“MODEL PARTNERSHIP” BETWEEN TURKEY AND THE UNITED STATES REVISITED DURING THE SYRIAN CONFLICT, (2009-2016)

Author :  

Year-Number: 2021-LIII
Yayımlanma Tarihi: 2021-08-29 22:39:49.0
Language : İngilizce
Konu : Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası ilişkiler
Number of pages: 2336-2369
Mendeley EndNote Alıntı Yap

Abstract

Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Türkiye’nin 1952 yılında Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşma Örgütü (NATO) üyesi olmasıyla birlikte güvenlik merkezli bir ilişki kurup geliştirdiler.  Bu durum 2009 yılında, ortak çıkarlara saygı duyulduğu çok boyutlu bir ilişkiye evrilmesini amaçlayan, model ortaklık tasavvuru ile değişime uğradı.  Çok çeşitli Başkanlık koleksiyonlarından oluşan Beyaz Saray Arşivlerine dayanarak kaleme alınan bu makale, “model ortaklık” kavramının oluşum sürecinin, sözkonusu kavramın önceden formüle edilen ve karşılıklı olarak kullanılan bir siyasi kavram olmaksızın, spontane olarak ortaya çıktığını göstermek suretiyle, yeniden dikkatli bir şekilde okunmasını ve bu kavrama dayanan Türk-Amerikan ilişkilerinin, Suriye çatışmasında Türkiye’deki 15 Temmuz 2016 tarihli başarısız darbe girişimine kadar olan kesiminin incelenmesini amaçlamaktadır.  Söz konusu kavramın ilk kez nasıl ortaya çıktığını gözler önüne seren ilk çalışma olma özelliğini taşıyan bu makele, sonuçta “model ortaklık” kavramının oluşum aşamasına bakmak suretiyle hem Türk-Amerikan ilişkilerinin bu kavrama dayalı olarak yapılan analizlerin daha sağlam temeller üzerinde inşa edilmesini sağlayacaktır hem de Suriye krizinin karmaşık yapısının, özellikle tarafların Suriye’deki muhalif gruplara yönelik farklı şekillerde konum almalarının, “model ortaklık” sürecinin sorgulanmasına yol açtığını göstermektedir. Zira bu makale ortaya koymaktadır ki Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Suriye çatışması sırasında, ulusal çıkar ve güvenlik sorunları konusunda ortaklaşamamış ve zaten ikili ilişkilerin muğlak bir ifadesi ve sadece Türkiye tarafından atıfta bulunulan bir kavram olmaktan öteye gidemeyen “model ortaklık” kavramından hızla uzaklaşmışlardır.

Keywords

Abstract

Turkey and the United States enjoyed a security-centered relationship upon the former’s becoming a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1952.  This was challenged with an envision of model partnership in 2009 to transform the relationship into a multidimensional cooperation with the mutual interests respected.  Largely drawing on the materials from the White House Archives, a wide array of Presidential collections, this article aims at the careful re-reading of the construction stage of “model partnership” to demonstrate how the concept was spontaneously spelled out without being a pre-formulated and mutually endorsed policy concept and the examination of the Turkish-American relations based on the concept during the Syrian conflict up until the coup attempt of July 15, 2016 in Turkey.  The article, being the first study to highlight how the concept first aired, concludes that looking into the construction stage of the notion will bear well-grounded analyses on Turkish-American relations within the concept and that the complexity of the Syrian conflict, particularly the divergent positions of the parties towards the opposition groups, called this process into question as both Turkey and the United States did not find easy agreement on aspects of their national interests and security concerns and fast moved away from the “model partnership,” a vague redefinition of bilateral relations and a concept officially referred by Turkey alone.

Keywords


  • Acemoğlu, D., &, Robinson, J. (2012). Why Do Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. Profile Books.

  • Çiçek, T. (2016). Syria in World War I: Politics, Economy, and Society. Routledge Press.

