Author :
Abstract
Demokrat Parti iktidar dönemi tarihi süreçte; siyasal, sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel alanda önemli etkiler yarattı. Demokrat Partinin on yıl içerisindeki uygulamaları, İktidar-muhalefet ilişkilerinde kırılmalar yaşatarak önemli sorunların çıkışına zemin hazırladı. İktidar ve muhalefet arasındaki şiddetli tartışmalar ülkede birtakım olayların çıkmasına yol açtı. Olayların büyümesi, Demokrat Partinin bazı tedbirleri almasını beraberinde getirdi. Demokrat Partinin, asayişsizlik ve usulsüzlükleri, sert tedbirler alarak bastırmak istemesi, ülkedeki huzursuzluğu daha da artırdı. Bu rahatsızlıkların sonucu olarak Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri askeri bir darbe yaparak iktidara el koyması ile Türkiye’deki çok partili siyasal hayat kesintiye uğradı. Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerinin yönetime el koymasıyla berbaber ülkede yeni dönem başladı. Bu dönem içerisinde oluşturulan Milli Birlik Komitesi hem yeni anayasa hazırlarken hemde Demokrat Parti üyelerini yargıladı. Bu yönüyle, yeni dönem, askeri vesayet ve yeniden anayasal düzene dönüş çabasının yaşandığı bir süreç oldu. Bu çalışmada, 1960 askeri darbesi ve sonrasındaki gelişmelerin, Amerikan basını perspektifinden bir bakış açısı ile yansıtılması amaçlandı.
Keywords
Abstract
Democrat Party had important influences on each of political, social, economic and cultural domains as ruling Turkey between 1950 and 1960. In this period, Democrat Party’s implementations paved the way for essential political problems, expanding frictions and conflicts with their opponents, which would later cause bitter disagreements and even violent protests. All of these led Democrat Party to take strict measures against opponents with a view to clamping down on public disorder and rule infractions. On the contrary, public unrest increased more, and consequently the Turkish Armed Forces mounted a coup and overthrew the ruling party, causing an interruption in Turkey’s efforts to sustain a multi-party political system. A new era has begun in the country with the seizure of control of the administration by the Turkish Armed Forces. The new period that Turkish commanders ruled the country was marked by military tutelage and efforts on returning a civil constutional order. This article aims to reflect the perspective of American press on the political developments after the 1960 military coup.
Keywords
- Blumenfeld, F. Y. (1960). Turkey: Reborn Republic. In Editorial Research Reports, II, 483-501. CQ Press, 1960. http://library.cqpress.com/ cqresearcher/cqresrre1960070600, Access date: 21.10.2021
- Chamberlin, W. H. (1960, 02 Haziran). Turnover: Fallen Menderes Government made mockery of constitutional rights and freedom. The Wall Street Journal, p.10.
- Asli, D. (2004). The new middle class as A progressive urban coalition: The 1960 Coup D'etat in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 5(3), 75-102, http://dx.doi.org/10. 1080/1468384042000270335.
- Drake, W. (1960, 16 Ekim). Court indicates Leniency in Menderes case. Los Angeles Times, p. D1.
- Drake, W. (1960, 06 Kasım). Turkey’s junta faces monumental problems. Los Angeles Times, p. F2.
- Drake, W. (1960, 08 Mayıs). European observers fear crisis in Turkey. Los Angeles Times, p. K1.
- Dugas, D. (1960, 23 Ekim). Turkey’s stability hangs on trial of ousted 400: Will Menderes Bayar hang or emerge vindicated? The Atlanta Constitution, p.50.
- Gibson, J. R. (1960, 02 Mayıs). Diplomats shy from open U.S. intervention in Turkey, are unsure of need for change. The Wall Street Journal, p.5.
- Gunn, C. (2015). The 1960 coup in Turkey; A U.S. intelligence failure or a succesful ıntervention. Journal of Cold War Studies, 17(3), 103-139.
- Hudgins, G. (1960, 14 Kasım). 14 on Turkey ruling junta ousted to speed democracy. The Atlanta Constitution, p.1.
- Hudgins, G. (1961, 18 Eylül). Turks hang ex-premier Menderes. The Atlanta Constitution, p.3.
- Hunt, R. P. (1961, 21 Nisan). Menderes and Bayar get death sentences. The New York Times, p.1.
- Hunt, R. P. (1960, 22 Kasım). Menderes upheld ın death of baby: Ousted premier ıs absolved by Turkish Court, but he faces 7 other charges. The New York Times, p.6.
- Hunt, R. P. (1960, 02 Temmuz). Missue of funds laid to Menderes: Photos indicate the Turkish ex-premier used official money for personal costs. The New York Times, p.4.
- Hunt, R. P. (1960, 15 Kasım). Turkey expects return of voting: Purge in ruling junta seen as step toward revival- Gürsel gains strenght. The New York Times, p.9.
- Hunt, R.P. (1960, 18 Haziran). Turkey outlines austerity plans: Finance minister discloses Menderes regime left dept of billon. The New York Times, p.9.
- Karpat, K. H. (2019). Kısa Türkiye Tarihi. 9. Baskı, Timaş Yayıncılık.
- Letter from President Eisenhower to President Gursel (11.06.1960). Central Files, 882.47411/6-1160, 367.
- Polyzoides, S. (1960, 29 Nisan). Uprising in Turkey much like others: students’ revolt follows pattern of Korea, Japan. Los Angeles Times, p.24.
