nilgün Nurhan KARA — 2026-04-05

After the Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros, occupations started all over the country. In the face of this situation, the Turkish nation met the human resources of the army by sending its sons to the front during the years of the National Struggle, as in the First World War. As a result, there was a significant population decrease throughout the country, which was particularly felt in Anatolia, as well as in Istanbul. Another reason for the population decrease in Anatolia was the difficulty many young people faced in getting married due to traditional practices and wedding costs such as dowries and other expenses. With the decrease in marriages, there was also a noticeable decline in population growth rates. Consequently, Marriage Societies were established nationwide to facilitate the marriages of young people, collecting aid from local authorities and the wealthy. During those days, a wedding in Istanbul that rivaled the tales of the Arabian Nights was reported in the press. The topic discussed in this article is a wedding that took place in Istanbul in January 1922, described by the Vakit Newspaper as "a unique wedding." This extraordinary wedding ceremony, organized by Sami Raşid Bey from one of Istanbul's wealthy families for his son, resonated throughout the city and was widely covered in the media. Details discussed in the media included the types and numbers of vehicles used by guests, the number of guests, the list of dishes served, and the amount of wood and candles burned. Additionally, while the wedding owner's philanthropy was emphasized, the need for support for the Red Crescent and the Turkish War of Independence due to the period's conditions was also highlighted. This study evaluates the existing information on the wedding in occupied Istanbul using qualitative research methods, including issues of Vakit newspaper, books, and articles.

The Development of Printing in Turkey and the Socio-Cultural Impacts of the Thematic Distribution of Book Publications: A Historical-Bibliometric Analysis of the 1950–1960 Period

Serap KURT KAYSERİLİ — 2026-04-05

The historical origins of printing trace back to the Far East, particularly to 8th-century Japan, where Empress Shotoku commissioned the printing of Buddhist texts—an early example resembling modern printing techniques. In the 11th century, the movable porcelain-type printing method developed by the Chinese inventor Pi Sheng marked a pivotal moment in the evolution of printing. This innovation spread to the Uyghurs and began to be used across the Turkic world from the 9th century onward. In Europe, Gutenberg’s development of the printing press in the 15th century led to a sharp rise in literacy and accelerated major transformations such as the Renaissance and the Reformation. In the Ottoman Empire, the establishment of the first printing house by İbrahim Müteferrika in 1726 initiated the institutionalization of printing, further consolidated with the foundation of Takvimhâne-i âmire during the reign of Mahmud II, and expanded through the establishment of provincial printing presses in the 19th century. In the Republican period, initiatives such as the First Turkish Publishing Congress of 1936 and the “Translations from World Literature” series after 1940 became significant milestones in the modernization of Turkish publishing. This study aims to present a bibliometric analysis based on the statistical data of printing houses and book publications in Turkey between 1950 and 1960, as reported by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK). The research adopts qualitative and historical methods, employing bibliometric techniques. Data were gathered from the Republic Archives, contemporary newspapers, and TÜİK annuals, then classified and analyzed within the framework of socio-cultural trends. In addition, relevant literature on world and Turkish printing history was reviewed to reveal the relationship between historical continuity and transformation.

The analysis indicates that the number of printing houses in Turkey more than doubled between 1950 and 1960, rising from 547 to 1,258. Publications in the social sciences, literature, and religion increased notably, reflecting the social diversification and cultural dynamism. However, the restrictive media regulations introduced by the Democratic Party in its later years also illustrate the tension between modernization and freedom of expression. Overall, this decade represents a period in which printing in Turkey functioned not only as a technological advancement but also as an instrument of economic, ideological, and cultural transformation.

Manzum Osmanlı Kroniklerinde Yıldırım Bayezid ve Timur’un Ankara Savaşı Bağlamında Edebî Anlatısı

Mustafa Yasin BAŞÇETİN — 2026-04-05

Ottoman verse-chronicles occupy the intersection of history and literature. These works are historical in terms of content yet literary in mode of narration, presenting historical reality within a crafted, aesthetic discourse. Numerous verse-chronicles were composed during the Ottoman period. This study aims to analyze the representations of Yıldırım Bayezid (d. 805/1403) and Timur (d. 807/1405) in Ottoman verse-chronicles in the context of the Battle of Ankara, focusing on literary modes of expression. In this vein, it examines how these figures and the event itself are constructed through simile, metaphor and other figurative devices. Adopting a qualitative research methodology, the study evaluates, from the perspective of literary description and expression, the verse-chronicles of poet-historians such as Ahmedî (d. 815/1412-13), Kemal (d.880/1475), Enverî (d. 585/1189), Mevlânâ îsâ, Hadîdî (d. after 937/1530), Şemsî Paşa (d. 988/1580), Seyyid Lokman (d. after1010/1601), Hasîb Efendi (d. 1166/1752-53) and Mehmed Cemîl concerning the representations surrounding Yıldırım Bayezid, Timur and the Battle of Ankara. The findings indicate that Yıldırım Bayezid is exalted and idealized through positive epithets, legitimized within the framework of the ghaza ideology and portrayed as a religious authority. Although Timur’s strength, martial prowess and world-conquering qualities are at times acknowledged, negative couplets, depicting him as a symbol of sedition, oppression and destruction, predominate in the verse-chronicles. Depictions that degrade Timur’s soldiers through animalistic similes and pejorative tropes are likewise widespread. The Battle of Ankara is narrated not only through the prism of violence but also by emphasizing rout, treachery and disintegration, all framed within a discourse of divine predestination and is portrayed as a watershed for the Ottoman polity. In this respect, the study offers an original contribution to discussions on the relationship between literary narration and historical reality, demonstrating that Ottoman verse-chronicles are historical and literary sources amenable to interdisciplinary evaluation.

