12. HANEDAN’IN (MÖ. 1991-1782) AŞAĞI NÜBYE’DE KURDUĞU KALE-ÜSLER YA DA “ESKİ MISIR YAYILMACILIĞI”NIN BAŞLANGICI
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Abstract
Çalışma, tarihteki kültürel temas (ticaret, öykünme, kolonileşme, fetih) örnekleri ile bunların toplumsal ve siyasal değişmeye katkısını inceleyen bir makaleler dizisinin parçasıdır. Metnin temel argümanı, “1. Ara Dönem” (MÖ. 2200-2050) gibi sarsıcı bir deneyimden çıkan Mısır uygarlığının, “sınır güvenliği, siyasal istikrar, uzun-mesafeli ticaret yollarının denetimi, anıtsal bina inşaatları ve bunların dekorasyonunda kullanılan doğal kaynaklara erişim kolaylığı ve daha fazla servet birikimi” için tarihinde ilk kez yayılmacı bir programa yaslandığı ve Orta Krallık devrinde (2050-1750) uygulanan bu programın “Yeni Krallık emperyalizmi”nin (1540-1070) hazırlığı olduğudur. Önceki dönemlerin aksine, “düzenli bir ordu”su bulunan ve güney sınırının ötesinde (Aşağı Nübye’de) 15 kadar kale inşa ederek buralara sürekli asker gönderen Orta Krallık, biriktirdiği serveti (uzun vadede Mısır evrenine eklemleyeceği) yabancı topraklar için harcamıştır. Mısır uygarlığının emperyal dış siyaset yolunda attığı bu ilk adım, “sonu ilhaka varan kolonileşme süreçleri”nin ilk örneklerinden olup deniz-aşırı modern koloni imparatorluklarının kuruluş serüveni ve onların koloniler üzerindeki tasarrufları ile büyük benzerlikler sergilemektedir.
Keywords
Abstract
This study is part of a series on the “cross-cultural encounters (trade, emulation, colonization, conquest or annexation) as a primary cause of social and political change”. Its purpose is to examine the relationship between Ancient Egypt and Nubia during the 12th Dynasty (1991-1782 BC.) of the Middle Kingdom, which emerged from the “chaos” of the First Intermediate Period and marked by an increase in foreign trade and wealth. The political ideology of the new order advocated a rebirth (a return to the glorious past). Unlike their predecessors in the Old Kingdom, however, the monarchs of the Middle Kingdom pursued an agressive foreign policy, sent military expeditions into Upper Nubia (The land of Kush), colonized Lower Nubia and undertook building projects including military fortresses and mining quarries. During the Middle Kingdom, numerous forts and fortified settlements (military-trading posts), and seasonal quarry and mining camps co-existed alongside the indigenous Nubian population. Thus began subjugation of neighboring peoples and Egyptian imperialism.
Keywords
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