  • Davutoğlu, A. (2012). Stratejik Derinlik. Küre Yayınları.

  • MacLean, G. (2014). Abdullah Gül and the Making of New Turkey. Oneworld Publications.

  • Ertem, H.S. ( 2011). Regionalism or Shift of Axis? Turkish-Syrian-Iranian Relations. Ö. Z. Oktav (Ed.), Turkey in the 21st Century: Quest for a New Foreign Policy. Ashgate Publishing.

  • Alirıza, B. (2009). President Obama’s Trip to Turkey: Building a ‘Model Partnership’. Turkey Project, April 2009, https://csis-websiteprod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fspublic/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/090408_turkey_update.pdf. Access date: 20.04.2021.

  • Çandar, C. (2009). Turkey’s ‘Soft Power’ Strategy: A New Vision for a Multi- Polar World. SETA Policy Brief, December, https://setadc.org/turkeyssoft-power-strategy-a-new-vision-for-a-multi-polar-world/. Access date: 20.04.2021.

  • Davutoğlu, A. (2012). Principles of Turkish Foreign Policy and Regional Political Structuring. TEPAV Turkey Policy Brief Series, 3, Turkey policy brief #3, Davutoglu EN.indd (tepav.org.tr). Access date: 20.04.2021.

  • Üstün, K. (2012). US-TR Relations: Arab Spring and the Search for Model Partnership. SETA Perspective, May, US-Turkey Relations: Arab Spring And the Search for Model Partnership | | SETA (setav.org). Access date: 21.04.2021.

  • Crowley, M. (2016). Did Obama Get Erdogan Wrong? Politico, July 16, https://www.politico.com/story/2016/07/obama-turkey-225659. Access date: 22.04.2021.

  • Davutoğlu, A. (2004). Türkiye Merkez Ülke Olmalı. Radikal, February 26, http://www.radikal.com.tr/yorum/turkiye-merkez-ulke-olmali-702116/. Access date: 22.04.2021.

  • Goldberg, J. (2016). The Obama Doctrine: The U.S. President talks through his hardest decisions about America’s role in the world. The Atlantic, April 4, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obamadoctrine/471525/. Access date: 22.04.2021.

  • ABD: PYD ve YPG’ye olan bakışımız değişmedi. (2016). Evrensel, July 8, https://www.evrensel.net/haber/284568/abd-pyd-ve-ypgye-olanbakisimiz-degismedi. Access date: 23.04.2021.

  • Erdogan Obama meet in Canada discuss PKK, Israel, Iran. (2010). World Bulletin, June 27, http://www.worldbulletin.net/haber/60553/erdoganobama-meet-in-canada-discuss-pkk-israel-iran. Access date: 23.04.2021.

  • Erdoğan says no one can ‘slander’ Turkey over Islamic State oil claims. (2015). Reuters, December 2, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisisrussia-turkey-erdogan-idUSKBN0TL1ML20151202. Access date:

  • Israel and Turkey reach preliminary deal to restore ties –Israeli official. (2015). Reuters, December 17, http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-israel-turkeyidUKKBN0U02N120151217. Access date: 23.04.2021.

  • Obama: Erdoğan bir fiyasko. (2016). Gazeteport, March 11, http://gazeteport.com/2016/obama-erdogan-bir-fiyasko-29535/. Access date: 25.04.2021.

  • Obama tells Erdoğan ‘to close Syrian border.’ (2015). Hürriyet Daily News, December 2, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/obama-tells-erdogan-toclose-syrian-border.aspx?pageID=238&nID=91986&NewsCatID=352.

  • Obama warns Erdogan’s headed down troubling path. (2015). Yahoo News, April 2, https://www.yahoo.com/news/obama-warns-erdogans-turkeyheaded-down-troubling-path-225107873.html?ref=gs. Access date:

  • Panama Belgeleri. (2016). Cumhuriyet, April 4, http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/dunya/509467/Panama_belgeleri..._ iste_dunyanin_kirli_camasirlari..._Turkiye_den_101_sirket.html Access

  • Turkey detains 20 ISIL suspects in Antalya ahead of G20 summit. (2015). Euronews, November 6 (Last updated), http://www.euronews.com/2015/11/06/turkey-detains-20-isil-suspects-inantalya-ahead-of-g20-summit/. Access date: 25.04.2021.