Two Faces of Republicanism: The Relationship Between Political Participation and Freedom in the Athenian and Neo-Roman Traditions

Adem ÇELİKAykut AYKUTALP — 2026-04-05

This study examines how two different republican movements interpret the relationship between political participation and freedom, using a qualitative and comparative analysis method based on primary and secondary sources. One of these movements is neo-Roman republicanism, represented by Pettit, Skinner, and Viroli; the other is neo-Athenian republicanism, represented by figures such as Arendt, Taylor, and Sandel. Neo-Roman republicans advocate a republic based on individual freedom, which they define as freedom in the form of non-domination, a subtype of negative freedom. According to this tradition, political participation is a means of protecting individual freedom. In contrast, the neo-Athenian republicans examined in Arendt's work argue that there is an intrinsic and necessary relationship between political participation, action, and freedom. For them, the republic is a form of self-government that allows citizens to discuss their common problems with their equals and decide on the laws that will govern them. In this respect, it adopts a positive understanding of freedom based on the existence of instruments of action that can reveal the political potential of human beings. The study argues that the most important difference between the two republicanisms lies in their ways of reading the relationship between political participation and freedom.

Evaluation of Labour Peace from the Perspective of Employers and Employees

Burcu ARISOY — 2026-04-05

This study is of significace as it contributes to the literature and the working world through providing insights into how reconciliation can occur in labor markets. The study aimed to reveal the expectations of employers and employees in Turkey's labor markets and to contribute to the creation of a harmonious, peaceful, and more productive working environment in which mutual expectations are met. Qualitative research methods were employed in the study. Ten workers and ten employers were interviewed. Interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview form lasting approximately 25-30 minutes. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Both employers and employees found the purchasing power of wages insufficient. Wage policies protecting workers against inflation can be recommended. It was concluded that employers have difficulty finding qualified, well-trained workers who work conscientiously, and that workers' motivation is inadequate. Therefore, the development and implementation of human resources management policies based on a flexible working model that is fair, transparent, participatory, places the right person for the right job, values existing employees, and is based on a flexible working model can be recommended. It can be said that it is possible to ensure peace in working life through mutual sincerity, understanding, compromise, dialogue and communication between the parties in labor markets, which are related to economic developments.

Animal Theft as a Socio-Economic and Legal Problem in the Ottoman Empire During the Second Constitutional Period (1908-1914)

Edip UZUNDAL — 2026-04-05

During the Second Constitutional Period (1908-1914), animal theft emerged as one of the most widespread criminal acts across the Ottoman countryside. More than a simple judicial offense, it constituted a structural socio-economic problem that posed a direct threat to the subsistence economy of rural producers. The general amnesty declared in the aftermath of the Constitutional proclamation, the inadequacy of the gendarmerie forces, the security issues arising from migratory movements, the increase in cross-border smuggling, and the relatively lenient penal sanctions all contributed to the proliferation of animal theft throughout the Empire. Contemporary archival records, reports from provincial administrations, and period press articles extensively reflect the deep resentment among rural populations toward the authorities’ inability to protect property rights. The issue became a matter of persistent parliamentary debate as well, ultimately leading to the promulgation of the “Provisional Law for the Prevention of Animal Theft” in 1913. This law introduced new administrative and legal mechanisms, including compulsory sale certificates (ilmühaber), collective liability in restitution (kefalet-i müteselsile), preventive detention, and internal exile for repeat offenders or accomplices. Based on a wide range of primary sources such as Ottoman archival documents, parliamentary minutes, and newspaper collections, this study examines the causes, dimensions, and social repercussions of animal theft in the Ottoman Empire during the Second Constitutional Era. The findings demonstrate that animal theft was not merely a criminal phenomenon, but a broader public order issue intricately linked with security, property relations, and the sustainability of rural economic life.

The Role of The Family in The Formation of Intergenerational Musical Memory: The Case of Turkish Folk Music

Emrah UÇAR — 2026-04-05

This study examines the role of the family in shaping intergenerational musical memory within the context of Turkish Folk Music (TFM). Based on the understanding that musical identity and vocal habits are formed during early childhood, the family is conceptualized as the primary environment of cultural, emotional, and auditory socialization. Designed as a qualitative inquiry, the research employs literature review and document analysis methods, systematically evaluating studies from family sociology, music psychology, oral tradition, and TFM performance. The findings indicate that early auditory exposure forms the basis of an individual’s musical memory, while regional vocal style, articulation, stylistic phrasing, and repertoire acquisition occur largely through informal family interactions. In regional performance traditions such as bozlak, hoyrat, uzun hava, and Harput music, family members function as natural “first masters,” creating an inherent master–apprentice transfer mechanism. Moreover, folk songs heard in the family are encoded with emotional experiences, contributing to a collective musical memory that significantly shapes the performer’s vocal identity and interpretative style in adulthood. Overall, the study positions the family as an indispensable cultural transmitter for the continuity of TFM performance practice and as the foundational structure in which musical identity is formed.