- Polyzoides, S. (1960, 29 Nisan). Uprising in Turkey much like others: Students’
- Schmidt, D. A. (1960, 17 Eylül). 2 Menderes aides hanged in Turkey: Former Premier’s execution delayed by suicide try. The New York Times, p.42.
- Schmidt, D. A. (1961, 16 Eylül). Menderes to die; Bayar gets life: Turkish Court also dooms 2 ex-ministers-junta spares lives of 12. The New York Times, p.1.
- Schmidt, D. A. (1960, 31 Mayıs). U.S. recognizes Turkish regime: Informal statement grants approval- capital pleased by Gursel’s actions. The New York Times, p.3.
- Schmidt, D. A. (1960, 05 Mayıs). U.S. recognizes Turkish regime. The New York
- Sulzberger, C. L. (1961, 19 Ekim). Execution of Menderes and aides may set off Vendetta in Turkey. Los Angeles Times, p. B5.
- Sulzberger, C. L. (1961, 19 Ekim). Turk execution a pity, mistake. The Atlanta Constitution, p.4.
- Sulzberger, C. L. (1960, 04 Mayıs). Turks seek democratic goal in zigzag manner: Rulers retain ultimate control, resulting in benevolent despotism. Los Angeles Times, p.12.
- Telegram From the Embassy in Turkey to the Department of State, (05.02.1961). Central Files, 782.06.270/2-561. Secret.
- Truman, Harry S. (1960, 05 Mayıs). Truman assesses Korea and Turkey: Says uprisings show public will not forfeit dignity. The New York Times, p.1.
- Walz, J. (1961, 01 Kasım). Menderes backed at Turkish trial: Opera singer calls former premier free of guilt in death oh their baby. The New York Times,
- Walz, J. (1960, 29 Ekim). 2 collage heads resign in Turkey: Protest Junta’s ousting 147 professors as a blow to academic freedom. The New York
- Walz, J. (1960, 02 Haziran). 403 ex-legislators seized by Turkey. The New York
- Walz, J. (1961, 04 Nisan). 43 Turks found guilty: Bayar and Menderes among those convited in plot. The New York Times, p.11.
- Walz, J. (1960, 22 Ekim). Accuser of Turks weakens charge: Former deputy to Menderes denies having evidence of Anti-Greek plot. The New York
- Walz, J. (1961, 15 Ekim). Big Turkish vote expected today: Elects assembly to replace Gursel’s military regime. The New York Times, p.37.
- Walz, J. (1961, 20 Ekim). Gursel is seeking to lead coalition: Turkish junta chief will be candidate for president. The New York Times, p.7.
- Walz, J. (1960, 18 Ekim). Gursel may seek offıce in Turkey: Military Chief plans to run for president in 1960 if people ‘Want Me’. The New York Times, p.3.
- Walz, J. (1960, 10 Ekim). Hound dominates the Turkish trail. The New York
- Walz, J. (1960, 01 Mayıs). İstanbul tense for NATO talks: City eager for news from arriving foreign chiefs of events in Turkey. The New York Times, p.3.
- Walz, J. (1960, 20 Ekim). Menderes denies role in 1955 riots. The New York
- Walz, J. (1960, 10 Ekim). Menderes vows he won’t resign: Says Turkey will Vote soon -foes and backers clash as he speaks in İzmir. The New York Times,
- Walz, J. (1960, 10 Ekim). New parties for Turkish race: Groups will compets for support among former backers of Menderes. The New York Times, p.7.
- Walz, J. (1960, 06 Haziran). Power in Turkey kept by officers: Military committee wields authority over cabinet- trials to be pressed. The New York
- Walz, J. (1960, 20 Mayıs). Tear gas quells Ankara crowds: 2 peaceful demonstrations agaisnt regime on civic holiday are dispersed. The New
- Walz, J. (1960, 17 Ekim). Trial of leaders sobers Istanbul: Picture of deposed officials in court contrasts with their dignity of past. The New York Times,
- Walz, J. (1960, 03 Mayıs). Troops in Turkey break up protest by 2,000 students: Marchers turned back near NATO talk site- lawyers join Anti-Menderes drive. The New York Times, p.1.
- Walz, J. (1960, 30 Nisan). Troops in Turkey quell new riots; 7 reported dead: Army disperses Ankara and Istanbul students who call for Menderes to quit-gathering are banned. The New York Times, p.1.
- Walz, J. (1960, 15 Kasım). Turkey asks death for 38 members of former regime as trial begins. The New York Times, p.1.
- Walz, J. (1960, 30 Mayıs Ekim). Turkey ımprisons 100 ousted chiefs on an ısland base: Menderes, Bayar and their leading supporters are taken from Mainland. The New York Times, p.1.
- Walz, J. (1960, 04 Mayıs). Turkey is tense as tiots subside: Students friendly to troops- rumors sweep nation. The New York Times, p.1.
- Walz, J. (1961, 27 Ekim). Turkey’s parliament elects Gen. Gursel As president. The New York Times, p.7.
- Walz, J. (1961, 16 Ekim). Turks boost Justice Party. The Atlanta Constitution, p. 7.
- Yücel, İ. (2019). Turkey’s May 27, 1960 Coup through The French diplomatic reports. Bilig, (90), 43-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12995/bilig.9003 EXTENDED ABSTRACT