  • Turkey gives the cold shoulder to US proposal. (2015). Milliyet, December 3, http://www.milliyet.com.tr/turkey-gives-the-cold-shoulder-to-usproposal-to-en-2157790/en.html. Access date: 26.04.2021.

  • IMF. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015.

  • The American Presidency Project. The President's News Conference With President Abdullah Gul of Turkey in Ankara, Turkey. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Access date: 24.03.2021.

  • The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. The Panama Papers. https://panamapapers.icij.org/. Access date: 26.04.2021.

  • White House. Obama White House Archives. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-andremarks. Access date: 13.04.2021.

  • White House. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/readout- presidents-call-with-turkish-president-gul. Access date: 13.04.2021.

  • turkey-bilateral-meet .Access date: 13.04.2021.

  • office/2013/05/16/op-ed-president-obama-partnership-delivers. Access

  • minister-erdogan-turkey. Access date: 30.04.2021.

  • council.Access date: 03.05.2021.

  • bilateral-meeting. Access date: 03.05.2021.

  • president-recep-erd.Access date: 05.05.2021.

  • erdogan-turkey. Access date: 12.05.2021.

  • national-security-advisor-.Access date: 13.05.2021.

  • turkey. Access date: 18.05.2021.

  • republic-turkey-after. Access date: 19.05.2021.

  • president-and-pm-turkey-after-meeting. Access date: 21.05.2021.

  • ned-price-national.Access date: 23.05.2021.

  • cultural-center. Access date: 24.05.2021.

  • White House. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/video/Addressing-the- Turkish-Parliament. Access date: 25.05.2021.

  • White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president- and-pm-turkey-after-meeting. Access date: 25.05.2021.

  • Başer, E. (2015). Shift of Axis in Turkish Foreign Policy: Turkish national role conceptions before and during AKP rule. Turkish Studies, 16, 291-309.

  • Han, A. K. (2010). From “Strategic Partnership” to “Model Partnership”: AKP, Turkish-US Relations and the Prospects under Obama. UNISCI Discussion Papers, May, https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/767/76715004006.pdf. Access date:

  • Kardaş, Ş. (2011). Turkish-American Relations in the 2000s: Revisiting the Basic Parameters of Partnership? Perceptions, 16, 816443 (dergipark.org.tr). Access date: 16.04.2021.

  • Oğuzlu, T. (2008). Middle Easternization of Turkish Foreign Policy: Does Turkey Disassociate from the West. Turkish Studies, 9, 3-20.

  • (researchgate.net). Access date: 07.05.2021.

  • Özhan, T. (2010). Turkey, Israel, and the US in the Wake of the Gaza Flotilla Crisis. Insight Turkey, 12/3, Turkey, Israel and the US in the Wake of the Gaza Flotilla Crisis, Commentaries Taha Özhan | Insight Turkey. Access

  • Şahin, M. (2011). Islam, Ottoman Legacy, and Politics in Turkey: An Axis of Shift. The Washington Review of Turkish and Euroasian Affairs, January, http://www.thewashingtonreview.org/articles/islam-ottoman-legacy-andpolitics-in-turkey-an-axis-shift.html. Access date: 17.05.2021.

  • Yılmaz, N. (2011). US-Turkey Relations: Model Partnership as an ‘Empty Signifier.’ Insight Turkey, 13/1 U.S.-Turkey Relations: Model Partnership as an ‘Empty Signifier’, Commentaries Nuh Yılmaz | Insight Turkey. EXTENDED ABSTRACT

                                                                                                                                                                                                        
  • Article Statistics