Cabo Verde: Anatomy of a West African Country from Colony to Republic

Figen AYDIN — 2026-04-05

Cabo Verde, a West African country that gained independence from the Portuguese colonial empire during the 20th-century independence movements, is now governed as a Republic and continues its economic development. The diplomatic recognition efforts it initiated, along with the guerrilla warfare it waged, demonstrate that a state cannot achieve independence solely through war. The country, which capitalized on the conjuncture during global transitions and achieved independence through diplomatic acumen, constitutes a significant part of African political history. The study explores Cabo Verde's process of decolonization and focuses on the transition from colonization to independence and then to democracy. Furthermore, the study explores Cabo Verde's economic and development policies. China, a key player in the Cabo Verde economy, provides aid to the country and its collaborations with Cabo Verde, a key point of the study. China, which has accelerated relations with the African continent in recent decades, has developed its economic relations with Cabo Verde within the political context of the period. Ultimately, it is determined that independence movements centered on a single leader gain significance through the presence of popular support. Another conclusion of the study is that economic growth, which is the cornerstone of the state formation process, has greater meaning for small economies like Cabo Verde and is at the focus of global economies.

Criticism of Westernization in the Volkan Newspaper

Mehmet Zakir SARIKAYA — 2026-04-05

This article examines one of the earliest and most striking examples of conservative opposition to the modernization process in Turkish political thought through an analysis of the newspaper Volkan, published during the Second Constitutional Period. The primary aim of the study is to reveal how Westernization—perceived as a necessary strategy to ensure the survival of the Ottoman Empire—generated a crisis of identity and legitimacy within conservative circles. In this context, the article analyzes the ambivalent perception of the West, which was simultaneously idealized as the level of “contemporary civilization” to be attained and construed as a political and cultural threat. In the study, newspaper texts were examined using descriptive analysis and discourse analysis methods. The findings indicate that Volkan did not develop an absolute rejection of Western civilization; rather, it articulated a selective and reactionary critique of Westernization. The newspaper advocated the adoption of Western science and technology, legitimizing this transfer by claiming that such knowledge historically originated in Asia and Islamic civilization. In contrast, the moral, legal, and political superiority of the West was categorically rejected, while European diplomacy was portrayed as synonymous with deceit, colonialism, and self-interest. The Public Debt Administration (Düyun-ı Umumiye) is referred to as an imperialist mechanism threatening Ottoman sovereignty. In the cultural sphere, Western-inspired social life, fashion, and entertainment were framed under the concept of “Ahlak-ı Frengiyye” (Frankish/Western Morals) as sources of moral decay and social disintegration. The most severe criticism was directed at the legal domain, where Western-derived laws were argued to be incompatible with the spirit of the nation and to accelerate societal collapse. Accordingly, the newspaper identified salvation in a legal order grounded in the absolute supremacy of the Sharīʿa al-Gharra.

Investigation of the Alignment of Special Education Vocational Schools' Educational Frameworks with the E-KPSS

Furkan KILIÇHacer ÇELİK — 2026-04-05

Supporting the social participation and economic independence of individuals with disabilities is essential for achieving social justice and improving quality of life. In this context, special education vocational schools play a significant role in equipping individuals with disabilities with vocational skills and preparing them for employment. The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which the educational framework of special education vocational schools is aligned with the Disabled Public Personnel Selection Examination (E-KPSS). The study employs a qualitative research design based on document analysis. In this scope, curricula of special education vocational schools published by the Ministry of National Education, E-KPSS guides, relevant legislation, and academic publications were systematically reviewed. The analyzed data were classified according to purpose, content, and alignment criteria, and a comparative document analysis was conducted. The findings reveal several areas of mismatch between the educational framework and the E-KPSS content in terms of the alignment between course learning outcomes and examination topics, the cognitive skill levels assessed, and the general culture and general aptitude components of the exam. These mismatches were found to negatively affect graduates’ transition into public employment. Based on the findings, recommendations are offered to improve the alignment of the curriculum with E-KPSS criteria and to develop supportive practices aimed at enhancing students’ examination performance.

Validity and Reliability Study of Teacher Empowerment Scale

Abdurrahman KAYAServet ATİK — 2026-04-05

This study was conducted to develop a reliable and valid scale to determine teacher perceptions of teacher empowerment. A detailed literature review was conducted prior to the development of the measurement tool. The final form was given to the form with a trial application with the draft scale formed as a result of the work of a panel of 8 people consisting of 2 faculty members with the title of Assoc. Prof. Dr. in the field of educational administration, 2 doctoral faculty members and 4 doctoral students in the field of educational administration.Then, in order to determine the construct validity of the form, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on the data collected from 382 teachers working in pre-school, primary, secondary and secondary education levels in nine provinces across the country in the first semester of the 2024-2025 academic year. As a result of the study, it was determined that the scale consists of 33 items and three sub-dimensions: “professional support”, “professional effectiveness” and “psychological empowerment”. Factor loadings were found to be between .658 and .920. In order to reveal the accuracy of the obtained structure, data were collected from 295 teachers working in pre-school, primary, secondary and secondary education levels in twenty-four different provinces and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with these data. As a result of the analysis, the three-factor structure of the scale was confirmed. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .979 and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measurement (KMO) value was .969. As a result of all the findings, it was determined that this scale is a reliable and valid scale applicable for teacher empowerment studies/research.

The Bishops and Metropolitans of the Church of Kyzikos in Michel Le Quien’s Oriens Christianus: From Late Antıquity to the Middle Ages

Mustafa TÜRK — 2026-04-05

Situated on the southern shore of the Propontis, Kyzikos was among the most significant urban centres of the region in antiquity, both administratively and religiously. The city is distinguished by major monuments of the pagan tradition, such as the Amphitheatre and the Temple of Hadrian. In Late Antiquity, it served as the administrative capital of the Province of Hellespontus. Its location along the route connecting Asia and Europe facilitated the spread of Christianity in the area from the mid-first century onwards. The missionary activities of Paul during his second and third journeys are considered to have played a notable role in this process. Following Constantine’s legalisation of Christianity, Kyzikos became the metropolitan centre of the region within the subsequent ecclesiastical organisation. After the Council of Nicaea, its church was subordinated to the Church of Ephesus, the ecclesiastical centre of the Province of Asia, and following the Council of Chalcedon it was placed under the jurisdiction of the Church of Constantinople. From that period until 1922, the city largely maintained its metropolitan status, with only short interruptions. Late Antique Christian sources record the names of clerics who served in cities under the authority of the Church of Constantinople. Since the eighteenth century, these sources have been used—particularly in Western scholarship—to produce various catalogues and prosopographical studies. This study aims to compile information on the bishops and metropolitans of Kyzikos based primarily on Michel Le Quien’s Latin work Oriens Christianus: In Quatuor Patriarchatus Digestus: Quo Exhibentur Ecclesiae, Patriarchae, Caeterique Praesules Totius Orientis. The chronological framework extends from the third century to the schism between the Eastern and Western Churches in 1054. This compilation also seeks to shed new light on the role of the Church of Kyzikos in the theological controversies of Christianity.

SYNCHRONICITY OF FEMINISM AND ART IN THE WORKS OF SHIRIN NESHAT: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DE BEAUVOIR'S FEMINIST THEORY AND SHIRIN NESHAT’S WORKS OF PHOTOGRAPHY

Sonia LOTFI — 2026-04-05

From the beginning of the 21st century, a new movement has started within the members of artistic communities and the theorists which were taking into focus the presentation of their viewpoints and opinions that was indeed regarding the condition of women and the oppression against them. It is the very same Feminist theory, peaked by the ideas and existentialist theories of Simone de Beauvoir as he became the Feminist leader of the world by authoring a book titled: “Second Sex”. Along with the growth of Feminist theory, female artists have oriented their artistic practice by asking questions on the following topics: the position of women in the art history, the difference between the works of art by female and male artists, different female artists of the world. As a contemporary artist, Shirin Neshat is now standing at the peak of this movement and her ideas are not far from de Beauvoir. The question is that, to what extent the ideas and notions of Simone de Beauvoir were impactful on the images that Shirin Neshat has created as her work of art? Is there a meaningful conceptual link between these two points of view? In this research, a comparative study will be done by referring to library documents and the work of visual arts by Shirin Neshat in order to find affinities between their statements. Shirin maintaining a critical and feminist view about women and their standing in the society, following Simone de Beauvoir's existentialist theories.

The Representation of the Body in Berlinde de Byruckere’s Art

Gülay KARAKUŞFırat ENGİN — 2026-04-05

The representation of the body in the individual’s dialogue with the universe exhibits a multilayerd structure. Throughout human history, the body, the fundamental image of life and art, has been both a means of expression and a site of meaning productiob, from hunting scenes in cave paintings to contemporary art. The body is not only a reflection of an anatomical reality but also of social values, belief systems and ideologies. Being an indicator of an individual’s way of being in life, it incorporrates the body into the realm of art. This study aims to examine the aesthetic, philosophical and symbolic approaches to the representation of body in the art of Berlinde de Bruyckere, one of the prominent figurres of contemporary art. It focuses on analyzing how her artistic practice reflects themes of fragility, pain, death and transformation. The research covers De Bruyckere’s sculptures and installations produced from the 1990s to the present day. The artist reconstructs the body as a space that connects individual experience and collective memory. The findings indicate that De Bruyckere represents the body not merely as a biological entity but as a space of existence oscillating between pain, compassion, faragility and anonymized figures referring to collective trauma and the vulnerability inherent in human existence. De Bruyckere’s art transforms the representation of the body in contemporary art from an aesthetic form into an existential, ethical and social inquiry. Through her poetic yet disturbing sculptures, the artist redefines the body as a universal bearer of memory and emotion. The research employs descriptive analysis and visual interpretation methods. Her works are analyzed through iconographic and semiotic frameworks, while the philosophhical foundation is related to Maurice Halbwachs’s collective memory, Julia Kristeva’s abject concepts and Merleau-Ponty’s body phenomenology approach. Data were collected from exhibition images, interviews, critical essay, and visual documentation. These materials were compared and analyzed in terms of materiality, form and meaning.

The Encounter of Digital Folklore and Fear Culture: Hasan Ada “Abandoned Spaces” YouTube Channel

Mutlu ÖZGEN — 2026-04-05

This study examines how abandoned spaces, which have become a prominent subject within new media on digital platforms, are represented through visual content and how these representations relate to cultural memory, spatial experience, and the production of collective narratives. The study is based on the video series titled “Abandoned Places” published on YouTube by a digital content creator under the name “Hasan Ada.” Ten videos with the highest engagement rates were selected through purposive sampling and analyzed within the framework of a qualitative research approach. During the data collection process, visual elements, narrative structures, and user comments were evaluated together. In the analysis phase, content analysis, narrative analysis, and netnographic methods were employed. The findings reveal that abandoned spaces function not only as physical voids but also as culturally reconstructed memory spaces in the digital environment. Abandoned hospitals, sanatoriums, mansions, villages, and sacred sites are reinterpreted within narratives shaped by fear, mystery, and curiosity, thereby becoming part of digital folklore. User interactions further demonstrate how individual experiences transform into collective memory. Consequently, abandoned spaces are reproduced as “sites of memory” in digital media and circulate through newly generated narrative forms, contributing to the dynamic reconstruction of cultural memory.

Teacher And Student Perceptions Regarding New Generation Questions

Ömer PEKTAŞ — 2026-04-05

The aim of this study is to reveal teachers’ and students’ perceptions of new-generation (LGS) questions through metaphors. Conducted using the phenomenology method, one of the qualitative research designs, the data were collected from 250 eighth-grade middle school students and 36 teachers. The research data were gathered by distributing a form including the statement “New-generation questions are like/similar to ……… because ………”. According to the results obtained from the data analysis, teachers and students perceive new-generation LGS questions as difficult and believe that solving these questions requires higher-order thinking skills. Accordingly, it can be considered that new-generation LGS questions have the quality of preparing students for the 21st century. Although largely similar, students’ perceptions of new-generation LGS questions differ from those of teachers in an emotional context. This divergence is considered to be related to expectations, roles, and responsibilities associated with the LGS. Another finding obtained from the study is that the metaphors used by teachers and students to express their perceptions of new-generation LGS questions are related to objects, phenomena, and events that are familiar in everyday life.

A Literary and Thematic Analysis of Ibrāhīm Tûqān’s Resistance Poetry

Hüseyin POLAT — 2026-04-05

This study is an interpretive qualitative literary analysis focusing on the resistance poetry of Ibrāhīm Tūqān, one of the leading figures of resistance and struggle against the occupation in Palestine, following a discussion of the period in which he was born and lived, his education, literary works, official duties, illness, and death. For more than a century, while Palestinians have been struggling against occupation, Palestinian literary figures have also sought to support this struggle through their literary abilities in the face of the oppression to which they have been subjected. Through their poems, novels, and speeches, they have attempted to articulate the struggle against occupation. The study demonstrates that literature constitutes one of the main pillars of resistance in Palestine and that, in the Palestinian resistance, “the word, the pen, and the sword” have acted together, while Palestinian writers have formed the intellectual and spiritual front of resistance. By examining the intellectual environment in which the poet was raised and the historical and political context shaped under the British Mandate, the sociological and political ground that gave rise to his poetry is revealed. Tūqān’s resistance-themed poems were selected through purposive sampling and analyzed on two levels: (i) on the literary level, language, style, rhetorical strategies, imagery, and elements of eloquence were examined and (ii) on the thematic level, the themes of homeland, occupation, resistance, martyrdom, youth, betrayal, and hope were interpreted. Palestinian writers, who used speech and writing as powerful weapons against occupiers who sought not only to seize their lands but also to erase their identities, supported the resistance through their own words and pens. When Palestine, then a part of the Ottoman Empire, was occupied by the British in 1917, Palestinian literary figures, recognizing that their country was under grave threat, sought to raise their voices against the occupation through the literary works they produced. Through an examination of his poems, this study seeks to show that Ibrāhīm Tūqān opposed the occupation throughout his life and, despite his short life, challenged the occupiers through the powerful language of his poetry and contributed to the adoption of resistance among Palestinians.

AN EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY COHESION AND EMPATHY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

İhsan KUTLU — 2026-04-05

The family is one of the most important social institutions that shapes individuals’ personal characteristics. The aim of this study is to examine the differences in family cohesion and empathy among university students based on sociodemographic variables and to investigate the relationship between these two variables. A quantitative research design was adopted, and data were collected through a questionnaire. The online questionnaire was distributed to students, and data from 561 participants were included in the analysis. The data collection instrument consisted of sociodemographic questions as well as the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire and the Family Cohesion Scale. The collected data were analyzed using statistical software through descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, difference tests (such as t-test and ANOVA), and cluster analysis. The results showed that female students scored higher in empathy, while male students, those with higher income, those living in households with fewer individuals, and those from nuclear families scored higher in family cohesion. A significant positive correlation was found between students’ empathy and family cohesion scores. Finally, based on their empathy and family cohesion scores, students were clustered into three groups: (1) those with high empathy and high family cohesion, (2) those with low empathy but high family cohesion, and (3) those with moderate empathy but low family cohesion. In conclusion, it was emphasized that empathy and family cohesion exhibit an interactive structure and should be considered together.

The Historical Evolution of Marketing: From Marketing in the Ancient Period to Marketing 5.0

Nazan KORUCUK — 2026-04-05

This study examines the historical development of the marketing discipline and its transformations over time from a holistic perspective. The origins of marketing date back to simple exchange activities in antiquity, but it has undergone a continuous evolution over time, influenced by economic, social, cultural, and technological factors. A literature review was conducted within the scope of the research, using qualitative methods, and the evolutionary processes of marketing from antiquity to today's digital and artificial intelligence-enhanced era were examined. With the Industrial Revolution, production-oriented approaches came to the fore, while consumers remained passive. As competition increased and the market reached saturation point from the mid-20th century onward, businesses turned to consumer-centered strategies. In the Marketing 2.0 era, consumer-centricity came to the fore, while in the 3.0 era, the search for value and meaning came to the fore. This process led brands to embrace social responsibility, ethical values, and sustainability principles. While digitalization and interaction-based approaches in the 4.0 era transformed marketing into a two-way communication process, today's Marketing 5.0 approach has evolved into a personalized and ethical structure based on the integration of human and artificial intelligence. The findings demonstrate that marketing is not merely a set of economic activities; it is also a multidimensional field reflecting cultural, social, and technological developments. The results of the research offer important implications for both academia and businesses. Based on the findings of this study, recommendations have been provided both for scholars conducting academic research in the field of marketing and for decision-makers/managers involved in marketing processes.

THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEAR OF COVID-19 AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AMONG ADULTS IN TÜRKİYE

Özlem ŞENERİrem YÜMLÜ — 2026-04-05

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected psychological well-being. Measures such as online education, travel bans, restrictions on gatherings, business closures, and curfews disrupted daily life and increased mental strain. This study examined whether psychological resilience mediates the relationship between adults’ fear of COVID-19 and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Participants were 664 adults (458 female, 206 male; aged 18–65) in Türkiye, recruited via convenience and snowball sampling. Data were collected online using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-42), the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, and the Adult Resilience Scale. Analyses included t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlations, regression, and mediation via Hayes’ Process Macro. Higher fear of COVID-19 was associated with greater depression, anxiety, and stress, and with lower resilience. Mediation analysis showed resilience partially mediated this relationship, suggesting it buffers the mental health impact of pandemic-related fear.

MORAL EDUCATION SYSTEM FROM A PUBLIC PEDAGOGY PERSPECTIVE: CULTURAL CONTINUITY AND VALUE TRANSFER IN JAPAN

Gülşen SAYIN — 2026-04-05

This study examines moral education in the Japanese education system from the perspective of public pedagogy. Japan aims to balance cultural continuity and societal transformation by integrating traditional values into pedagogical processes. Moral education manifests in multiple dimensions within the educational system. Beyond its formal expression in Doutoku lessons, it operates through the broader school culture, everyday practices, and the mechanisms of the hidden curriculum, which implicitly transmit values and social norms. Activities such as cleaning duties, meal rituals, school clubs, collective events, and local festivals cultivate students’ sense of social responsibility, enhance their cultural sensitivity, and promote the development of democratic participation skills. This study is a theoretical inquiry conducted through document analysis. Within the framework of public pedagogy, moral education contributes not only to individual character development but also to the cultivation of ethical consciousness and the reinforcement of a culture of democratic participation. This model resonates with Dewey’s theory of experiential learning and Bandura’s social learning theory, emphasizing value acquisition through observation, experience, and cultural transmission rather than direct instruction. However, challenges remain, including highly centralized evaluation mechanisms, limited institutional autonomy, and the risk of moral education being instrumentalized by nationalist discourses. In conclusion, the Japanese experience offers a distinctive model demonstrating how the theoretical principles of public pedagogy can be creatively synthesized with cultural context. Schools have designed holistic educational processes that accompany students both inside and outside the classroom, encompassing their lived experiences as a whole. This approach positions moral education as a powerful pedagogical framework that integrates social, cultural, and educational dimensions, significantly contributing to cultural sustainability and the formation of respectful individuals.

Masculinity Crisis in the Face of Feminine Power: The Kan Turalı Syndrome

Çetin YILDIZ — 2026-04-05

Narratives are texts in which various fears, desires, conflicts, and repressed emotions accumulated in the psychological world of the individual, as well as the sociological tensions and collective reactions shaped within the social and cultural life of society, are conveyed through symbolic forms. These texts enable the reproduction of social and individual values and contribute to the legitimization of what has already been produced. This study examines, at the narrative level, the roles attributed to men by the patriarchal social structure and the crisis of masculinity that emerges when these roles cannot be fulfilled, based on the Kan Turalı episode in the Book of Dede Korkut. The patriarchal social structure constructs male identity through attributes such as power, protection, superiority, and authority. The loss of these attributes or their being surpassed by a female character gives rise to a crisis of masculinity. Employing a qualitative research method, the study analyzes the Kan Turalı episode, together with other supporting texts, within the framework of gender and masculinity studies. In this context, the crisis of masculinity experienced by Kan Turalı in the face of Selcen Hatun’s physical and intellectual superiority is conceptualized as the “Kan Turalı Syndrome.” Rather than directly transferring Western-centered theoretical approaches, this study seeks to conceptualize the crisis of masculinity within a local context by grounding its analysis in the cultural dynamics of the Turkish narrative tradition. The evaluation developed through the example of Kan Turalı is significant in that it demonstrates how gender relations and the construction of masculinity are structured and reproduced in Turkish folk narratives.

EXAMINING ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIP BELIEFS AND SELF-HANDICAPING BEHAVIOUR IN MEDIA TOOLS: THE MADAME BOVARY SAMPLE

Pakize URFALI DADANDIGökçe SANCAK AYDIN — 2026-04-05

The media's decisive and effective role in reinforcing unrealistic beliefs in romantic relationships is remarkable. Literary works have also been influencing individuals as media tools for many years. Considering this situation, Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary, which has an important place in literary history, was examined as an example of media elements in the current study. In this study, the work of Madame Bovary was addressed in terms of romantic relationship beliefs and self-sabotage in the context of Placement Theory and Social Cognitive Theory. The work was examined by the researchers through document review. While the analyses were being conducted, the work was first examined in light of theoretical information on romantic relationship beliefs and self-sabotage by resorting to descriptive analysis and content analysis. Then, these analyses were supported with in-text quotations. According to the analysis results, it was determined that the main character of the work, Emma Bovary, had all twelve characteristics specified in the relevant literature regarding self-sabotage behavior in her relationships, and detailed information was also provided regarding romantic relationship beliefs. The findings of the study were discussed in light of the role of the media in fostering unrealistic beliefs about romantic relationships.

E-Voting Practices in the United States

Kaan KARADUMAN — 2026-04-05

The concept of e-voting is a technique that facilitates the voting practices of states and voters in today's world and also strengthens the understanding of participatory democracy. Thanks to the e-voting technique, time, space and costs are saved. Many states in today's world use the e-voting technique from time to time. One of the leading states that uses the e-voting technique is the United States. The United States conducts its elections through electronic machines. These machines are commonly Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) machines and Optical Scanning Machines. In this context, our study examines the e-voting practices implemented in the United States. As a result, it has been observed that the voting system contains various threats in terms of security and that errors are encountered during voting in technical terms. For example, it is claimed that election results are often distorted by foreign countries. On the other hand, the system has the potential to be easily hacked. In addition, optical readers sometimes give incorrect results. However, improvements to be made at regular intervals and laws to be issued for improvements will also eliminate the disadvantages. Considering the importance of e-voting within the framework of today's democracy and participation concepts, it would not be right to give up the financial benefits it will provide.

Point of View From the Mesnevi to the Modern Novel

Sema ORUÇ — 2026-04-05

Point of view, a fundamental element that shapes the structure of the novel, encompasses plot, character, setting, time, language, and style. Point of view is a narrative issue: Who is looking from where, when, and how? The narrator’s worldview and cultural identity shape the narrative level. All of these factors also influence the language systems they employ. In the omniscient point of view, the narrator holds a divinely charged position, knowing the intentions and actions of the characters. To be objective, these narrators withdraw from the novel’s world and distance themselves from the characters. They are in the position of an external narrator, maintaining a tropological distance from the novel’s characters. In the first-person (protagonist) point of view, the narrator is an internal narrator. In other words, one of the novel’s characters takes on the task of narrating. Therefore, these narrators have no opportunity to be objective. The language systems used by the two narrators are very different due to their positions. While the omniscient point of view uses a third-person voice, the first-person (protagonist) point of view uses a first-person voice. On the other hand, the idea of disrupting the narrator’s influence within the novel is the case in postmodernist novels. Therefore, ambiguity and carnivalization are among the key characteristics of these novels. Their aim is to disrupt the existing order of language. Among these narrative axes, there is a considerable similarity between the omniscient viewpoint and the Cartesian perspective in the art of painting. This study explores the similarity between the viewpoint in the novel genre and the idea of perspective, drawing on a story written by Rumî in the thirteenth century. According to both approaches, as the point of view/viewpoint/perspective shifts, the image of existence, the elements that constitute the structure (plot, time, place, cast of characters), and the language change. In short, point of view is a narrative issue, and language and style form the basis of the narrative.

Examining the Digital Literacy Self-Efficacy Levels of Science Teacher Candidates

Sema TANGÜLÜAyşe BİRHANLI — 2026-04-05

In this study, the digital literacy self-efficacy levels of science teacher candidates were examined. The study also evaluated the statistical significance of pre-service teachers' gender, grade level, access to computers, type of high school graduated from, parents' educational status, and place of residence before university on their digital literacy self-efficacy levels. To determine digital literacy self-efficacy levels, a personal information form and the "Digital Literacy Self-Efficacy Scale for Pre-service Teachers" (DLSESPT), developed by Ocak and Karakuş (2018), were used. The Cronbach-Alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was calculated as 0.93, indicating a high level of reliability. A general survey model was used in the research. The study group consisted of 169 pre-service teachers studying in the Science Education program at the Faculty of Education, İnönü University, during the 2023-2024 academic year. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS 26.0 software package. According to the research findings, prospective teachers generally have low levels of digital literacy self-efficacy. Analyses revealed no significant differences based on variables such as gender, grade level, parental education level, and type of high school graduated from. However, individuals who lived in urban areas before university and those without access to computers showed higher levels of digital literacy self-efficacy.

Effects of Sports on Rumination

Semra KUVATFatih Mehmet UĞURLU — 2026-04-05

Today, the interest in and need for psychological well-being has started to increase compared to previous periods. This has led to the widespread use of concepts such as depression, anxiety, and rumination. Rumination refers to a state in which a person regularly dwells on irrational thoughts or feelings, constantly reasoning about the same issue, and unable to rid themselves of these thoughts. Rumination often dwells on negative events or feelings, making it difficult for a person to process ideas and find solutions. This can lead to an increase in psychological distress such as anxiety, depression, and stress, and can reduce an individual's functionality and quality of life. Rumination is considered one of the effects of modern lifestyle. Observations have shown that rumination significantly and negatively impacts human life. Given how complex and negative this situation is, various methods have been tried to overcome this situation. Among these methods are sports, physical activity and exercise. Sports and physical activity are important not only for maintaining and improving physical health but also for mental health. Sports support an individual's overall well-being. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of sports on rumination and to discuss the rumination-reducing effects of physical activity in light of the literature. This review also discusses the effects of sports on rumination, the functions of sports, the relationship between sports and health, and the psychological effects of sports. Furthermore, this study is a narrative (traditional) review. Studies on sports and rumination were reviewed from a broad perspective without any limitations regarding field or date. In conclusion, sports are effective tool for reducing the ruminative thought cycle and increasing psychological resilience. Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce negative thoughts. Studies on mental health have demonstrated that sports have therapeutic effect and increases cognitive flexibility. This study also aims to provide a reference for future research by reviewing past studies and examining the results obtained from these studies.

Values in Story-Type Texts in Secondary School 5th Grade Turkish Coursebooks Prepared According to the Maarif Model

Çiğdem ÇAM TÜRKAN — 2026-04-05

Values play a decisive role in individuals' ability to produce meaning in social life, develop a sense of responsibility, and establish communication. Textbooks prepared according to the Maarif Model aim to help students gain social sensitivity, empathy, and a sense of responsibility as well as their cognitive development with the values they will instill in students. This research aims to determine the values in the stories in 5th grade Turkish textbooks. In our research, 5th grade Turkish textbooks 1st and 2nd grade prepared according to the 2024 Maarif Model by the Ministry of National Education, Board of Education and Discipline were used as study material. 8 stories in 5th grade Turkish textbooks were examined in our research. Our research was patterned with document review, which is one of the qualitative research methods. The research data was collected with the values form created by the researcher, taking into account the MEB 2024 virtue-value-action framework and lived values. Descriptive analysis was used in the analysis of the data obtained from the study. According to the research results, it was determined that 29 values were repeated 89 times in 5th grade Turkish textbooks. In the story-type texts in 5th grade Turkish textbooks; love (12), responsibility (10), and patriotism (7) were found to be the top three values. It was determined that some values were not addressed at all in the analyzed stories, and the distribution of values across themes and texts was inadequate. The themes obtained indicate that the texts in the books contain multidimensional values that support students' emotional, social, societal, and individual development.

RUSSIA’S MILITARY BASES IN SYRIA: GEOPOLITICAL AND STRATEGIC IMPACTS

Burcu ÖZDEMİRFahri ERENEL — 2026-04-05

Russia’s military strategy in the Middle East has evolved at the intersection of regional power dynamics and global geopolitical interests, representing the continuation of a long-standing historical trajectory. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union sought to counterbalance the influence of the United States in the region by forging military alliances with strategic partners such as Syria, thereby establishing a sphere of influence in the Eastern Mediterranean. Following the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, Russia’s regional presence significantly diminished; however, from the early 2000s onward, Russia reoriented its focus toward the Middle East within the framework of a multipolar world order, and in 2015, by directly intervening in the Syrian Civil War, it transformed its military presence into a permanent strategic foothold. In this context, the Tartus Naval Base and the Hmeymim Air Base have become not only pillars of Russia’s regional military capabilities but also critical logistical hubs supporting its strategic projection across the Eastern Mediterranean and into Africa. The regime change that occurred in Syria in 2024 introduced uncertainty and strategic risks for Russia’s continued military presence in the region. Due to the rapidly shifting political and military dynamics in the Middle East, the scope of this analysis is limited to developments up to March 2025.